Deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids in hydrometallurgical recovery of metals - A review of recent advances and challenges

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI:10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106571

Hafiza Mamoona Khalid, Rafael M. Santos

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Abstract

This review focuses on the hydrometallurgical recovery of metals via deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs), which are well known for their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, offering a promising route for sustainable metal extraction through leaching and solvent extraction (SX) processes. The focus is on assessing the efficacy of novel leaching liquids to produce leachates and the use of these unconventional solvents as extractants and diluents in the SX process for metal extraction. This review summarizes and discusses the characteristics of the ILs and DESs used for metal recovery, including their original introduction, synthesis, and classification. The DESs and ILs can be used as lixiviants for metal leaching and have significant potential to replace mineral acids. The selective and efficient leaching of metals from minerals or wastes has been proven in many experimental studies and is surveyed in this review. Solvometallurgy is a new branch of hydrometallurgy that uses DESs and ILs for leaching and SX of metals, and several studies in which both of these solvents are used as mixtures for the recovery and extraction of metals are also included in this review. Furthermore, IL-based and DES-assisted SX processes are discussed in detail, demonstrating that they are a credible alternative to traditional chemical solvents. This review also aims to explore the benefits, challenges, and environmental consequences of using DESs and ILs.

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金属湿法冶金回收中深共晶溶剂和离子液体的研究进展及面临的挑战

本文综述了深共晶溶剂（DESs）和离子液体（ILs）湿法冶金金属的研究进展，它们具有低毒性、低成本和生态友好的特点，为浸出和溶剂萃取（SX）工艺的可持续金属提取提供了一条有前景的途径。重点是评估新型浸出液产生浸出液的功效，以及在SX工艺中使用这些非常规溶剂作为萃取剂和稀释剂进行金属萃取。本文综述了金属回收用ILs和DESs的特点，包括它们的介绍、合成和分类。DESs和ILs可作为金属浸出的浸出剂，具有替代无机酸的巨大潜力。从矿物或废物中选择性和高效地浸出金属已得到许多实验研究的证实，本文对其进行综述。溶剂冶金是湿法冶金的一个新分支，它使用DESs和il进行金属的浸出和SX，并将这两种溶剂作为混合物用于金属的回收和提取的一些研究也在本文中进行了综述。此外，还详细讨论了基于il和des辅助的SX工艺，表明它们是传统化学溶剂的可靠替代品。本综述还旨在探讨使用DESs和il的好处、挑战和环境后果。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Hydrometallurgy 工程技术-冶金工程

CiteScore

9.50

自引率

6.40%

发文量

144

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： Hydrometallurgy aims to compile studies on novel processes, process design, chemistry, modelling, control, economics and interfaces between unit operations, and to provide a forum for discussions on case histories and operational difficulties. Topics covered include: leaching of metal values by chemical reagents or bacterial action at ambient or elevated pressures and temperatures; separation of solids from leach liquors; removal of impurities and recovery of metal values by precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, gaseous reduction, cementation, electro-winning and electro-refining; pre-treatment of ores by roasting or chemical treatments such as halogenation or reduction; recycling of reagents and treatment of effluents.