Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic modelling of the Li-Na-K-OH-SO4-H2O system for lithium hydroxide production simulation","authors":"Yanfei Fan ,&nbsp;Dongdong Li ,&nbsp;Ziyu Zhuang ,&nbsp;Dandan Gao ,&nbsp;Dewen Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The caustic addition process to Li₂SO₄ leachate is a principal industrial process in producing lithium hydroxide. This process relies on the double-decomposition reaction between Li₂SO₄ and NaOH in an aqueous system, followed by cooling to separate Na₂SO₄∙10H₂O and evaporation to produce LiOH∙H₂O. Due to the presence of Na and K impurities in lithium minerals, the operation takes place in the complex aqueous system Li-Na-K-OH-SO₄-H₂O. This work describes: (i) the development of a thermodynamic model for the complex Li-Na-K-OH-SO₄-H₂O system, (ii) validation of its reliability and (iii) quantitative simulation of lithium-hydroxide production. The results led to four key conclusions: 1) A relatively low concentration (Li &lt; 20 g/L) in the caustic solution prevents the formation of Li₂SO₄∙3Na₂SO₄∙12H₂O, the principal source of lithium loss. 2) The optimal cooling temperature for removing Na₂SO₄∙10H₂O is −10 to −15 °C. 3) A moderate evaporation temperature (50–60 °C) is critical for achieving the high recovery of LiOH∙H₂O in a single cycle. 4) The mother liquor remaining after the crystallisation of LiOH∙H₂O can be fully recycled. Theoretically, Na and K are completely removed as Na₂SO₄∙10H₂O and NaK₃(SO₄)₂ solids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of sulfur-containing functional group-modified resin and its tungsten‑molybdenum adsorption and separation performance with application to waste-alloy leachate","authors":"Tiantian Shi ,&nbsp;Liwen Ma ,&nbsp;Na Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Xi ,&nbsp;Zuoren Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since W and Mo are strategic metals in China, the efficient, clean, and value-added utilization of secondary W and Mo resources is important. Ion-exchange methods using resins for the adsorption of Mo after sulfidation can effectively separate W and Mo, but these methods cause sulfide pollution. In this study, the macroporous anion exchange resin D301, which consists of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer matrix with tertiary amine groups, was modified by ethyl (methylthio) acetate (EA) of molecular formula C₅H₁₀O₂S to form resin EA-D301. This resin has the following properties: (i) enhanced the efficiency of W and Mo adsorption and separation, (ii) exhibited a dense structure and well-developed pores, (iii) maximum adsorption capacity (Q_W) of 1062 mg/g for W, and (iv) maximum separation factor (<span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span>) of 6.95 at pH 7.5 and 25 °C in a W<img>Mo solution with equal metal concentrations of 0.05 mol/L. The adsorption of both W and Mo by EA-D301 was hardly affected by other anions, and Q_W remained as high as 908 mg/g after ten adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating good stability. The adsorption mechanism was an ion-exchange reaction followed by coordination reactions. When EA-D301 was used to treat actual W<img>Mo waste alloy leachate, a Q_W of 647 mg/g and a <span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span> of 4.03 were achieved, demonstrating good performance in industrial applications. The EA-D301 resin is a promising W adsorbent with advantages such as simple synthesis, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness. This resin provides an effective way to extract W and separate W and Mo from various resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of lithium from spent LiFexMn1-xPO4 batteries through a leaching-precipitation method using H2SO4-H2O2-Na2S2O8","authors":"Jing Xie ,&nbsp;Songwen Xiao ,&nbsp;Dongfu Liu ,&nbsp;Sizhe Li ,&nbsp;Wenhua Xu ,&nbsp;Guoxing Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As high-performance cathode materials, LiFe_xMn_1−xPO₄ (LMFP) batteries will become important lithium resources in the foreseeable future. In this study, a novel asynchronous oxidation approach was proposed to selectively recover Li from spent LMFP cathode powders. The spent LMFP powders were first selectively leached with H₂O₂ in sulfuric acid media, and the leachate was oxidatively precipitated with Na₂S₂O₈, resulting in a Li-rich solution. During this process, Fe and Mn can also be recovered in the form of FePO₄·2H₂O and MnPO₄·H₂O, respectively. The effects of the reaction conditions on the reaction efficiency were investigated in detail. The mechanism of lithium selective extraction was studied using thermodynamics and analyses based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). The total leaching efficiencies of Li, Fe, and Mn were 93.2 %, 99.9 %, and 97.0 %, respectively, under optimal conditions. A closed-loop process was finally proposed for recycling spent LMFP cathode powders. The process is environmentally friendly and economically feasible based on the technoeconomic analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore structure evolution and mechanism of plugging during dissolution-erosion of acid leaching minerals from uranium-bearing sandstone","authors":"Jiayin Song ,&nbsp;Bing Sun ,&nbsp;Qiue Cai ,&nbsp;Junzhe Li ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Sheng Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral dissolution and erosion during the leaching of uranium-bearing sandstone have profound effects on the evolution of pore structure and uranium leaching rate. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to characterise mineral changes and pore structure evolution in samples. The results indicate that during the in situ leaching process, feldspar was transformed into clay minerals and quartz. Dolomite and calcite completely dissolved and formed a large amount of Ca²⁺, which increased the content of CaSO₄. The CaSO₄ and MgSiO₃ precipitated particles formed in the reaction blocked the pores or migrated with the leaching solution, and the porosity of the sandstone initially decreased and then increased. Furthermore, the pores were divided into micropores, mesopores, and macropores, and combined with NMR fractal theory, it was found that the pore structure of sandstone exhibited multifractal characteristics. The obtained pore fractal dimension had a positive correlation with quartz, dolomite, calcite, and feldspar contents, whereas the other mineral components showed a negative correlation. This study provides a theoretical reference for understanding the mechanism of pore plugging and optimising the deplugging process in acid leaching for uranium extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of pure metal sulfate solutions from a synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of base-rare earth metals representing spent Ni-MH batteries through selective precipitation, stepwise ionic-liquid/solvent extraction and stripping","authors":"Seol Ho Yun,&nbsp;Ji Hyeok Jeon,&nbsp;Man Seung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries contain cobalt, manganese, nickel, and rare earth elements. To meet the demand for these critical metals, it is essential to recover them from secondary resources. In this study, separation experiments were conducted to recover pure cobalt, manganese and nickel solutions from a synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of spent Ni-MH batteries. The synthetic solutions employed in this study contained Co(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Ce(III), La(III), and Nd(III). First, Fe(III) was removed by precipitation as Fe(OH)₃ at room temperature. Second, an ionic liquid prepared by reacting Aliquat 336 and Cyanex 272 was used to selectively extract Zn(II) and REEs(III) from the filtrate. Third, Co(II) and Mn(II) were simultaneously extracted using saponified Cyanex 272, leaving pure Ni(II) in the raffinate. Fourth, after stripping of Co(II) and Mn(II) from the loaded Cyanex 272, Mn(II) was selectively extracted over Co(II) with D2EHPA. The optimal conditions for each separation step were determined by analyzing the effects of various parameters. As a result, a process consisted of precipitation and solvent extraction was proposed to recover pure cobalt, manganese and nickel sulfate solutions from the synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of spent Ni-MH batteries. Moreover, all separation processes were carried out at room temperature, reducing energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on selective separation of scandium and iron from aqueous solutions","authors":"Triveni Gangadari,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaee,&nbsp;Sarma V. Pisupati","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for scandium (Sc), driven by its irreplaceable role in various applications and limited primary resources, has promoted research into its extraction from secondary sources. These sources, however, often contain substantial levels of impurities, particularly iron (Fe), complicating selective Sc separation due to their chemical similarities in aqueous systems. Common separation techniques include precipitation, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction. However, the overlapping precipitation windows of Sc(III) and Fe(III) with common ligands, such as hydroxides and carbonates, necessitate exploring alternative cation and anion combinations. This review compiles and evaluates rare but promising examples of selective Sc precipitation, including the use of ammonium hydroxide and combinations of ammonium ions and sulfate ligands. Additionally, various solvent extractants containing phosphorus and nitrogen-based functional groups are examined. While phosphorus-based extractants typically exhibit strong binding to Sc, they pose stripping challenges. Therefore, this review aims to: (i) provide a concise overview of Sc applications, market and sources, (ii) evaluate potential mitigation strategies for difficulty in Sc stripping, involving modifiers or synergistic solvent extractant systems, (iii) assess solid-phase extraction methods, such as ion-exchange or adsorption, which offers distinct advantages over solvent extraction, (iv) systematically analyze various reagents and physicochemical parameters influencing Sc(III) and Fe(III) separation, including functional groups, ligands, complexing agents, ionic radius and hydration enthalpy, (v) discuss the role of ligands such as chlorides, malonates, EDTA which have been reported to induce selective speciation between Sc and Fe, and (vi) critically examine the aqueous chemistry and physicochemical behavior of Sc and Fe species, with a focus on addressing the separation challenges posed by Fe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed electrolysis: An efficient approach to enhancing purity from 4N to 6N copper","authors":"Qing-hua Tian,&nbsp;Liang-hong Duan,&nbsp;Zhi-peng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conventional direct-current (DC) electrorefining process is widely used for the purification of blister copper to achieve high-purity grades. However, this process typically requires extended operational cycles and exhibits limitations in removing trace impurities such as silver and tin. To address these challenges, a pulsed electro-refining method is proposed that achieves enhanced impurity removal efficiency and shorter purification time. The experimental results showed that higher impurities removal efficiency and better appearance of high-purity copper deposits could be reached in the pulse electrolysis process. The total impurities concentration of copper products could be reduced to 0.74 mg/kg after 24 h by pulse electro-refining, which could only reach 1.24 mg/kg by DC electrolysis. Moreover, the silver and tin concentrations decreased by 95 % and 85 %, respectively. In addition, the effects of several crucial conditions during the pulsed electrolysis process were investigated, including pulse current density, pulse frequency, pulse duty ratio, and pulse electrolysis duration. The results indicated that the concentrations of all impurities apart from silicon were reduced and the purity of copper deposits reached 6 N under the experimental conditions of pulse current density of 400 A/m², pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and pulse duty ratio of 50 % after 36 h. In summarily, the pulsed electrolysis process demonstrates excellent efficacy in producing high-purity copper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyanex 272 and 8-HQ synergistic system for the extraction and recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets","authors":"Jun Li ,&nbsp;Ruihui Wu ,&nbsp;Shengjun Tian ,&nbsp;Ronghao Liu ,&nbsp;Huiying Wei ,&nbsp;Yanzhao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The NdFeB magnets are the most widely used permanent magnetic materials in the international arena, and the recovery of Nd(III) from the growing number of waste-NdFeB magnets is becoming increasingly crucial. In this study, a novel synergistic extractant consisting of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonic acid (Cyanex 272) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) is proposed for the recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets. First, the influence of the ratio of the two extractants on the synergistic extraction coefficient was investigated. The coextraction coefficient ratio of the two extractants Cyanex 272 and 8-HQ was 1:1. The extraction behaviors under different conditions, such as the extractant concentration, aqueous phase pH (pH = 5), and oscillation time (1 min), were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the extraction efficiency reached 99.6%. A chelating extraction mechanism was proposed on the basis of UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy methods. The excellent extraction efficiency was maintained after five cycles of extraction and stripping, indicating the potential for application in light and heavy rare earth separation processes. Overall, this study aims to provide a new economically viable method for the recovery of Nd(III) from waste-NdFeB magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study of electro-reduction pretreatment preceding chalcopyrite leaching in ammonium chloride media in the presence of copper ions","authors":"Fernando Ortega ,&nbsp;Jochen Petersen ,&nbsp;Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chalcopyrite has notoriously slow dissolution kinetics in oxidative leaching media. Pre-conditioning using electro-reduction is a potential alternative, aimed at the surface reduction of the chalcopyrite mineral. This process has been well explored in acid systems, where the concomitant dissolution of iron significantly interferes with the electro-reduction process. Chalcopyrite leaching is feasible also in alkaline ammonia solutions, and hence the present study explores chalcopyrite electro-reduction in a 2 M ammonium chloride solution in the presence of cupric ions.</div><div>A series of electrochemical tests with a chalcopyrite rotating electrode was run to investigate this system. Cathodic chronopotentiometry tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of the electro-reduction in ammonia solution. Cyclic voltammetry tests were then conducted to evaluate the feasibility and kinetics of this process at different copper concentrations and rotation rates. Chronoamperometry experiments were then conducted to simulate (electro-) leaching, and the process was finally tested in a small-scale test apparatus using a real chalcopyrite concentrate.</div><div>It was found that cupric ions were reduced to cuprous ions on the chalcopyrite surface to form secondary copper sulfides, depending on the prevailing potentials. Analysis of charge transfer at anodic dissolution of the pre-reduced electrode at -350 mV (SHE) confirmed that the reduced phase formed was chalcocite. The cathodic reduction is enhanced by increasing copper concentration and electrode rotation speed, which support that cupric in solution is reduced at the chalcopyrite surface to form chalcocite. Current densities and lengths of time enhance the extent of the pre-reduction reaction, but to a diminishing extent as the reduced product builds up. The pre-reduced (2.5 h at 180 A/m²) chalcopyrite electrode dissolved nearly 18 times faster anodically compared to when there is no pre-conditioning. Alternating pre-reduction and anodic leaching showed that all reduction products were fully removed, and the chalcopyrite surface could be reused repeatedly.</div><div>The small-scale tests demonstrated that electro-reduction pre-treatment substantially increases the subsequent copper extraction rate in a 10 g/L chalcopyrite concentrate slurry from 30 % with no pre-treatment up to 54 % with pre-treatment at 210 A/m² over 5 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards environmentally compatible in situ leaching of mine waste using low concentration acids","authors":"R.A. Crane ,&nbsp;A. Mohammad ,&nbsp;F. Jin ,&nbsp;P. Cleall ,&nbsp;D.J. Sapsford","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional mining of metalliferous rock typically involves physical excavation followed by mineral processing. These are energy intensive and environmentally invasive processes which produce large amounts of wastes. In situ leaching of mine wastes with acidic lixiviants may provide an opportunity to recover additional metals and decontaminate residual material. However, the use of high concentration mineral acids (such as &gt;1 M sulfuric acid) can be harmful to the environment and may necessitate post treatment to remove the acidity from the residual rock. The feasibility of using less aggressive lixiviants that may mitigate these risks was explored; 0.1 M citric and sulfuric acid were applied as lixiviants to determine the leaching behaviour of As and Cu from legacy sulfidic Cu/As mine waste. This was achieved via triplicate column upflow tests with a cumulative liquid-solid ratio of 31. Citric acid was more efficient than sulfuric acid for As recovery, with recovery (leaching efficiency) rates of 40.7 wt% and 35.2 wt%, respectively, but slightly less effective for Cu recovery: 33.8 wt% and 43.2 wt% of the total content, respectively. The comparable performance, despite citric acid being a weaker acid, is attributed to its affinity to form soluble As/Cu-citrate complexes. Numerical modelling of heap leaching of the mine waste at field scale was undertaken to allow exploration of scenarios for metal recovery versus time, lixiviant application rate and reagent consumption. This study highlights the suitability of applying lixiviants for the in situ leaching of metals from mine waste in low concentrations over a prolonged timescale. The work therefore provides a step towards unlocking a new paradigm of metal recovery and remediation for modern and legacy mine wastes with minimal environmental disturbance and energy input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106506"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}