Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Unlocking scandium from red mud: A critical review of challenges, opportunities, and recovery methods","authors":"Hari S. Jammulamadaka,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaee,&nbsp;Sarma V. Pisupati","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud, the fine iron-rich residue generated during the processing of bauxite using the Bayer process, is a highly alkaline hazardous waste with significant environmental implications. While it is predominantly stored in landfills, only a small fraction is repurposed, such as in construction materials. Notably, red mud contains elevated concentrations of Scandium, a critical mineral with growing industrial demand. Over the past few decades, numerous methods have been investigated for scandium recovery from red mud. However, no commercial processes have yet been implemented at scale. This review critically examines these methods, emphasizing the influence of iron on scandium recovery. It concludes by outlining three promising scandium recovery approaches: (i) reduction roasting followed by acid baking and water leaching of the slag, (ii) acid-baking combined with ball-mill assisted water leaching, and (iii) two-stage acid-baking and water leaching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the adsorption of precious metals from wastewater by XAD-2 resin loaded with functionalized deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Yonghui Song ,&nbsp;Xinwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Dong ,&nbsp;Ning Yin ,&nbsp;Zeyu Wang ,&nbsp;Shilei Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study prepared a novel adsorption material XAD-2-HDES with fast adsorption rate by impregnating XAD-2 resin with quaternary ammonium hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES). It was applied to the enrichment and recovery of various precious metal ions in aqua regia solution. The results showed that the adsorption efficiencies of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III) and Rh(III) were 95.3 %, 99.8 %, 94.1 % and 43.9 %, respectively, under the following conditions: trioctylmethylammonium chloride (N263) to menthol (Men) molar ratio of 1:2, adsorbent dosage of 20 g L⁻¹, initial aqueous phase pH of 0.1, adsorption time of 2 h, and adsorption temperature of 298.15 K. Under optimal process conditions, the maximum loading of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III), and Rh(III) were 19.4 mg g⁻¹, 20.6 mg g⁻¹, 4.6 mg g⁻¹ and 4.3 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption process of precious metal ions obeys the Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetic model, which is mainly controlled by the chemical reaction of the monomolecular layer. The surface loaded HDES of XAD-2-HDES provides abundant adsorption reaction sites, and the adsorption process is mainly driven by electrostatic attraction. The complex ions of precious metals undergo an anion-exchange reaction with Cl⁻ in N263 to form a stable hydrophobic type neutral complex species with N atoms as a bridge with HDES through ligand bonding, and form a new hydrogen-bonding network with the –OH group of Men to facilitate the dissolution of the complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of sulfur-containing functional group-modified resin and its tungsten‑molybdenum adsorption and separation performance with application to waste-alloy leachate","authors":"Tiantian Shi ,&nbsp;Liwen Ma ,&nbsp;Na Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Xi ,&nbsp;Zuoren Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since W and Mo are strategic metals in China, the efficient, clean, and value-added utilization of secondary W and Mo resources is important. Ion-exchange methods using resins for the adsorption of Mo after sulfidation can effectively separate W and Mo, but these methods cause sulfide pollution. In this study, the macroporous anion exchange resin D301, which consists of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer matrix with tertiary amine groups, was modified by ethyl (methylthio) acetate (EA) of molecular formula C₅H₁₀O₂S to form resin EA-D301. This resin has the following properties: (i) enhanced the efficiency of W and Mo adsorption and separation, (ii) exhibited a dense structure and well-developed pores, (iii) maximum adsorption capacity (Q_W) of 1062 mg/g for W, and (iv) maximum separation factor (<span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span>) of 6.95 at pH 7.5 and 25 °C in a W<img>Mo solution with equal metal concentrations of 0.05 mol/L. The adsorption of both W and Mo by EA-D301 was hardly affected by other anions, and Q_W remained as high as 908 mg/g after ten adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating good stability. The adsorption mechanism was an ion-exchange reaction followed by coordination reactions. When EA-D301 was used to treat actual W<img>Mo waste alloy leachate, a Q_W of 647 mg/g and a <span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span> of 4.03 were achieved, demonstrating good performance in industrial applications. The EA-D301 resin is a promising W adsorbent with advantages such as simple synthesis, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness. This resin provides an effective way to extract W and separate W and Mo from various resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on selective separation of scandium and iron from aqueous solutions","authors":"Triveni Gangadari,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaee,&nbsp;Sarma V. Pisupati","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for scandium (Sc), driven by its irreplaceable role in various applications and limited primary resources, has promoted research into its extraction from secondary sources. These sources, however, often contain substantial levels of impurities, particularly iron (Fe), complicating selective Sc separation due to their chemical similarities in aqueous systems. Common separation techniques include precipitation, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction. However, the overlapping precipitation windows of Sc(III) and Fe(III) with common ligands, such as hydroxides and carbonates, necessitate exploring alternative cation and anion combinations. This review compiles and evaluates rare but promising examples of selective Sc precipitation, including the use of ammonium hydroxide and combinations of ammonium ions and sulfate ligands. Additionally, various solvent extractants containing phosphorus and nitrogen-based functional groups are examined. While phosphorus-based extractants typically exhibit strong binding to Sc, they pose stripping challenges. Therefore, this review aims to: (i) provide a concise overview of Sc applications, market and sources, (ii) evaluate potential mitigation strategies for difficulty in Sc stripping, involving modifiers or synergistic solvent extractant systems, (iii) assess solid-phase extraction methods, such as ion-exchange or adsorption, which offers distinct advantages over solvent extraction, (iv) systematically analyze various reagents and physicochemical parameters influencing Sc(III) and Fe(III) separation, including functional groups, ligands, complexing agents, ionic radius and hydration enthalpy, (v) discuss the role of ligands such as chlorides, malonates, EDTA which have been reported to induce selective speciation between Sc and Fe, and (vi) critically examine the aqueous chemistry and physicochemical behavior of Sc and Fe species, with a focus on addressing the separation challenges posed by Fe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of inorganic polyoxometalates of tungsten for extraction of rare earths in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): Preliminary results","authors":"Lucy Muruchi ,&nbsp;Jonas Van Olmen ,&nbsp;Humberto Estay ,&nbsp;Daniela Millán ,&nbsp;Tom Van Gerven","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Y^III, La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, Er^III and Yb^III in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by PEG/MgSO₄ and polyoxometalates (POMs) as extractants was investigated under various conditions. Increased vacant sites in the POM and higher POM concentrations enhanced the competitive effect among REEs extraction. Lower acidity also enhanced the effect, and the extraction depended on the initial REEs composition. Optimal separation was achieved at 8.8E-4 M REE mix solution, 67.5 molar ratio HCl: REE, 3:1 molar ratio of Na₁₀[SiW₉O₃₄]: REE and 25 °C, achieving 52 % extraction for Tb and an average selectivity of 2.1. The extraction trend followed the REE atomic number, except for Y. The stripping of REE from the light phase was done by precipitation using tetraethylammonium chloride. The ICP and FT-IR techniques indicate stripping of REE: POMs complexes and REE: hydroxosulfate complexes according to OH⁻ in the system. The stripping of REE in the first complexes follows the same trend as in extraction, and the second type offers selective stripping of La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III as a group. Furthermore, continuous flow experiments using microreactors were conducted, varying reactor lengths and flow-rates based on batch test conditions. Fluctuations were observed in all cases, likely due to mass transfer between phase-forming compounds, resulting in wavy core-annular flow. The small discrepancies with batch experiments demonstrate the feasibility of continuous extraction using ATPS and POM as extractants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the leaching behaviour and particle-size distribution dynamics of poly-disperse particulate solids in a batch reactor","authors":"Pavel Raschman,&nbsp;Ľuboš Popovič,&nbsp;Maryna Kyslytsyna,&nbsp;Gabriel Sučik","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A material-balance model for the leaching of poly-disperse particulate solids, combining the particle size distribution (PSD) and the shrinking particle model (SPM), has been proposed. This model was applied to the leaching of crude natural magnesite (CNM) with dilute HCl solutions. A CNM sample with wide PSD was used to determine the values of apparent reaction order (0.31) and activation energy (51.5 kJ mol⁻¹) from measured data, and to develop a simulation model. Another CNM sample, with identical chemical and phase composition but different PSD, was subsequently used to experimentally investigate how the degree of conversion and PSD change with the leaching time, and to validate the simulation model. Comparison of the experimental and simulation results showed that (a) the kinetic parameter values obtained by the proposed method characterise the intrinsic chemical reaction on the liquid-solid phase interface, regardless of the PSD; and (b) the proposed model can predict how the degree of conversion and PSD of a poly-disperse particulate solid change during the leaching in a batch reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of coal-based activated carbon via one-step activation and its adsorption and stripping performance for gold thiosulfate complexes","authors":"Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Tong Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Yanhe Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The challenges associated with recovering gold from leachates restrict the wide applicability of thiosulfate systems. This study developed a facile one-step activation strategy for synthesizing coal-based activated carbon from low-cost, accessible bituminous coal precursors; the activated carbon was subsequently used to adsorb gold from thiosulfate solutions. The optimal conditions for synthesizing coal-based activated carbon were investigated, along with the effects of pH, temperature, and initial gold concentration on [Au(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻ adsorption by the coal-based activated carbon. The structural and surface properties of the adsorbent were analyzed before and after gold adsorption, which revealed that the initially smooth surface morphology of raw coal became porous after activation and that the surface was loaded with <img>SCN groups. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and was described using the Freundlich model. The adsorption of [Au(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻ on the coal-based activated carbon was a fast endothermic process. The adsorption equilibrium was attained within 60 min, at a gold concentration of 10 mg/L. The maximum adsorption capacity of gold on the coal-based activated carbon was 3.29 mg/g, at a gold concentration of 80 mg/L at 45 °C. During the gold adsorption, ligand exchange occurred between the [Au(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻ ions in the solution and the <img>SCN groups on the coal-based activated-carbon surface, ultimately facilitating the adsorption of Au(I) in the solution on the activated-carbon surface. Moreover, the [Au(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻-loaded coal-based activated carbon could be effectively eluted by thiosulfate. Hence, this study provides theoretical guidance and a practical basis for the adsorption of gold from thiosulfate leachates using coal-based activated carbon while facilitating clean, high-value utilization of coal resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106534"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study of electro-reduction pretreatment preceding chalcopyrite leaching in ammonium chloride media in the presence of copper ions","authors":"Fernando Ortega ,&nbsp;Jochen Petersen ,&nbsp;Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chalcopyrite has notoriously slow dissolution kinetics in oxidative leaching media. Pre-conditioning using electro-reduction is a potential alternative, aimed at the surface reduction of the chalcopyrite mineral. This process has been well explored in acid systems, where the concomitant dissolution of iron significantly interferes with the electro-reduction process. Chalcopyrite leaching is feasible also in alkaline ammonia solutions, and hence the present study explores chalcopyrite electro-reduction in a 2 M ammonium chloride solution in the presence of cupric ions.</div><div>A series of electrochemical tests with a chalcopyrite rotating electrode was run to investigate this system. Cathodic chronopotentiometry tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of the electro-reduction in ammonia solution. Cyclic voltammetry tests were then conducted to evaluate the feasibility and kinetics of this process at different copper concentrations and rotation rates. Chronoamperometry experiments were then conducted to simulate (electro-) leaching, and the process was finally tested in a small-scale test apparatus using a real chalcopyrite concentrate.</div><div>It was found that cupric ions were reduced to cuprous ions on the chalcopyrite surface to form secondary copper sulfides, depending on the prevailing potentials. Analysis of charge transfer at anodic dissolution of the pre-reduced electrode at -350 mV (SHE) confirmed that the reduced phase formed was chalcocite. The cathodic reduction is enhanced by increasing copper concentration and electrode rotation speed, which support that cupric in solution is reduced at the chalcopyrite surface to form chalcocite. Current densities and lengths of time enhance the extent of the pre-reduction reaction, but to a diminishing extent as the reduced product builds up. The pre-reduced (2.5 h at 180 A/m²) chalcopyrite electrode dissolved nearly 18 times faster anodically compared to when there is no pre-conditioning. Alternating pre-reduction and anodic leaching showed that all reduction products were fully removed, and the chalcopyrite surface could be reused repeatedly.</div><div>The small-scale tests demonstrated that electro-reduction pre-treatment substantially increases the subsequent copper extraction rate in a 10 g/L chalcopyrite concentrate slurry from 30 % with no pre-treatment up to 54 % with pre-treatment at 210 A/m² over 5 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of iron and arsenic species distribution and phase variation of pyrite and arsenopyrite under acidic oxidation relevant to refractory gold ores","authors":"Yanhua Liu ,&nbsp;N.G. Wei Sung ,&nbsp;Miao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel investigation into the species distribution and stability phase diagrams for the Fe-S-O-H and Fe-As-S-O-H systems under conditions below 300 °C, using available thermodynamic data. This range of temperatures is important for this system, as it informs the behavior of iron and arsenic species in the pressure oxidation of complex refractory ores and in the fixation of arsenic. When calculated based on the established models, the estimated solubility parameters for pure scorodite (FeAsO₄∙2H₂O), a stable form of arsenate, at 25 °C were in good agreement with experimental results below pH 2, but diverged by up to two orders of magnitude above pH 2. In this work, this gap has been narrowed by incorporating the precipitation of ferrihydrite and the equilibrium with scorodite into the model, indicating the critical role of ferrihydrite and incongruent dissolution in scorodite solubility. Furthermore, between pH 0 and 4, the temperature-driven increase in the stability range of Fe(II) in the form of FeH₂AsO₄⁺ in the Fe-As-S-O-H system is much larger compared to the Fe-S-O-H system, demonstrating that the complexation of Fe and As can significantly alter its stability and aqueous mobility. Basic ferric sulfate minerals, such as fibroferrite and metahohmannite, exhibit enhanced stability as the pH decreases below 1.5. Conversely, jarosite displays increased stability in acidic environments with rising temperatures, up to around 220 °C, before undergoing a reversal. These novel findings provide valuable new insights into the thermodynamic behavior of iron and arsenic species, advancing the field of geochemical modeling and mineral stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of pure metal sulfate solutions from a synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of base-rare earth metals representing spent Ni-MH batteries through selective precipitation, stepwise ionic-liquid/solvent extraction and stripping","authors":"Seol Ho Yun,&nbsp;Ji Hyeok Jeon,&nbsp;Man Seung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries contain cobalt, manganese, nickel, and rare earth elements. To meet the demand for these critical metals, it is essential to recover them from secondary resources. In this study, separation experiments were conducted to recover pure cobalt, manganese and nickel solutions from a synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of spent Ni-MH batteries. The synthetic solutions employed in this study contained Co(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Ce(III), La(III), and Nd(III). First, Fe(III) was removed by precipitation as Fe(OH)₃ at room temperature. Second, an ionic liquid prepared by reacting Aliquat 336 and Cyanex 272 was used to selectively extract Zn(II) and REEs(III) from the filtrate. Third, Co(II) and Mn(II) were simultaneously extracted using saponified Cyanex 272, leaving pure Ni(II) in the raffinate. Fourth, after stripping of Co(II) and Mn(II) from the loaded Cyanex 272, Mn(II) was selectively extracted over Co(II) with D2EHPA. The optimal conditions for each separation step were determined by analyzing the effects of various parameters. As a result, a process consisted of precipitation and solvent extraction was proposed to recover pure cobalt, manganese and nickel sulfate solutions from the synthetic sulfuric acid leachate of spent Ni-MH batteries. Moreover, all separation processes were carried out at room temperature, reducing energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}