Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Usage of inorganic polyoxometalates of tungsten for extraction of rare earths in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): Preliminary results","authors":"Lucy Muruchi ,&nbsp;Jonas Van Olmen ,&nbsp;Humberto Estay ,&nbsp;Daniela Millán ,&nbsp;Tom Van Gerven","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Y^III, La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, Er^III and Yb^III in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by PEG/MgSO₄ and polyoxometalates (POMs) as extractants was investigated under various conditions. Increased vacant sites in the POM and higher POM concentrations enhanced the competitive effect among REEs extraction. Lower acidity also enhanced the effect, and the extraction depended on the initial REEs composition. Optimal separation was achieved at 8.8E-4 M REE mix solution, 67.5 molar ratio HCl: REE, 3:1 molar ratio of Na₁₀[SiW₉O₃₄]: REE and 25 °C, achieving 52 % extraction for Tb and an average selectivity of 2.1. The extraction trend followed the REE atomic number, except for Y. The stripping of REE from the light phase was done by precipitation using tetraethylammonium chloride. The ICP and FT-IR techniques indicate stripping of REE: POMs complexes and REE: hydroxosulfate complexes according to OH⁻ in the system. The stripping of REE in the first complexes follows the same trend as in extraction, and the second type offers selective stripping of La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III as a group. Furthermore, continuous flow experiments using microreactors were conducted, varying reactor lengths and flow-rates based on batch test conditions. Fluctuations were observed in all cases, likely due to mass transfer between phase-forming compounds, resulting in wavy core-annular flow. The small discrepancies with batch experiments demonstrate the feasibility of continuous extraction using ATPS and POM as extractants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of H2S gas cleaning and bioleaching for zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust","authors":"Päivi Kinnunen ,&nbsp;Hanna Miettinen ,&nbsp;Christian Frilund ,&nbsp;Pekka Simell","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is a by-product of the stainless-steel industry that contains significant amounts of zinc and iron as well as lead and is classified as hazardous waste. Recovering metals from the EAF dust would increase the zinc supply from waste and decrease the amount of hazardous waste. Cleaning of industrial gases using EAF dust is a potential low-cost alternative to non-regenerable primary ZnO adsorbents. The challenge is to develop further treatment methods for sulfide materials to recover their metal values and manage sulfur, by comparing the leaching of EAF before and after sulfidation with H₂S. This study shows the feasibility of integrating H₂S removal by adsorption at elevated temperatures using EAF dust with zinc recovery from the sulfide material of EAF after sulfidation (S-EAF) using bioleaching. In this process, sulfur- and iron-oxidizing microorganisms oxidize the sulfide mineral and leach zinc into the solution. Hydrometallurgical EAF dust recycling technologies require significant quantities of acid. A part of the acid used for leaching can be produced from the sulfide material itself, significantly reducing the need for external sulfuric acid. Integrating gas cleaning with bioleaching enables the utilisation of both the metal and captured sulfur content. The integrated sulfur capture-bioleaching concept has potential for adaptation to other oxidized waste materials beyond EAF dust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving acid-free and selective leaching of lithium from end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries using sodium persulfate: Impact of removing organic matter by thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere","authors":"Jong-Won Choi ,&nbsp;Mooki Bae ,&nbsp;Hyunju Lee ,&nbsp;Hong-In Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun-Woo Shim ,&nbsp;Jinyoung Je ,&nbsp;Gigap Han ,&nbsp;Junhyun Choi ,&nbsp;Hyunjoon Lee ,&nbsp;Sookyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports an acid-free, efficient, and selective method for Li leaching at room temperature from end-of-life (EoL) LiFePO₄ (LFP) batteries using sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈) as a promising lixiviant. The objective of this study is to leach target metal, i.e., Li, as efficiently as possible while minimizing chemical consumption. First, valuable metal-containing materials called black powders (BPs) were recovered from actual EoL LFP batteries. Then, thermal treatment at 500 °C in a non-active, i.e., inert, atmosphere was employed to remove organic matter derived from the binder and electrolyte in the BPs, significantly enhancing leaching efficiency (LE). Under optimal conditions (0.4 M Na₂S₂O₈, 100 g/L pulp density, room temperature, and 30 min), Li was leached with an efficiency of 99.9% and a selectivity of more than 99.5% over Fe and P. This study highlights the importance of organic matter removal for achieving high Li leaching efficiency with minimal Na₂S₂O₈ consumption and suggests the potential of Na₂S₂O₈ for sustainable Li recovery in LFP hydrometallurgical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of iron and arsenic species distribution and phase variation of pyrite and arsenopyrite under acidic oxidation relevant to refractory gold ores","authors":"Yanhua Liu ,&nbsp;N.G. Wei Sung ,&nbsp;Miao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel investigation into the species distribution and stability phase diagrams for the Fe-S-O-H and Fe-As-S-O-H systems under conditions below 300 °C, using available thermodynamic data. This range of temperatures is important for this system, as it informs the behavior of iron and arsenic species in the pressure oxidation of complex refractory ores and in the fixation of arsenic. When calculated based on the established models, the estimated solubility parameters for pure scorodite (FeAsO₄∙2H₂O), a stable form of arsenate, at 25 °C were in good agreement with experimental results below pH 2, but diverged by up to two orders of magnitude above pH 2. In this work, this gap has been narrowed by incorporating the precipitation of ferrihydrite and the equilibrium with scorodite into the model, indicating the critical role of ferrihydrite and incongruent dissolution in scorodite solubility. Furthermore, between pH 0 and 4, the temperature-driven increase in the stability range of Fe(II) in the form of FeH₂AsO₄⁺ in the Fe-As-S-O-H system is much larger compared to the Fe-S-O-H system, demonstrating that the complexation of Fe and As can significantly alter its stability and aqueous mobility. Basic ferric sulfate minerals, such as fibroferrite and metahohmannite, exhibit enhanced stability as the pH decreases below 1.5. Conversely, jarosite displays increased stability in acidic environments with rising temperatures, up to around 220 °C, before undergoing a reversal. These novel findings provide valuable new insights into the thermodynamic behavior of iron and arsenic species, advancing the field of geochemical modeling and mineral stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of mineralogical characteristics and pH on uranium extraction via in-situ leaching: Preliminary case analysis of the Hadatu uranium deposit, China","authors":"Peng Qiao ,&nbsp;Shengqing Xiong ,&nbsp;Liangquan Ge ,&nbsp;Hao Song ,&nbsp;Huijie Yu ,&nbsp;Yihan Yang ,&nbsp;Ruyi Wang ,&nbsp;Shihu Kang ,&nbsp;Yiru Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuanqing Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mineralogical attributes of uranium ore within sandstone-hosted uranium deposits hold paramount significance in the selection and refinement of in-situ leaching (ISL) of uranium. Nevertheless, the relationship between these mineralogical characteristics and uranium leaching efficiency under varying operational conditions remains an understudied area. Therefore, this study collected uranium ore samples from the Hadatu uranium deposit, China, and carried out optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and carbonate chemical analysis, as well as leaching experiments under different conditions.</div><div>This study found that: (1) The uranium ore from the deposit exhibits relatively high abundances of quartz (60.2 %), feldspar (18.9 %), and total iron (4.56 %), whereas the concentrations of carbonate (0.3 %), CaO (0.7 %), and MgO (0.39 %) are notably low. (2) Uranium mineralization is predominantly composed of pitchblende, which is intimately associated with pyrite, organic matter, and clay minerals. (3) In terms of average leaching efficiency, the ore displays different leaching efficiencies with different reagents at different pH: (i) 74.4 % with H₂SO₄ leaching at pH &lt; 2, (ii) 41.9 % with CO₂ and O₂ leaching at pH 4–5, and (iii) 53.8 % with NH₄HCO₃ and H₂O₂ leaching at pH ∼ 8. Notably, the acid leaching method outperforms the other two methods by a factor of 1.78 and 1.38, respectively.</div><div>The leaching efficiency of uranium is primarily influenced by the mineralogical composition of the ore, the occurrence mode of uranium minerals, and the choice of leaching reagents and pH. Both mineralogical analyses and leaching experiments indicate that the application of an acid ISL process is highly suitable for the exploitation of the Hadatu deposit. This study offers valuable insights for ISL mining in the Hadatu uranium deposit and introduces a new perspective for similar sandstone-hosted uranium deposits with comparable mineralogical attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106492"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the migration of rubidium and mineral phase changes during sulfuric acid leaching of biotite","authors":"Zhengwei Han ,&nbsp;Yinbo Song ,&nbsp;Yu Xie ,&nbsp;Hui Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhiguo He","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acid leaching has been widely employed for the extraction of rubidium (Rb) and lithium (Li) from mica owing to operational simplicity, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced efficiency. However, previous investigations have primarily focused on Li leaching behavior and mechanisms, with limited attention paid to understanding the lattice occupancy of Rb in mica and its influence on the leaching mechanisms. This study examined the effects of various factors on the leaching efficiency and behavior of Rb in sulfuric acid leaching of biotite. The mechanisms of Rb transfer were elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Under optimized conditions, Rb leaching efficiency reached 93.8 %. The DFT analyses demonstrated that Rb substitution occurred at potassium sites within biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(F,OH)₂) layers, with preferential occupation of the six-membered tetrahedral ring centroids. During sulfuric acid leaching of biotite, H⁺ initially penetrates the (001) crystal surface through ion exchange with Rb⁺ and K⁺. It then corrodes the aluminum oxide tetrahedron, resulting in the release of Al³⁺. Ultimately, the octahedral layer undergoes structural disintegration through H⁺ induced cleavage of Fe<img>O bonds, releasing Fe²⁺ species. These findings offer valuable insights and lay the foundation for developing next-generation acid leaching techniques for extracting Rb from Rb-bearing mica.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process intensification in precipitation of uranium from post alkali leach liquor using re-dissolution of sodium diuranate slurry: A short review of laboratory and pilot scale test results","authors":"Vipin Kumar Sharma ,&nbsp;P. Sriharsha ,&nbsp;L.K. Rao ,&nbsp;Suman Sarkar ,&nbsp;M.S. Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) Tummalapalle facility processes a low-grade uranium ore (0.042 % U₃O₈), necessitating the enhancement of low uranium concentration (0.74 g/L U₃O₈) in the clarified leach liquor as a critical goal for process optimization in the precipitation stage. Enhanced concentration of U₃O₈ in the process liquor is pivotal for maximizing the recovery of the final uranium product. Various filtration technologies were evaluated at laboratory and pilot scales to recover ultra-fine sodium diuranate (SDU) particles to improve recovery. These technologies included candle filters, ceramic filters, cartridge filters, and ultrafiltration. However, none of these methods proved viable for a sustained operation under plant conditions. Additional techniques such as ion exchange, centrifugation, and nanofiltration were also assessed but failed due to inherent technical constraints. Experimental results from laboratory and pilot scale tests indicated that precipitation at approximately 2.5 g/L U₃O₈ in the leach liquor yielded a product with optimal settling characteristics and minimized uranium losses, both in unprecipitated and precipitated forms. In order to achieve this target and enhance precipitation efficiency, a bleed stream of the sodium diuranate slurry from the precipitation circuit was combined with clarified low grade leach liquor to redissolve SDU and heated to approximately 75–80 °C to prepare a concentrated solution of 2.5 g/L. This approach significantly improved the precipitation efficiency of the process liquor in the low-grade ore processing unit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106491"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrometallurgical process of spent lithium-ion battery recycling Part. 1 Chemical leaching of valuable metals from cathode active materials: Review and case study","authors":"Chaehyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Dwira Satria Arby ,&nbsp;Chanmin Kim ,&nbsp;Junghyun Lim ,&nbsp;Kyungjung Kwon ,&nbsp;Eunhyea Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth in global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has led to a corresponding increase in the number of spent LIBs. This situation highlights the importance of recycling these batteries to conserve the environment and preserve the raw materials used in their production. Among the various commercial recycling methods, leaching is widely used in hydrometallurgical flowsheets. Through acid leaching with sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, citric, and other organic acids such as oxalic, formic, and malic acids, along with alkaline agents such as ammonia, ammonium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium hydroxide, valuable metals such as Co, Ni, Mn, and Li are recovered. In the leaching process, factors such as leaching agent concentration, reductants, temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio impact leaching efficiency. These parameters are also interrelated, requiring an analysis of their interactions. It has been shown that leaching can dissolve over 90 % of metals, which are the primary components of cathodes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the leaching parameters and optimal conditions for maximizing efficiency, focusing specifically on chemical leaching through an in-depth analysis of relevant literature, experimental details, and cost considerations in a case study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106494"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable treatment of solid titanium-gypsum-waste using acidic titanium-white-wastewater to produce high-value α-hemihydrate gypsum","authors":"Yuru Wang ,&nbsp;Mengqi Xiang ,&nbsp;Jiangmei Yi ,&nbsp;Ye Wang ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Tang ,&nbsp;Yanjun Zhong ,&nbsp;Hua Meng ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium gypsum is a solid waste produced when titanium dioxide manufacturers use sulfuric acid and neutralize the waste acid with lime. The global production of titanium gypsum waste has reached 10 million tons annually. To address the environmental hazards, this study proposes a cost-effective ($2.39/ton), emission-free method to sustainably produce high-value α-hemihydrate gypsum by consuming large quantities of titanium gypsum. The primary iron impurity in titanium gypsum was separated (&gt; 80 %) using titanium white waste acid, yielding high-value red iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and green vitriol, i.e., hydrated iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O). Additionally, the thermodynamic process of in-situ dehydration of titanium gypsum at atmospheric pressure in a chlorine-free salt solution was studied, producing large α-hemihydrate gypsum particles of 20 μm size through hydration-recrystallization. This work enhances resource utilization efficiency, reduces environmental contamination from titanium dioxide waste acid and titanium gypsum, and exemplifies an environmentally responsible process with significant implications for the sustainable development of the titanium dioxide industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106489"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on a functionalized ionic liquid [BIim][Cl3] for efficient dissolution of precious metals (Pd, Pt, Au, Rh)","authors":"Feng Feng,&nbsp;Heda Ding,&nbsp;Jiaying Zhang,&nbsp;Lu Yu,&nbsp;Yuxue Yue,&nbsp;Yanxia Sun,&nbsp;Lingling Guo,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Xu,&nbsp;Chunshan Lu,&nbsp;Qunfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaonian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of industrial technology has significantly promoted the production and accumulation of spent precious metal-based catalysts. This work describes the synthesis of an ionic liquid – [BIim][Cl₃] and its application as an alternative to toxic and corrosive reagents for precious metal leaching from waste catalysts. The leaching process using [BIim][Cl₃] is proved to be safe and green. It offers a higher stability and higher leaching efficiency compared to other reagents used in previous publications. The ionic liquid [BIim][Cl₃] enabled the efficient leaching of Pd and Au, as well as the extremely stable precious metals Pt, Rh under mild conditions. The highest leaching efficiencies achieved by [BIim][Cl₃] were 99.9 %, 98.5 %, 98.6 % and 90.6 % for Pd, Au, Pt and Rh under the optimal leaching conditions, respectively. In order to reveal the leaching mechanism, XPS, far infrared (FIR), NMR, and EDS were used to demonstrate the importance of imidazolium cations in the leaching process. The leaching pathway was proposed based on the DFT calculation results on transition state energy barrier.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 106490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}