Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Efficient separation of Al and Fe impurities from La-Ce chloride solution by pH adjustments with ammonium bicarbonate in the presence of triammonium citrate","authors":"Yanzhu Liu ,&nbsp;Fen Nie ,&nbsp;Lihui Liu ,&nbsp;Yanrong Ding ,&nbsp;Ying Ma ,&nbsp;Zhengxiong Ding ,&nbsp;Qing Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongxiu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The separation of aluminum from rare earths (REs) by precipitation using pH adjustments with ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) is not satisfactory because of their co-precipitation, which affects the crystallization and the purity of rare earth carbonate. Therefore, it is extremely challenging to obtain high recovery of REs with high purity due to loss of REs during precipitation. This paper proposes a precipitation method using ABC in the presence of triammonium citrate (TAC) to separate aluminum from lanthanum and cerium. The results show that the removal efficiency of iron and aluminum and the loss of REs due to coprecipitation (%) depend on the dosage of TAC and ABC and the solution pH. A complementary relationship exists between the removal efficiency of aluminum and the loss of REs during precipitation. The optimal dosage of TAC is linear with the concentration of aluminum or the molar ratio of aluminum to iron. It was found that the removal efficiency of iron, aluminum and the loss of REs during precipitation are 100 %, 93 % and 5.6 %, respectively, for an iron‑aluminum ratio of 0.05, and the optimal dosage of TAC is 4–5 % of the aluminum content. After removing the aluminum and iron, the calcined RE₂O₃ product with purity of 99.6 % and aluminum content of 0.31 % was obtained. Compared with the products without purification or purification without the addition of TAC, the purity of RE₂O₃ product increased by 9.31 % and 1.39 %, and the aluminum content decreased by 1.99 % and 0.78 % respectively. The addition of TAC can promote the precipitation of aluminum at lower pH through its coordination with iron and aluminum, while reducing the loss of REs during precipitation and decreasing the effect of iron on the removal efficiency aluminum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronized removal of non-rare earth ions (Al3+, Fe3+, Th4+, U6+, and F−) from rare earth leach solutions using lanthanum‑cerium oxides for pH adjustment","authors":"Di Wu ,&nbsp;Xinjin Xiao ,&nbsp;An Guo ,&nbsp;Qiaofa Lan ,&nbsp;Huijuan Wang ,&nbsp;Liusheng Ge ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Wen ,&nbsp;Lingdong Sun ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eliminating non-rare earth anions and cations is a challenge for Chinese rare earth producers due to the increase in the contamination with non-rare earth impurities in leach solutions. Based on the decontamination mechanism of conventional alkaline reagents, a procedure for the synchronized removal of non-rare earth anions and cations from rare earth leach solutions was developed. In this work, the principal non-rare earth anions and cations in the solution (initial pH of 1.12) was decontaminated by adding lanthanum–cerium oxides to adjust the pH to 4.0 with the addition of a 20 g/100 mL aluminum-based carrier at a water bath temperature of 30 °C. The lanthanum‑cerium oxides were mixed at a lanthanum‑cerium molar ratio of 4:1 and roasted at 1000 °C. The removal efficiencies of Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Th⁴⁺, U⁶⁺, and F⁻ were 97.5 %, 92.7 %, 91.7 %, 97.4 %, and 95.7 %, respectively. The solid produced after decontamination could be transformed into a new aluminum-based carrier for repeated use after washing, drying, and roasting. The variation in non-rare earth anion and cation removal efficiencies was less than 3 % after three cycles. The removal of non-rare earth impurities was significantly improved, with a decrease in the loss of rare earths from 5 % to approximately 2 %. This process opens new application scenarios for highly abundant lanthanum and cerium and avoids the risk of introducing new impurities from conventional alkali sources. This process has practical significance for the green and healthy development of rare earth producing enterprises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106572"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cyanidation of gold. 1. Mixed potential and dissolution studies","authors":"M. Nicol","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the fact that the cyanidation process for the recovery of gold was patented almost 140 years ago, understanding of the dissolution of gold has proved to be particularly elusive. While it is widely accepted to be a typical electrochemically-based corrosion process, details of the published kinetics of the anodic and cathodic reactions have been found to be very variable with little agreement between many studies, predominantly of the anodic reaction.</div><div>In this series of three papers, an attempt has been made to shed some light on the electrochemistry of gold in cyanide solutions. Unlike many previous studies, the use of gold‑silver alloys and an electrode fabricated using gold from an actual plant have been used in addition to pure gold. Solutions from two gold plants have also been compared to pure solutions.</div><div>The first of these papers summarizes and compares the literature on the anodic characteristics of gold dissolution in cyanide solutions. The use of the mixed-potential model to describe the kinetics of gold dissolution and the important measurement of mixed potentials under typical cyanidation conditions are described in detail with an emphasis on the possible passivation of gold and the effect of the metal and solution composition on the passivation process.</div><div>A number of small scale dissolution experiments using various gold materials and solutions has been undertaken in conjunction with mixed potential and anodic voltammetric measurements. This study has shown that electrochemical studies using pure gold electrodes in pure solutions cannot be used to predict the reactivity of gold under actual plant conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids in hydrometallurgical recovery of metals - A review of recent advances and challenges","authors":"Hafiza Mamoona Khalid,&nbsp;Rafael M. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review focuses on the hydrometallurgical recovery of metals via deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs), which are well known for their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, offering a promising route for sustainable metal extraction through leaching and solvent extraction (SX) processes. The focus is on assessing the efficacy of novel leaching liquids to produce leachates and the use of these unconventional solvents as extractants and diluents in the SX process for metal extraction. This review summarizes and discusses the characteristics of the ILs and DESs used for metal recovery, including their original introduction, synthesis, and classification. The DESs and ILs can be used as lixiviants for metal leaching and have significant potential to replace mineral acids. The selective and efficient leaching of metals from minerals or wastes has been proven in many experimental studies and is surveyed in this review. Solvometallurgy is a new branch of hydrometallurgy that uses DESs and ILs for leaching and SX of metals, and several studies in which both of these solvents are used as mixtures for the recovery and extraction of metals are also included in this review. Furthermore, IL-based and DES-assisted SX processes are discussed in detail, demonstrating that they are a credible alternative to traditional chemical solvents. This review also aims to explore the benefits, challenges, and environmental consequences of using DESs and ILs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective adsorption of yttrium(III) and ytterbium(III) from rare earth leachate using a phytic acid (C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆)-modified adsorbent","authors":"Yaru Duan ,&nbsp;Xingyu Tong ,&nbsp;Yixiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yun Fang ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruan Chi ,&nbsp;Chunqiao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adsorption of rare earth ions (RE³⁺) using modified adsorbents has been proven to be an effective and sustainable extraction method. This study screened phytic acid (C₆H₁₈O₂₄P₆) modified <em>Serratia marcescens</em> (SR-PA) for its ability to efficiently adsorb RE³⁺ from rare earth leachate by determining the best adsorption conditions. Quantum theoretical modeling elucidated the binding mode of phytic acid with RE³⁺. The results showed a maximum adsorption capacity of SR-PA was 103 mg/g. The SR-PA data fitted the Langmuir model and the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The adsorptive capacity of yttrium(III) and ytterbium(III) by SR-PA were 92.9 % and 89.0 %, respectively, and SR-PA significantly increased the distribution coefficient values of yttrium(III) and ytterbium(III). The separation factor calculations revealed that ytterbium(III) was the easiest RE³⁺ to separate, followed by yttrium(III), dysprosium(III), and gadolinium(III). The electrostatic attraction of SR-PA with RE³⁺ was evaluated using zeta potential measurements, and the dual mesopore–macropore structure of SR-PA was confirmed via characterization analyses. The analyses revealed that the phosphate group in SR-PA adsorbs RE³⁺ through complexation, where PA preferentially forms a colloidal structure with RE³⁺. After five cycles, a slight decline in absorption was observed, confirming the reusability of SR-PA. In addition, the biosafety of SR-PA was confirmed through dissolution tests. The structure of SR-PA is stable, and its application prospects are promising.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cyanidation of gold. II. The cathodic reduction of oxygen","authors":"M. Nicol","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An extensive study has been undertaken of the reduction of oxygen on various gold electrodes under conditions appropriate to the cyanide leaching of gold. Voltammetric studies with various gold electrodes and ring-disk electrode measurements with pure gold have demonstrated that the 2-step reduction involving peroxide as an intermediate is complex with variable extents of production of peroxide and reduction to water depending on the electrode material and solution purity. There is thus no simple stoichiometry for the reduction of oxygen although the use of a 2-electron reduction is probably the best approximation under plant conditions. This is contrary to the often accepted 4-electron process.</div><div>The nature of the gold surface is important with lower reactivity of gold‑silver alloy and plant electrodes relative to pure gold. The sensitivity of oxygen to the presence of underpotentially deposited lead has been demonstrated in solutions contaminated with lead ions. Lead ions have a significant catalytic effect on the kinetics of oxygen reduction that can be attributed to the known effect of underpotentially deposited lead on the reduction of oxygen on gold electrodes in acidic and highly alkaline solutions. Thus, both the anodic dissolution of gold and the cathodic reduction of oxygen are catalysed in the presence of low concentrations of lead ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106580"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective leaching and solvent extraction of Lithium from spent batteries","authors":"Emmanuel Ayorinde Ajiboye ,&nbsp;Trevor Dzwiniel","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-extracting Li from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial because the recovery efficiency of Li is low after other critical metals have been extracted. Traditional methods involving black mass roasting followed by water leaching have resulted in the extraction of 76 % Li and 61 % Al. However, pre-leaching Li from pretreated black mass using an oxalic acid solution at both ambient and elevated temperatures significantly improved results, achieving 98.1 % Li, 99.5 % Al, and 100 % Fe extraction while leaving Ni, Co, Mn, and Cu behind under optimal conditions. Oxalic acid crystals were recovered by refrigerating the leach solution at temperatures below 5 °C and were reused with nearly identical leaching efficiency. Selective extraction of Li from the oxalate leach solution was achieved using Cyanex® 936P under optimal conditions. Due to its extremely low Li extraction efficiency, Dichloromethane proved unsuitable as a diluent. Comparative extraction tests using Cyanex® 936P, Cyanex® 272, and DEHPA in kerosene demonstrated that Cyanex® 936P is an excellent extractant for Li, effectively separating it from other impurities. Under optimal conditions, 98.8 % of available Li was extracted using 20 % Cyanex® 936P, compared to 51.1 % with Cyanex® 272 and 39.9 % with DEHPA in kerosene. Additionally, stripping Li from Cyanex® 936P using H₂SO₄ and HCl was explored, with HCl yielding the best performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-ray tomography study on the leaching dynamics of, and pore evolution in, large chalcopyrite ore particles during chloride leaching","authors":"Luis Beiza ,&nbsp;Jochen Petersen ,&nbsp;Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dissolution of chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) in a heap leaching environment is known to progress slowly; this is mainly attributed to the formation of a product layer that inhibits the dissolution of copper from the mineral. Transporting the dissolved ions from the inner regions of the larger particles to the bulk solution through cracks and/or pores might also slow the process. Therefore, a systematic long-term study has been undertaken to determine the presence and propagation of pores, fissures or crack networks in 12–17 mm particles of a sulfide ore containing mainly quartz (SiO₂), chalcopyrite and pyrite (FeS₂) during its dissolution under chloride-rich heap leaching conditions. Each particle was placed in a cylindrical receptacle and flooded with 0.1 mol/L H₂SO₄ solutions at 0, 20 and 150 g/L of chloride (as NaCl) using 0, 0.5 and 1 g/L initial cupric ion as the oxidant and leached for a period of up to 180 days at room temperature (18–22 °C). The generation of cracks and fissures and dissolution of mineral phases were observed using X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) at regular intervals during leaching. Additional experiments were run using 150 g/L Cl⁻ to evaluate acidity from pH -0.4 (1.0 mol/L H₂SO₄) up to pH 3, as well as the effect of temperature at room temperature and 50 °C.</div><div>The results indicated that copper dissolution increased with increasing chloride concentration at room temperature and that the initial presence of cupric ions somewhat enhances the extraction. It was found that between pH 1 and 0.2 (0.1 mol/L H₂SO₄) at 150 g/L Cl⁻ the dissolution is enhanced but inhibited at higher acid concentration. Low acidity (pH 3) promotes the precipitation of Fe that can block the pores and inhibit the dissolution of chalcopyrite. The X-CT scans confirmed that the gradual evolution of fissures and network of cracks over time enhanced the solution contact with the value mineral inside the particles, which then gradually disintegrated. In line with the leaching results, this effect seemed to be intensified at the higher chloride concentrations and when increasing temperature from 20 to 50 °C. The homogenous dissolution of chalcopyrite grains throughout the particle hints at the presence of galvanic coupling with pyrite grains as the key mode of chalcopyrite dissolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106556"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Se and Te from copper anode slime through pressure oxidation, atmospheric H2SO4 leaching and reduction with sulfur dioxide and copper powder","authors":"Shuai Rao ,&nbsp;Dongxing Wang ,&nbsp;Hongyang Cao ,&nbsp;Wei Zhu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Duan ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional H₂SO₄ pressure leaching of copper anode slime exhibits limited selenium extraction efficiency owing to the undesirable precipitation of elemental selenium. To address this challenge, this study developed an innovative sequential process combining hydrothermal phase transformation, atmospheric H₂SO₄ leaching and stepwise reduction. Thermodynamic analysis using E-pH diagrams revealed the dissolution pathways: Cu₂Se underwent stepwise transformation into soluble H₂SeO₃ via an intermediate CuSeO₃·2H₂O phase, whereas tellurium species evolved from Cu₂Te to Te(OH)₃⁺ through TeO₂ intermediates. Under optimal conditions, the integrated hydrothermal conversion-atmospheric leaching process achieved extraction efficiencies of 98.9 % Cu, 98.3 % Se, and 94.8 % Te. Subsequent recovery of selenium and tellurium from the resulting leachate employed stepwise reduction and purification, yielding final products with purities of 98.4 wt% Se and 99.1 wt% Te, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of firing temperature and atmosphere on the chemical reactivity of UO2+x powders in nitric acid","authors":"Thomas Barral ,&nbsp;Laurent Claparede ,&nbsp;Nicolas Dacheux","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this work is to study the dissolution kinetics of a series of powdered UO_2+x samples with different structural and microstructural properties. For this purpose, UO_2+x powders were prepared by hydroxide precipitation and then heat-treated at different temperatures under argon and reducing atmospheres. The calcined UO_2+x samples were first investigated <em>ex-situ</em> by several physicochemical techniques in order to highlight the dependence of the normalized dissolution rates on various parameters. The PXRD experiments showed the preservation of the fluorite structure under reducing atmosphere over the whole temperature range studied, while the formation of a U₃O₈ phase was highlighted under argon at <em>T</em> ≤ 1100 °C. The study of the dissolution of UO_2+x samples first highlighted the effect of increasing the calcination temperature (decrease of S_SA), which significantly improves the chemical durability of the solids. The higher the calcination temperature, the lower the reactivity of the sample and the longer the time required to reach full dissolution. Secondly, the presence of a U₃O₈ fraction in some samples calcined under argon resulted in a higher normalized dissolution rate. For comparison, the normalized dissolution rate of a pure U₃O₈ sample reached <em>R</em>_<em>L</em> = (5.6 ± 1.1) × 10⁻¹ g m⁻² d⁻¹, a higher value than that of UO_2+x, <em>R</em>_<em>L</em> = 5.5 × 10⁻² g m⁻² d⁻¹ on average. Furthermore, these samples showed no change in kinetic regime during dissolution, which could be explained by the blocking by U₃O₈ of the transition to a kinetic dissolution regime autocatalyzed by nitrogen species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106569"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}