Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Recovery of copper oxide from e-waste using ashing, size reduction, nitric acid leaching, solvent extraction and stripping-precipitation: Parametric and scaling up studies and fate of scarce metals","authors":"Chirag Tamboli,&nbsp;Bina Sengupta","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper recovery from electronic waste in the form of copper oxide was investigated using hydrometallurgy-based process. The recovery process involved dismantling of electronic components, their size reduction, ashing at 600 °C for 4 h to disintegrate the polymer matrix to facilitate metal recovery and remove volatiles as pretreatment, followed by nitric acid leaching, solvent extraction of leachate, and precipitation-stripping with oxalic acid to obtain copper oxalate. Controlled calcinations of the oxalate yielded the valuable copper oxide. Copper concentration in e-waste was found to vary with feed size. Maximum copper concentration of 43.1 % (<em>w</em>/w) was found in the size range of 0.5 mm to 0.355 mm. Maximum leaching of copper (98.7 %) occurred at solid to liquid (S/L) ratio (g/mL) of 1:25 using 10 % nitric acid at 60 °C. For an initial leachate concentration of 30 g/L copper, using 10 % <em>v</em>/v LIX 984 N as the extractant at an organic to aqueous (O/A) phase volume ratio of 1.25:1 resulted in quantitative copper extraction in three stages. Oxalic acid (1 M) was used to strip and precipitate the copper extracted resulting in 99.8 % metal recovery. Scale up of the process did not alter the recoveries. The copper oxide obtained was 99.65 % pure with trace impurities of aluminium and iron. This process aims to achieve high copper recovery while addressing environmental concerns and optimizing resource efficiency, offering potential applications in large-scale electronic waste recycling for valuable metal recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106451"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution and recrystallization of alum to separate cesium, rubidium and potassium using their different precipitation kinetics to reach higher purity than solubility equilibria based purity of MAl(SO4)2 (M = Cs, Rb, K)","authors":"Yanfei Fan ,&nbsp;Dandan Gao ,&nbsp;Dongdong Li ,&nbsp;Dewen Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alum is an important intermediate for the extraction and purification of Cs or Rb chemicals, due to its excellent separation ability for Cs, Rb and K. Although the solubility sequence K-alum &gt; Rb-alum &gt; Cs-alum has been well known, the separation factors among Cs, Rb and K during the formation of alum have not been determined. The formation of solid solution of alum controls the Cs or Rb content and Cs/Rb/K ratio in the sequentially precipitated Cs, Rb and K alums. In this study, the thermodynamic equilibrium separation factors were determined from the solid solution-aqueous solution equilibrium data of the two mixed alum systems: (i) RbAl(SO₄)₂, CsAl(SO₄)₂, and H₂O, and (ii) KAl(SO₄)₂, RbAl(SO₄)₂ and H₂O. The separation factor <em>β</em>_Cs/Rb varied from 48 to 2 with the increase of the Rb/Cs ratio in system (i), and <em>β</em>_Rb/K varied from 22 to 0.2 with the increase of the K/Rb ratio in system (ii). This suggests that the purification of Cs or Rb using alums is more efficient from raw materials containing high Cs/Rb or Rb/K ratio than that from low Cs/Rb or Rb/K ratio. In kinetic studies, the apparent separation factors <em>β</em>_Cs/Rb and <em>β</em>_Rb/K were highly affected by the recrystallization process of cooling or non-cooling and the initial composition of raw alum, showing asymmetric kinetic intensification. The separation factors <em>β</em>_Cs/Rb or <em>β</em>_Rb/K obtained in the “dissolution by heating and crystallization by cooling (DHCC)” process for the raw alum with high initial Cs/Rb or Rb/K molar ratio is several times larger than the equilibrium value expected from thermodynamics. Finally, CsAl(SO₄)₂ and RbAl(SO₄)₂ with a metal-based purity of 99.97 % and 99.94 %, respectively, were obtained by using the DHCC process 3–4 times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106454"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating lithium recovery with the production of high-purity lithium carbonate from spent lithium-ion battery smelting slag","authors":"Chenye Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Xing ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Duan ,&nbsp;Huiquan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pyrometallurgical extraction of valuable metals including nickel, cobalt, and copper from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been applied in the industrial recycling of spent LIBs for many years. In conventional pyrometallurgical methods, lithium (Li) is concentrated in smelting slag, which is often discarded as waste without recycling. Given the global scarcity of Li resources, the extraction of Li from slag has become increasingly crucial. This paper describes the development of a green integrated process to efficiently leach Li from slag and separate it from other impurity metals, particularly aluminum in the resultant leachate, for the production of high-purity lithium carbonate. A leaching efficiency of Li could reach 97.8 %, under the following conditions: slag‑sulfuric acid ratio of 1:1 (g/mL), a temperature of 90 °C, a liquid-solid ratio of 5:1 (mL/g), a stirring rate of 350 rpm, and a contact time of 2 h. The resulting leach residue was found to be marketable hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO₄∙0.5H₂O). The majority of aluminum could be removed through precipitation as potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) by the addition of potassium sulfate to the leachate. Subsequently, residual aluminum along with other metals including nickel, cobalt, and manganese were removed through a series of pH adjustments. Trace elements of calcium and magnesium were also eliminated by the addition of sodium carbonate to induce carbonate precipitation. Finally, high-purity lithium carbonate was obtained through the addition of sodium carbonate solution. This hydrometallurgical process promises a significant utility in the extraction of Li from challenging spent LIBs smelting slag, offering a sustainable solution to resource recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106452"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of gold and iron oxide from pyrite cinder using reduction roasting, grinding, thiosulfate leaching in the presence of additives and magnetic separation","authors":"Hong Yu ,&nbsp;Bin Liang ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Song ,&nbsp;Xianling Zhou ,&nbsp;Mingxia Liu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Zeng ,&nbsp;Hanquan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being a common hazardous solid waste, pyrite cinder (PyC) contains valuable metals such as iron and gold, which has attracted considerable research attention. The recovery of gold and Iron from gold-bearing PyC was systematically investigated using an environmentally friendly approach involving non-cyanide extraction and magnetic separation. The results showed that with PyC not subjected to reduction roasting a maximum gold extraction efficiency of 54.7 % was achieved through a copper–ammonia–thiosulfate system. The iron concentrate was assayed at 57.5 wt% Fe with an iron recovery of 83.1 % under optimized conditions. By contrast, a gold extraction efficiency of 67.0 %, as well as a high-quality concentrate with Fe content of 65.1 wt% and Fe recovery of 98.3 %, were obtained via reduction roasting. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that reduction roasting transformed hematite into magnetite, improving both iron recovery and the quality of the iron concentrate. In addition, reduction roasting generated more porous structures on the particle surfaces, thereby enhancing the gold extraction efficiency. Hence, this study provides new insights into the recovery of Au and Fe from PyC using an environmentally friendly approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of ore-based lithium carbonate production using sulfuric acid roasting and soda leaching: Impact of sodium sulfate electrodialysis","authors":"Heikki Lappalainen ,&nbsp;Heini Elomaa ,&nbsp;Jari Aromaa ,&nbsp;Mari Lundström","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental footprints of batteries and battery chemicals play an important role in the transition towards decarbonized transportation. Lithium carbonate is a conventional lithium salt that is used in manufacturing lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and other applications. It is mainly produced either from lithium rich brines or from spodumene ores, the latter being generally more energy intensive due to minerals processing steps and high temperature operations. Finding the process routes for lithium carbonate with the lowest possible environmental impacts is crucial for minimizing the whole battery life cycle environmental footprints. In this work, a simulation-based life cycle assessment was conducted for producing lithium carbonate from spodumene concentrate using two different hydrometallurgical process routes: Sulfuric acid roasting and soda leaching. In the sulfuric acid roasting process, the treatment of generated sodium sulfate was also investigated, as sodium sulfate is a common and hard-to-abate waste from many industrial processes. An electrodialysis method described in the literature was used to convert sodium sulfate into sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, which were re-used in the process, or allocated as marketable products in the life cycle assessment. The life cycle impact assessment shows that the soda leaching process exhibits reduced environmental impacts in all chosen impact categories, often reaching a reduction of 40–50 % compared to the sulfuric acid roasting process. The largest sources of environmental impacts in both processes were energy generation and sodium carbonate production. The sodium sulfate treatment scenario in the sulfuric acid roasting process showed lowered environmental impacts when compared to the baseline scenario, except in water use, which was significantly higher. If the level of water use can be curtailed through process optimization and reaction efficiency, electrodialysis could be seen as an environmentally feasible method for sodium sulfate waste treatment in existing sulfuric acid roasting processes. Nevertheless, it can be suggested that in lithium refining from spodumene ore a preferred processing strategy would be to avoid sulfate generating unit processes altogether if technologically possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106450"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of valuable metal products from the leach residue of sedimentary rare earth ore by acid leaching and precipitation","authors":"Xingyu Mao,&nbsp;Qi Liu,&nbsp;Lijuan Liang,&nbsp;Shanshan Yu,&nbsp;Xianquan Ao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The residue produced after extracting rare earth elements from sedimentary rare earth ore (SREO) contains valuable metals. The effective separation and extraction of valuable metals from this residue is crucial for enhancing the utilization value of SREO and addressing the challenges associated with solid-waste disposal. In this study, Al and Fe were leached from SREO residue using a mixture of sulfuric and phosphoric acids. The leach residue was subsequently subjected to sulfuric acid curing and dilute acid leaching to extract Ti. Results showed that the Al and Fe leaching efficiencies were highest (88.3 % and 98.6 %, respectively) at sulfuric acid: phosphoric acid mass ratio = 7:3, liquid–solid ratio = 4:1, temperature = 110 °C, and time = 4 h. The Ti leaching efficiency was highest (76.2 %) at sulfuric acid: residue mass ratio = 1.7:1, curing time = 4 h, and temperature = 180 °C. The leach residue was enriched with SiO₂, and the resulting leachate was employed to produce Al₂O₃, FePO₄, and TiO₂. The resulting filtrate was condensed and crystallized to yield (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143272401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective extraction of uranium from nitric acid leachate of Minjingu rock phosphate","authors":"Raghav S. Soni ,&nbsp;Hitarth K. Thakkar ,&nbsp;Nils H. Haneklaus ,&nbsp;Dennis A. Mwalongo ,&nbsp;Ashwin W. Patwardhan ,&nbsp;Pushpito K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sample of beneficiated rock phosphate from Minjingu Mine and Fertilizer Plant, Tanzania was analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and found to contain 15.8 % and 5.30 × 10⁻² % <em>w/w</em> P₂O₅ and U, respectively. The U content of the same sample was estimated to be 3.70 × 10⁻² % <em>w/w</em> when the digested mass was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The rock was leached with three different mineral acids at 65–70 °C. The outlet liquid and solid streams were analysed by ICP-MS and ED-XRF, respectively. Maximum leaching of P₂O₅ and U occurred with 8.9 M HNO₃. Their respective concentrations in the leachate were 6.69 % <em>w/w</em> (99.0 g L⁻¹) and 1.80 × 10⁻² % <em>w/w</em> (0.27 g L⁻¹). The leachate also contained 1.90 × 10⁻² % <em>w/w</em> (0.28 g L⁻¹) rare earth elements (REEs). Selective extraction of U was attempted employing Di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and Tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) as co-extractants. A 2-stage cross-current solvent extraction (10 g scale; 30 °C) with 1:6 mol ratio of D2EHPA:TBP (0.14 M total extractant concentration; 1:1 <em>w/w</em> organic/aqueous ratio) gave 81–89 % U extraction without co-extraction of REEs. The extraction of U increased to 95.6 % after four stages of solvent extraction but there was a noticeable co-extraction of Y beyond the first two stages. Production of fertilizers from U-free leachate is environmentally safer and the recovered U, in pure form, can be used for fuel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106448"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scandium extraction from sulfate media with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in decane or toluene mixed with proton-donor additives","authors":"N.A. Grigorieva ,&nbsp;I.Yu. Fleitlikh ,&nbsp;O.A. Logutenko ,&nbsp;T.Yu. Ivanenko ,&nbsp;S.A. Novikova","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the effect of proton-donor additives (monocarboxylic acids, aliphatic alcohols, and phenol derivatives) on scandium extraction from sulfate solutions with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, HR) in decane or toluene as the diluent was investigated. It was shown that addition of these additives into the organic phase leads to an antagonistic effect, i.e., to a decrease in the extraction of scandium, and thus improves the stripping efficiency. The antagonistic effect decreases in the series octanol &gt;4-t-butylphenol &gt; &gt; octanoic acid. The low activity of octanoic acid is due to self-association, which significantly prevents the formation of intermolecular associates between D2EHPA and the monocarboxylic acid. Alcohols and phenols form stable associates with D2EHPA, which leads to a decrease in scandium extraction. Analysis of the interphase scandium distribution as well as the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectra of the loaded organic phases showed that the composition of the extracted scandium compound in the mixed extractant system containing D2EHPA and octyl alcohol is ScR₃. In the case of D2EHPA in inert diluents (such as decane and toluene), the composition of the extracted scandium compound in excess extractant is Sc(HR₂)₃. Scandium stripping from the D2EHPA and octyl alcohol mixtures with a sulfuric acid solution is almost impossible, but it can be successfully achieved with an alkaline solution containing sorbitol. In this case, no precipitation occurs in the organic phase which is an advantage. Extraction systems containing D2EHPA and higher alcohols, such as 2-ethylhexanol, can be used to recover scandium from various industrial solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 106435"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost effective selective separation of indium and germanium from zinc processing waste leach liquor using D2EHPA-YW100 synergistic system and selective stripping with HCl and NH4F","authors":"Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Junxian Hu ,&nbsp;Keyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaoze Zhang ,&nbsp;Yin Li ,&nbsp;Yaochun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium and germanium are rare elements and contribute to supporting materials for contemporary high technology new materials. Research and development of efficient separation and extraction of indium and germanium have important practical significance. A new process of “one step extraction and stepwise stripping” is proposed in this work to coextract indium and germanium with D2EHPA-YW100 synergistic system of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and C7–9 hydroxamic acid (YW100) denoted by D2EHPA-YW100. In the coextraction process, 98.9 % of indium and 99.9 % germanium were extracted utilizing an organic phase consisting of YW100 (1.4 %), D2EHPA (15 %) and sulfonated kerosene (83.6 %). During the two-step stripping process, 99.9 % of indium was selectively stripped from the loaded organic phase in step-1 using 4 M HCl. In step-2, 99.5 % of germanium was stripped using a 1 M NH₄F solution. This separation resulted the enrichment of germanium concentration by 6–7 fold and indium concentration by 19 fold. This method has four advantages: (i) simplifies the separation process, (ii) reduces equipment investment by nearly 50 %, (iii) minimizes extraction agent loss, and (iv) reduces management and labor costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 106421"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot plant study on manganese bioleaching using biomass decomposition products as a nutrient source and electrolysis for oxide precipitation","authors":"Palas Kamlakar Borkar,&nbsp;Neha Sharma,&nbsp;Stephen Techtmann,&nbsp;Timothy Eisele","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manganese leaching was carried out on a small pilot scale with 110 kg of ore using manganese-reducing organisms and fermentative organisms with biomass (<em>Typha latifolia</em>) as the source of nutrition. This study was carried out without externally supplied chemical reagents and with minimal capital investment. The process involves fermentative organisms to ferment biomass from <em>T. latifolia</em> and generate organic acids. Manganese-reducing organisms and organic acids reduced and dissolved manganese from pyrolusite ore. Manganese was precipitated from the manganese-bearing solution using an electrolytic oxidation technique.</div><div>A manganese concentration above 500 mg/L and negligible dissolved iron was achieved at a flow rate of 30 L/day, maintaining a pH range of 4 to 5, and a redox potential between 0.10 and 0.46 V. Manganese oxide was produced at a rate of 12 g/day, with a purity of 90 %. Amorphous manganese oxide was deposited on the cathode, while crystalline manganese oxide formed on the anode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 106430"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}