Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Pulsed electrolysis: An efficient approach to enhancing purity from 4N to 6N copper","authors":"Qing-hua Tian,&nbsp;Liang-hong Duan,&nbsp;Zhi-peng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional direct-current (DC) electrorefining process is widely used for the purification of blister copper to achieve high-purity grades. However, this process typically requires extended operational cycles and exhibits limitations in removing trace impurities such as silver and tin. To address these challenges, a pulsed electro-refining method is proposed that achieves enhanced impurity removal efficiency and shorter purification time. The experimental results showed that higher impurities removal efficiency and better appearance of high-purity copper deposits could be reached in the pulse electrolysis process. The total impurities concentration of copper products could be reduced to 0.74 mg/kg after 24 h by pulse electro-refining, which could only reach 1.24 mg/kg by DC electrolysis. Moreover, the silver and tin concentrations decreased by 95 % and 85 %, respectively. In addition, the effects of several crucial conditions during the pulsed electrolysis process were investigated, including pulse current density, pulse frequency, pulse duty ratio, and pulse electrolysis duration. The results indicated that the concentrations of all impurities apart from silicon were reduced and the purity of copper deposits reached 6 N under the experimental conditions of pulse current density of 400 A/m², pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and pulse duty ratio of 50 % after 36 h. In summarily, the pulsed electrolysis process demonstrates excellent efficacy in producing high-purity copper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyanex 272 and 8-HQ synergistic system for the extraction and recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets","authors":"Jun Li ,&nbsp;Ruihui Wu ,&nbsp;Shengjun Tian ,&nbsp;Ronghao Liu ,&nbsp;Huiying Wei ,&nbsp;Yanzhao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The NdFeB magnets are the most widely used permanent magnetic materials in the international arena, and the recovery of Nd(III) from the growing number of waste-NdFeB magnets is becoming increasingly crucial. In this study, a novel synergistic extractant consisting of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonic acid (Cyanex 272) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) is proposed for the recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets. First, the influence of the ratio of the two extractants on the synergistic extraction coefficient was investigated. The coextraction coefficient ratio of the two extractants Cyanex 272 and 8-HQ was 1:1. The extraction behaviors under different conditions, such as the extractant concentration, aqueous phase pH (pH = 5), and oscillation time (1 min), were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the extraction efficiency reached 99.6%. A chelating extraction mechanism was proposed on the basis of UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy methods. The excellent extraction efficiency was maintained after five cycles of extraction and stripping, indicating the potential for application in light and heavy rare earth separation processes. Overall, this study aims to provide a new economically viable method for the recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study of electro-reduction pretreatment preceding chalcopyrite leaching in ammonium chloride media in the presence of copper ions","authors":"Fernando Ortega ,&nbsp;Jochen Petersen ,&nbsp;Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chalcopyrite has notoriously slow dissolution kinetics in oxidative leaching media. Pre-conditioning using electro-reduction is a potential alternative, aimed at the surface reduction of the chalcopyrite mineral. This process has been well explored in acid systems, where the concomitant dissolution of iron significantly interferes with the electro-reduction process. Chalcopyrite leaching is feasible also in alkaline ammonia solutions, and hence the present study explores chalcopyrite electro-reduction in a 2 M ammonium chloride solution in the presence of cupric ions.</div><div>A series of electrochemical tests with a chalcopyrite rotating electrode was run to investigate this system. Cathodic chronopotentiometry tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of the electro-reduction in ammonia solution. Cyclic voltammetry tests were then conducted to evaluate the feasibility and kinetics of this process at different copper concentrations and rotation rates. Chronoamperometry experiments were then conducted to simulate (electro-) leaching, and the process was finally tested in a small-scale test apparatus using a real chalcopyrite concentrate.</div><div>It was found that cupric ions were reduced to cuprous ions on the chalcopyrite surface to form secondary copper sulfides, depending on the prevailing potentials. Analysis of charge transfer at anodic dissolution of the pre-reduced electrode at -350 mV (SHE) confirmed that the reduced phase formed was chalcocite. The cathodic reduction is enhanced by increasing copper concentration and electrode rotation speed, which support that cupric in solution is reduced at the chalcopyrite surface to form chalcocite. Current densities and lengths of time enhance the extent of the pre-reduction reaction, but to a diminishing extent as the reduced product builds up. The pre-reduced (2.5 h at 180 A/m²) chalcopyrite electrode dissolved nearly 18 times faster anodically compared to when there is no pre-conditioning. Alternating pre-reduction and anodic leaching showed that all reduction products were fully removed, and the chalcopyrite surface could be reused repeatedly.</div><div>The small-scale tests demonstrated that electro-reduction pre-treatment substantially increases the subsequent copper extraction rate in a 10 g/L chalcopyrite concentrate slurry from 30 % with no pre-treatment up to 54 % with pre-treatment at 210 A/m² over 5 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards environmentally compatible in situ leaching of mine waste using low concentration acids","authors":"R.A. Crane ,&nbsp;A. Mohammad ,&nbsp;F. Jin ,&nbsp;P. Cleall ,&nbsp;D.J. Sapsford","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional mining of metalliferous rock typically involves physical excavation followed by mineral processing. These are energy intensive and environmentally invasive processes which produce large amounts of wastes. In situ leaching of mine wastes with acidic lixiviants may provide an opportunity to recover additional metals and decontaminate residual material. However, the use of high concentration mineral acids (such as &gt;1 M sulfuric acid) can be harmful to the environment and may necessitate post treatment to remove the acidity from the residual rock. The feasibility of using less aggressive lixiviants that may mitigate these risks was explored; 0.1 M citric and sulfuric acid were applied as lixiviants to determine the leaching behaviour of As and Cu from legacy sulfidic Cu/As mine waste. This was achieved via triplicate column upflow tests with a cumulative liquid-solid ratio of 31. Citric acid was more efficient than sulfuric acid for As recovery, with recovery (leaching efficiency) rates of 40.7 wt% and 35.2 wt%, respectively, but slightly less effective for Cu recovery: 33.8 wt% and 43.2 wt% of the total content, respectively. The comparable performance, despite citric acid being a weaker acid, is attributed to its affinity to form soluble As/Cu-citrate complexes. Numerical modelling of heap leaching of the mine waste at field scale was undertaken to allow exploration of scenarios for metal recovery versus time, lixiviant application rate and reagent consumption. This study highlights the suitability of applying lixiviants for the in situ leaching of metals from mine waste in low concentrations over a prolonged timescale. The work therefore provides a step towards unlocking a new paradigm of metal recovery and remediation for modern and legacy mine wastes with minimal environmental disturbance and energy input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106506"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vanadium(II) reductive upgrading of copper sulfide concentrates via Iron leaching to facilitate stagewise oxidative copper leaching at room temperature","authors":"Charles Kim ,&nbsp;Brian Donovan ,&nbsp;Jeffrey P. Fitts ,&nbsp;Raymond S. Farinato ,&nbsp;D.R. Nagaraj ,&nbsp;Scott Banta ,&nbsp;Alan C. West","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over this coming decade, copper demand in the United States is projected to increase significantly because of the energy transition to carbon-free sources. Compared to traditional hydrometallurgical processes involving oxidation, reductive leaching of copper mineral concentrates has been shown to yield significant advantages. For example, reductive leaching of chalcopyrite can be performed at ambient temperatures without intensive grinding. This could achieve high yields, reduced processing costs, all while minimizing environmental impacts.</div><div>This work explores vanadium reductive leaching of other copper mineral concentrates by measuring leaching kinetics and yields. Over 90 % of the copper was successfully extracted from copper concentrates obtained from three active mines, each with different mineral compositions, after reacting in VSO₄, H₂SO₄ solution at room temperature for 60 min. It was shown that the addition of FeSO₄ enhanced the leaching yields of copper from chalcocite (Cu₂S), from 55.1 % to 100 % in concentrates having moderate iron concentrations and from 62.7 % to 82.2 % in low-iron concentrates. The copper recovery in low-iron concentrates could be increased to 99 % after leaching a second time, suggesting a staged operation may be favored. Results show that similar yields may be achieved when leaching occurs in a continuous flow reactor with residence times between 10 and 20 min. For example, 85.2 % - 100 % of iron was leached from Source 2 concentrates, and 87.7 % - 95.3 % of iron was leached from Source 3 concentrates in continuous flow leaching. The processing rate using the continuous flow reactor was 87 g/L h⁻¹, a rate competitive with existing processing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of inorganic polyoxometalates of tungsten for extraction of rare earths in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): Preliminary results","authors":"Lucy Muruchi ,&nbsp;Jonas Van Olmen ,&nbsp;Humberto Estay ,&nbsp;Daniela Millán ,&nbsp;Tom Van Gerven","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Y^III, La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, Er^III and Yb^III in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by PEG/MgSO₄ and polyoxometalates (POMs) as extractants was investigated under various conditions. Increased vacant sites in the POM and higher POM concentrations enhanced the competitive effect among REEs extraction. Lower acidity also enhanced the effect, and the extraction depended on the initial REEs composition. Optimal separation was achieved at 8.8E-4 M REE mix solution, 67.5 molar ratio HCl: REE, 3:1 molar ratio of Na₁₀[SiW₉O₃₄]: REE and 25 °C, achieving 52 % extraction for Tb and an average selectivity of 2.1. The extraction trend followed the REE atomic number, except for Y. The stripping of REE from the light phase was done by precipitation using tetraethylammonium chloride. The ICP and FT-IR techniques indicate stripping of REE: POMs complexes and REE: hydroxosulfate complexes according to OH⁻ in the system. The stripping of REE in the first complexes follows the same trend as in extraction, and the second type offers selective stripping of La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III as a group. Furthermore, continuous flow experiments using microreactors were conducted, varying reactor lengths and flow-rates based on batch test conditions. Fluctuations were observed in all cases, likely due to mass transfer between phase-forming compounds, resulting in wavy core-annular flow. The small discrepancies with batch experiments demonstrate the feasibility of continuous extraction using ATPS and POM as extractants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of H2S gas cleaning and bioleaching for zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust","authors":"Päivi Kinnunen ,&nbsp;Hanna Miettinen ,&nbsp;Christian Frilund ,&nbsp;Pekka Simell","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is a by-product of the stainless-steel industry that contains significant amounts of zinc and iron as well as lead and is classified as hazardous waste. Recovering metals from the EAF dust would increase the zinc supply from waste and decrease the amount of hazardous waste. Cleaning of industrial gases using EAF dust is a potential low-cost alternative to non-regenerable primary ZnO adsorbents. The challenge is to develop further treatment methods for sulfide materials to recover their metal values and manage sulfur, by comparing the leaching of EAF before and after sulfidation with H₂S. This study shows the feasibility of integrating H₂S removal by adsorption at elevated temperatures using EAF dust with zinc recovery from the sulfide material of EAF after sulfidation (S-EAF) using bioleaching. In this process, sulfur- and iron-oxidizing microorganisms oxidize the sulfide mineral and leach zinc into the solution. Hydrometallurgical EAF dust recycling technologies require significant quantities of acid. A part of the acid used for leaching can be produced from the sulfide material itself, significantly reducing the need for external sulfuric acid. Integrating gas cleaning with bioleaching enables the utilisation of both the metal and captured sulfur content. The integrated sulfur capture-bioleaching concept has potential for adaptation to other oxidized waste materials beyond EAF dust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving acid-free and selective leaching of lithium from end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries using sodium persulfate: Impact of removing organic matter by thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere","authors":"Jong-Won Choi ,&nbsp;Mooki Bae ,&nbsp;Hyunju Lee ,&nbsp;Hong-In Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun-Woo Shim ,&nbsp;Jinyoung Je ,&nbsp;Gigap Han ,&nbsp;Junhyun Choi ,&nbsp;Hyunjoon Lee ,&nbsp;Sookyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports an acid-free, efficient, and selective method for Li leaching at room temperature from end-of-life (EoL) LiFePO₄ (LFP) batteries using sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈) as a promising lixiviant. The objective of this study is to leach target metal, i.e., Li, as efficiently as possible while minimizing chemical consumption. First, valuable metal-containing materials called black powders (BPs) were recovered from actual EoL LFP batteries. Then, thermal treatment at 500 °C in a non-active, i.e., inert, atmosphere was employed to remove organic matter derived from the binder and electrolyte in the BPs, significantly enhancing leaching efficiency (LE). Under optimal conditions (0.4 M Na₂S₂O₈, 100 g/L pulp density, room temperature, and 30 min), Li was leached with an efficiency of 99.9% and a selectivity of more than 99.5% over Fe and P. This study highlights the importance of organic matter removal for achieving high Li leaching efficiency with minimal Na₂S₂O₈ consumption and suggests the potential of Na₂S₂O₈ for sustainable Li recovery in LFP hydrometallurgical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of iron and arsenic species distribution and phase variation of pyrite and arsenopyrite under acidic oxidation relevant to refractory gold ores","authors":"Yanhua Liu ,&nbsp;N.G. Wei Sung ,&nbsp;Miao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel investigation into the species distribution and stability phase diagrams for the Fe-S-O-H and Fe-As-S-O-H systems under conditions below 300 °C, using available thermodynamic data. This range of temperatures is important for this system, as it informs the behavior of iron and arsenic species in the pressure oxidation of complex refractory ores and in the fixation of arsenic. When calculated based on the established models, the estimated solubility parameters for pure scorodite (FeAsO₄∙2H₂O), a stable form of arsenate, at 25 °C were in good agreement with experimental results below pH 2, but diverged by up to two orders of magnitude above pH 2. In this work, this gap has been narrowed by incorporating the precipitation of ferrihydrite and the equilibrium with scorodite into the model, indicating the critical role of ferrihydrite and incongruent dissolution in scorodite solubility. Furthermore, between pH 0 and 4, the temperature-driven increase in the stability range of Fe(II) in the form of FeH₂AsO₄⁺ in the Fe-As-S-O-H system is much larger compared to the Fe-S-O-H system, demonstrating that the complexation of Fe and As can significantly alter its stability and aqueous mobility. Basic ferric sulfate minerals, such as fibroferrite and metahohmannite, exhibit enhanced stability as the pH decreases below 1.5. Conversely, jarosite displays increased stability in acidic environments with rising temperatures, up to around 220 °C, before undergoing a reversal. These novel findings provide valuable new insights into the thermodynamic behavior of iron and arsenic species, advancing the field of geochemical modeling and mineral stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioleaching and mechanism of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores and tailings using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans","authors":"Chunxiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Baojun Yang ,&nbsp;Shan Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Guanzhou Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditionally, ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄ has been utilised as the leaching agent in the extraction of ion-adsorption type rare earth (IATRE) ores. However, this method only extracts rare earth elements (REEs) from the ion-exchangeable phase, leaving behind a substantial amount of tailings that still contain REEs. Therefore, this study explored the bioleaching process of IATRE ores and tailings in the presence of <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> (<em>A. ferrooxidans</em>) and the reaction mechanism. The results showed that in the two-step bioleaching system, where bacteria were cultured well prior to the addition of minerals for leaching, the extraction efficiencies for La (99.5 %), Ce (78.1 %), Nd (95.8 %), and Y (93.5 %) at a pyrite to IATRE ore mass ratio of 1.5:1 were 23.1 %, 58.3 %, 23.4 %, and 13.8 % higher, respectively, than those obtained using the current (NH₄)₂SO₄ leaching system. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) revealed the bioleaching mechanisms of the IATRE ore. These results demonstrated that the oxidative dissolution of pyrite by <em>A. ferrooxidans</em> promoted the production of acid and Fe²⁺. This facilitated proton exchange reactions between H⁺ and IATRE ores, the acid dissolution of IATRE ores, and the reduction of Ce⁴⁺ in the colloidal sediment phase. Additionally, bacterial surface groups and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria formed complexes with rare earth ions, facilitating the release of REEs from IATRE ores. Furthermore, <em>A. ferrooxidans</em> successfully extracted REEs from IATRE tailings after leaching with (NH₄)₂SO₄. These findings provide valuable insights into the bioleaching of IATRE ores and present a novel approach for the adequate recovery of REEs from IATRE ores and tailings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}