Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Selective indium extraction from zinc oxide dust leachate by microwave-assisted solvent extraction with P507 and stripping with HCl: Thermodynamics and kinetics","authors":"Shiju Li ,&nbsp;Haibei Wang ,&nbsp;Shengdong Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Xie ,&nbsp;Xudong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, indium was extracted from zinc oxide dust leachate using a microwave-assisted P507 extractant, and microwave-assisted indium stripping with hydrochloric acid. The effects of extractant concentration, pH, volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase, contact time, temperature and microwave power on indium extraction were investigated. The optimum conditions for indium extraction were obtained as follows: extractant concentration, 25 % (<em>v</em>/v) in sulphonated kerosene; pH = −0.2; O/A (volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase) = 1:2; contact time, 2 min; temperature, 40 °C; and microwave power, 70 W. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiencies of indium, zinc, iron and aluminium were 97.6 %, 2.50 %, 0.48 % and 0.89 %, respectively. The separation coefficients of indium for zinc, iron and aluminium were 1333, 7996 and 4442, respectively, which indicated that P507 has good selectivity for indium over zinc, iron and aluminium. The optimum conditions for indium stripping were a hydrochloric acid concentration of 1.5 mol/L, O/A = 2:1, contact time of 3 min, temperature of 40 °C and microwave power of 90 W, under which the indium stripping efficiency was 99.1 %. Additionally, McCabe–Thiele diagrams were constructed for indium extraction by P507 and indium stripping by hydrochloric acid, which theoretically predicted two stages for indium extraction by P507 and only one stage for indium stripping by hydrochloric acid. The advantage of microwave extraction over conventional extraction was that it reduced the time required for the extraction to reach equilibrium. The stoichiometric data for the extraction reactions were determined using the slope method. Thermodynamic studies showed that microwave-assisted indium extraction was feasible, with all negative standard Gibbs free energies, and the introduction of microwaves increased the entropy change of the extraction reaction. Kinetic studies showed that microwave-assisted In(III) extraction followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of In(III) extraction involves ion exchange with hydrogen in -P-O-H in P507. The future studies will focus on the amplification of microwave extraction equipment to promote industrialisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106483"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study of a sequential leaching process to recover Ag, Au, Cu, and Sn from E-waste","authors":"Dennis Silva Ferreira,&nbsp;Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of electronic waste (e-waste) presents both environmental challenges and economic opportunities. This study investigates efficient methods for recovering valuable metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) using hydrometallurgical processes. The PCB samples from various end-of-life electronic devices were subjected to a series of five leaching stages targeting the leaching of Ag, Au, Cu, and Sn. The first stage using 3 mol/L nitric acid achieved 97 % Cu leaching, reducing Cu content from an average of 20 % (<em>w</em>/w) to 0.74 % (w/w). This stage also affected other metals, leaching 53 % of Ag and 78 % of Sn. Subsequent leaching with thiourea in acidic media containing Fe(NO₃)₃ leached 75 % of Au. An iodine/iodide leach with H₂O₂ as an oxidizer proved highly effective for Ag, with 99 % leaching. This stage also leached an additional 62 % of Au. Two methods for Sn leaching were compared: HCl leaching achieved 98 % efficiency; H₂SO₄ with CuSO₄ also achieved 98 % leaching efficiency. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) was used to analyze metal concentrations throughout the process. This sequential leaching approach demonstrates the potential for high-efficiency recovery of valuable metals from e-waste, contributing to both economic benefits and environmental sustainability in electronic waste management. The study highlights the complexity of metal interactions with leaching reagents and the importance of optimizing each stage for selective and efficient recovery of metals from e-waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-induced modifications in electric arc furnace slag: An attempt to enhance aqueous dissolution","authors":"Recep Kurtulus ,&nbsp;Cansu Kurtulus ,&nbsp;Mahtab Akbarzadeh Khoei ,&nbsp;Marco Cantaluppi ,&nbsp;Juho Yliniemi","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) is produced in large amounts during steel manufacturing and can pose ecological hazards when disposed of in nature. Its heterogeneity, intricate mineralogy, and low solubility restrict its applicability in numerous fields, such as cementitious binders, resource recovery, and mineralization. This study investigated three different microwave irradiation techniques—direct (MWD), roasting with NaOH (MWR), and solution (MWS)—to modify the EAFS and exceed the current boundaries. The former involved direct exposure of EAFS (D90: &lt;30 μm) to microwaves, while the latter included a mixed of EAFS and NaOH, followed by microwave roasting. Both microwave-irradiated samples were later dissolved via stirring in aqueous conditions at a 1:100 g/mL ratio. In contrast, MWS comprised dissolution of EAFS in water under microwave irradiation in a closed vessel. The elemental releases were then analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. Structural, surface chemistry, and morphology examinations were also conducted. The results indicated that the structural alterations directly influenced release of Al, leading to a dissolution extent of 25 % for MWR, in contrast to the reference, which attained only 10 %. The release of Si was only achieved using MWR, reaching 3 %. The release of Ca was prominent in the MWS, achieving the highest concentration relative to the others and exhibiting 50 % enhancement. The findings obtained by surface and solution chemistry and microstructural images supported the differences in elemental releases among sample series following microwave irradiation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the promising potential of microwave irradiation to enhance the dissolution of EAFS, providing more insights into its appropriate applications and valuable reuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106475"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of CO2 as a precipitant to prepare aluminum hydroxide from NaAl(OH)4 solutions: Study on reaction kinetics and mechanism","authors":"Chengqian Zhang ,&nbsp;Youzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Shuwei Guo ,&nbsp;Yuliang Li ,&nbsp;Shufei Wang ,&nbsp;Shangyuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Hongyan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The carbonation reaction of sodium aluminate solution is the most important, green and economical process for preparing aluminum hydroxide and alumina. Controlling carbonation reaction rate and hydroxyl ion concentration (pH) at the reaction endpoint of NaAlO₂ solution is the most critical technical requirement. However, carbonation reaction mechanism is still controversial, and there is no relevant study on the reaction kinetics of hydroxide ion, which affects the control of carbonation reaction and reactor design. This paper reports the study of the change of pH and hydroxide ion concentration in situ, to propose a two-stage carbonation reaction mechanism of NaAlO₂ by comparing with carbonation reaction of NaOH solution. The first stage of reaction mechanism is the neutralization reaction between CO₂ and uncombined NaOH of NaAlO₂ solution. The second stage of reaction mechanism is a sequence of three chemical reactions: (i) NaAlO₂ decomposition generating NaOH, (ii) neutralization between generated NaOH and CO₂, and (iii) hydrolysis of carbonate ions. Secondly, a new experimental method of spontaneous-decomposition reaction of NaAlO₂ solution was innovatively proposed, revealing two first-order decomposition reactions. The reaction rate constant was about 3 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹. Furthermore, the rate equation for hydroxyl ion describing a two-stage carbonation reaction, controlled by mass transfer rate and chemical reaction rate was derived. The correlation coefficients of fitted experimental data were all greater than 0.99. Research found that the decomposition rate constant of carbonation reaction is greater than the spontaneous-decomposition rate constant of NaAlO₂ solution. The decomposition rate of carbonation reaction was affected by the decreasing rate of hydroxide ion concentration. Finally, CO₂ consumption measured by experiment and calculated by kinetics was completely consistent, which verifies the correctness of reaction mechanism and proposed rate equations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106473"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting purity of ammonium para-tungstate (APT) prepared from wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4) concentrate by NaHSO4·H2O roasting, water/ammonia leaching and evaporation crystallization","authors":"Ting Pu ,&nbsp;Zanhong Chen ,&nbsp;Yinliang Liu ,&nbsp;Haodong Hu ,&nbsp;Yong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional alkaline decomposition process for tungsten ore is facing significant challenges, including release of large amounts of hazardous waste and lengthy procedures. A previously proposed novel process for scheelite using NaHSO₄·H₂O roasting yielded ammonium para-tungstate (APT) of high-purity. However, the applicability of this method to wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO₄) concentrate remains uncertain. In this work, the process of wolframite decomposition by NaHSO₄·H₂O roasting for the preparation of APT was systematically investigated. It was found that 98.6 % of the tungsten in wolframite can be converted into WO₃ under the conditions of 3.0 times the stoichiometric amount of NaHSO₄·H₂O, a roasting temperature of 650 °C and a roasting time of 120 min. The main phases in the roasted product were WO₃, MnSO₄, and 3Na₂SO₄·Fe₂(SO₄)₃. Additionally, the water leaching conditions for WO₃ enrichment of the roasted product were investigated. At a liquid–solid ratio of 6:1 mL/g, a stirring rate of 300 rpm, a leaching time of 180 min and a leaching temperature of 25 °C, the removal efficiencies of Fe and Mn in the roasted product were 96.5 % and 99.3 %, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of WO₃ in the water-leaching product (residue) enriched from 25.2 % to 93.1 %. Furthermore, at an ammonia concentration of 4 mol/L, a liquid–solid ratio of 4:1 mL/g, a dissolution temperature of 80 °C, and a stirring rate of 350 rpm, the leaching efficiency of WO₃ in the WO₃ enrichment reached 98.5 % after 120 min. Subsequently, an APT product of high purity was obtained through impurity removal and evaporation crystallization. Overall, the results showed that NaHSO₄·H₂O roasting method has a broad range of applications in the decomposition of tungsten ore.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106467"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of fluoride ions from zinc sulfate solution by mesoporous alumina: Performance and mechanism","authors":"Jing Xiao ,&nbsp;Wei Sun ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Song ,&nbsp;Qihou Li ,&nbsp;Meirong Wu ,&nbsp;Yue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a flowsheet of sulfide roasting, leaching, purification and electrowinning, fluoride ions in zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution significantly impair the subsequent electrowinning process for zinc production. The effective removal of fluoride ions is essential for the smooth and effective operation of the entire production workflow. In this study, mesoporous alumina was synthesized using a template method and applied in fluoride ion removal from ZnSO₄ solution. The maximum fluoride ion removal efficiency (94.0 %) was achieved under optimum conditions (adsorbent dosage = 2 g L⁻¹, pH = 3.0, adsorption time = 20 min) in simulated fluoride ion solutions. Furthermore, the performance of mesoporous alumina in industrial ZnSO₄ solutions was evaluated, showing a fluoride ion removal efficiency of 80.9 % and a minimal zinc loss of 0.58 %. The adsorption process of fluoride ions on mesoporous alumina was examined using adsorption kinetics and isotherms, which conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Additionally, mesoporous alumina before and after adsorption was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The analysis indicated that ion exchange between fluoride ions and Al-OH groups on the adsorbent led to fluoride ion removal. Moreover, the complex ions between zinc and fluoride ions in the ZnSO₄ solution occupied active sites on the adsorbent surface and impeded ion exchange.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106471"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of rare earth oxide (nano and micro sized crystalline) materials: Preparation from rare earth chlorides, characterisation and applications","authors":"Shengnan Lin ,&nbsp;Tingan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the exceptional performance and irreplaceable nature of materials containing rare earth metals, their application across various fields of modern society is increasingly widespread. China possesses substantial reserves and abundant resources of rare earth elements, which confer a unique edge in their research and application. However, challenges such as an oversupply of low-end products and a shortage of high-end products hinder the advancement of processing science and technology. For the first time, this paper provides a comprehensive summary of the current processes used worldwide, and research for the preparation of rare earth oxides (REOs) from rare earth chlorides (RECs), and analyses the advantages and disadvantages of these processes. To address the issues of the need for additional conversion agents and wastewater discharge in the preparation of REOs from RECs, this review based on previous work proposes the preparation of REOs through ion membrane electro-conversion based on the chlor–alkali industry and discusses their development and application. Finally, the paper forecasts the future development trends in the preparation processes of REOs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106464"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A thermodynamic and kinetic study of efficient selenium removal from highly acidic TeCl4 solution using tellurium powder","authors":"Wenqiu Wang,&nbsp;Huazhen Cao,&nbsp;Weilun Qian,&nbsp;Anyang Tang,&nbsp;Junfeng Kong,&nbsp;Lining Yu,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Liu,&nbsp;Huibin Zhang,&nbsp;Guoqu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-purity tellurium is in high demand for applications in high-tech fields such as semiconductors and solar cells. To produce high-purity tellurium, one of the challenges is to effectively reduce selenium content of telluride (IV) solution. This study reports the thermodynamic and kinetic analysis for selenium removal by tellurium powder substitution in a TeCl₄ solution. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the separation window of tellurium and selenium significantly varies with pH. Solutions of weak acidity or basicity are unfavorable for the separation of these two elements. In highly acidic systems, tellurium coexists with selenite ions in the form of Te⁴⁺ ions, and the redox equilibrium potential values for E(Te⁴⁺/Te) and E(H₂SeO₃/Se) significantly differ, indicating the thermodynamic feasibility of selenium removal through tellurium powder replacement. Under optimal reaction condition, the selenium removal efficiency in highly acidic tellurium tetrachloride could reach ∼99.9 % with a residual selenium concentration of 0.1 mg/L. Kinetic studies indicated that selenium removal by tellurium powder substitution is primarily controlled by a chemical reaction with an apparent activation energy of 84.6 kJ/mol. This study provides a simple but efficient method for of selenium impurity removal toward high-purity tellurium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106470"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uses of H2 and CO2 gases in hydrometallurgical processes: Potential towards sustainable pretreatment, metal production and carbon neutrality","authors":"Jae-chun Lee ,&nbsp;Kurniawan Kurniawan ,&nbsp;Yong Jae Suh ,&nbsp;Banshi Dhar Pandey","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrometallurgical practices represent a vital area of focus within the metallurgical sector, and it is critical that these practices are carried out in an environmentally friendly manner in order to promote sustainability and responsible processing. One promising approach is the use of hydrogen gas (H₂), known for its ‘green’ properties, along with the pollutant carbon dioxide (CO₂), at various stages within the unit operations relevant to hydrometallurgical processes. This review provides a detailed overview of the utilization of H₂ and CO₂ gases, encompassing key stages including pretreatment, leaching, and metal recovery. Theoretical underpinnings are also provided for each stage, along with an overview of cutting-edge approaches such as application of supercritical CO₂. Challenges and future directions associated with H₂ and CO₂ utilization are also discussed. This review serves an important step towards advancing sustainable hydrometallurgical processes promoting carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106468"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of amino acid side chain structure on the leaching behavior of copper from printed circuit boards","authors":"Idol Phann,&nbsp;Sae Yamamoto,&nbsp;Tamer Shubair,&nbsp;Naoko Okibe","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the potential of 15 biological amino acids as eco-friendly lixiviants for copper (Cu) extraction from printed circuit boards (PCBs) under alkaline conditions. The Cu leaching behaviors, complexation mechanisms, and the effect of temperature were examined. The amino acids were classified by their Cu leaching efficiencies: Type-I (Gly, Val, Ala, Arg, His, Lys), Type-II (Pro, Glu, Asp, Thr, Ser), and Type-III (Asn, Gln, Met, Cys). Type-I amino acids achieved &gt;90 % Cu leaching, while Type-II showed moderate dissolution. Type-III formed solid Cu-amino acid complexes as confirmed by XRD and SEM analyses. Increasing temperatures enhanced Cu leaching in both Type-I and Type-II, particularly during the initial stages. Minimal dissolution of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) was observed at pH 10–12 and Eh 0–200 mV, allowing for selective Cu dissolution in liquid or solid phases. Aliphatic and polar positively charged amino acids were the most effective due to their ability to form stable bi- and/or tridentate complexes, while carboxyl- and alcohol-containing side chains hindered Cu dissolution. The precipitation of solid Cu-amino acid complexes was attributed to amide and sulfur-containing side chains, as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur can form strong coordination bonds with Cu. This is the first study to evaluate the role of amino acid side chain structures in Cu leaching from e-waste and highlights the potential of less commonly studied amino acids in hydrometallurgical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 106469"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}