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Protecting Our Own: A Method for Reducing Breast Radiation Exposure in Healthcare Workers. 保护我们自己:减少医护人员乳房辐射暴露的方法》(Protecting Our Own: A Method for Reducing Breast Radiation Exposure in Healthcare Workers)。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001832
Lauren Zammerilla Westcott, Gerald O Ogola, Chet R Rees
{"title":"Protecting Our Own: A Method for Reducing Breast Radiation Exposure in Healthcare Workers.","authors":"Lauren Zammerilla Westcott, Gerald O Ogola, Chet R Rees","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001832","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Standard lead aprons do not protect the female breast adequately from radiation exposure, which has been associated with breast cancer in healthcare workers. A novel lead shield was designed to reduce radiation to the breast, axilla, and thyroid (BAT). A procedure room was simulated with an anthropomorphic phantom representing the operator. Dosimeters were positioned on the outer quadrant of each breast, the chest, the thyroid, and deep inside of a phantom acrylic female torso with neck and head. Standard lead vest plus a thyroid shield was used as control and compared to standard lead vest plus BAT shield. Three operator and two image receptor positions were tested. The reductions in radiation exposure were calculated. The standard vest plus BAT shield provided significant reductions in radiation exposure for all anatomic locations compared to control. When averaging all operator positions, the BAT provided reductions of 91% (p < 0.0001) for near breast. Reductions for far breast, chest, thyroid, and deep tissues were 76% (p = 0.016), 94% (p < 0.0001), 52% (p = 0.026), and 60% (p = 0.004). With operator 90° to the table using a cross-table lateral beam, the BAT provided a 97.7% reduction in radiation to the near breast and significant reduction in radiation to the chest, thyroid, and deep tissues. The BAT shield reduces radiation exposure to the breast, chest, thyroid and deep hematopoietic tissues. Such shields could benefit healthcare workers to reduce the risk of breast cancer and other radiation-associated cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"267-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140860039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water Sourced from Groundwater in Central and Northern Queensland. 昆士兰中部和北部地下水饮用水中的天然放射性。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001970
Peter Medley, Matthew Wiggins, Michelle Thomas, Sarah Mullins, Pierre Bouchereau-de Pury
{"title":"Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water Sourced from Groundwater in Central and Northern Queensland.","authors":"Peter Medley, Matthew Wiggins, Michelle Thomas, Sarah Mullins, Pierre Bouchereau-de Pury","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determination of 210Pb, 210Po, 234U, and 238U activity concentrations in groundwater sources used for drinking water can improve confidence in ingestion dose assessments used for comparison with radiological governance guidelines, such as the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Such results can provide additional guidance information for detailed assessments where water supplies exhibit high relative concentrations of natural radioactivity. Measurements of these radionuclides, as well as the more commonly measured gross alpha and beta, 226Ra, and 228Ra activity concentrations, were undertaken for 21 water supplies in regional Queensland, Australia. Groundwater was the primary or only source for these water supplies. Dose assessment using the measured values based on the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines assumed water consumption, and estimates of actual consumption rates in the Australian population were undertaken for different age groups. The validity of assumptions underpinning screening assessments based on gross alpha and gross beta activity results and measurement of 226Ra and 228Ra were shown to be valid. The adolescent age group (14-18 y) was identified as a potential critical group for dose assessment where activity concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra were elevated. Other radionuclides, 210Pb, 210Po, 234U, and 238U were shown to be significant contributors to overall committed effective dose in several water supplies; however, total doses in those supplies were well below the operational dose value of 0.3 mSv from the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Improved detection limits for 228Ra could improve accuracy of dose assessments from drinking water.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study on MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Radon-induced Radiation Damage. 微rna作为氡致辐射损伤潜在生物标志物的研究。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001969
Lu Sun, Na Wang, Jianlei Ruan, Gang Gao, Yan Pan, Chunnan Piao, Huanhuan Li, Sitong Liu, Zhuo Zhang, Yong Cui, Sumei Sun, Jianxiang Liu
{"title":"Study on MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Radon-induced Radiation Damage.","authors":"Lu Sun, Na Wang, Jianlei Ruan, Gang Gao, Yan Pan, Chunnan Piao, Huanhuan Li, Sitong Liu, Zhuo Zhang, Yong Cui, Sumei Sun, Jianxiang Liu","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>High concentrations of radon may cause radiation damage to the human body. Finding the biomarkers of radon-induced radiation damage is particularly important for the research and treatment of radon-induced lung cancer. In this study, the expression of γH2AX protein in peripheral blood lymphocytes of miners exposed to high concentrations of radon was detected by flow cytometry. To investigate the possible damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of miners under a high radon environment, a microRNA (miRNA) microarray technique was used to screen the differentially expressed miRNAs in the peripheral plasma of miners exposed to different concentrations of radon. Prediction of the target genes and the possible biological functions of differentially expressed miRNAs in the peripheral plasma of miners was performed. The results indicated that the relative expression level of γH2AX protein in peripheral blood lymphocytes of miners was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Bioinformatics methods were used to predict the differential expression miRNA chip to screen the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs and the signaling pathways that may be involved in screening differentially expressed miRNA target genes and to investigate the relationship between some different miRNA target genes and cellular pathways. The analysis of the cellular pathways predicted by differentially expressed miRNAs, including the process of cell cycle, provides new information for the study of miRNAs as potential biomarkers of radon-induced radiation damage in peripheral blood.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comprehensive Review of CRCPD Efforts in the Disposition of Disused Radioactive Sources. CRCPD在废弃放射源处置方面的工作综述。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001870
Ruth E McBurney, Kimberly Steves
{"title":"Comprehensive Review of CRCPD Efforts in the Disposition of Disused Radioactive Sources.","authors":"Ruth E McBurney, Kimberly Steves","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001870","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD), a national non-profit, non-governmental organization dedicated to radiation protection, established a National Radioactive Material Disposition Program to assist state radiation control programs, licensees, and members of the public in managing orphan sources and otherwise unwanted or disused radioactive material. The program consists of several services including technical assistance with disposition options; financial assistance to radiation control programs for the disposition of orphan sources; and the Source Collection and Threat Reduction (SCATR) Program for financial and logistical assistance in the disposal of unwanted sources. For the past 18 years, the CRCPD has partnered with the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) to provide outreach to licensees and assistance in the disposal of disused sources, through the SCATR Program. The overarching goal of the SCATR Program is to design and execute a comprehensive and cost-effective process for identifying and reducing the threat of diversion of radioactive material for misuse, focusing on those sources that have a commercial disposal path. During the time the program has been in place, the scope has expanded to include higher activity sources, such as irradiators, and source collections in unusual circumstances. Progress toward the goals, disposal and transportation issues, and ancillary concerns being addressed by CRCPD are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"233-239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CRCPD E-43 Committee for Interagency Environmental Data Sharing and Communications Endorsed RadResponder Threshold Sets. CRCPD E-43机构间环境数据共享和通信委员会认可的RadResponder阈值设置。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001950
Jill Slubowski, Angela Leek, William Irwin, Amy Hass, Hillary Haskins, Sahar Azmat, Theodore Tr Wentworth, Brennan Bruner, Patrick Mulligan, Jim Hardeman, Jeffrey Day
{"title":"CRCPD E-43 Committee for Interagency Environmental Data Sharing and Communications Endorsed RadResponder Threshold Sets.","authors":"Jill Slubowski, Angela Leek, William Irwin, Amy Hass, Hillary Haskins, Sahar Azmat, Theodore Tr Wentworth, Brennan Bruner, Patrick Mulligan, Jim Hardeman, Jeffrey Day","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001950","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Situational awareness is critical in radiological emergency response as it enables responders to understand and interpret real-time data to make informed decisions during high-stress situations. Effective situational awareness involves collecting accurate data on radiation levels, contamination zones, and potential exposure risks, and visualizing this data in a comprehensible format. Tools like RadResponder play a key role in this process by allowing users to assign severity levels to data records and view them on an event map, thus facilitating rapid and informed decision-making. The CRCPD E-43 committee has developed enhanced threshold sets for RadResponder to improve situational awareness during radiological incidents. These threshold sets, based on science and informed by nationally recognized reference documents or regulations, are designed to help responders quickly assess radiation levels and make informed decisions regarding public safety and emergency worker doses. By providing clear, easily identifiable values and a standardized approach to data visualization, these threshold sets enhance the effectiveness of radiological emergency response efforts. The committee also recommends upgrades to the RadResponder system for better visibility and management of threshold sets, ensuring responders can efficiently access vital information during emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"248-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Radiation Communication: Thoughts and Considerations. 辐射通信:思考和考虑。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001871
Steve Sugarman, Holly Hardin
{"title":"Radiation Communication: Thoughts and Considerations.","authors":"Steve Sugarman, Holly Hardin","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001871","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The importance of effective communication cannot be overstated. What you say and how you say it matters, and this is a basic truth of effective communication. A misunderstanding of radiation effects can lead people to make decisions they may not have otherwise made had they been more aware of the true nature of the potential hazard. When addressing topics that may cause anxiety in people, it is important to communicate in understandable terms while still relaying factual and useful information. It can be difficult to take a complicated topic and simplify it into terms that are easily understood, all while maintaining factual integrity. However, communication is more than simply the words we say. Most people understand the roles body language and physical appearance have on message reception. Additionally, many people overlook other considerations that may help to motivate behavior change, such as emotion, social networks, and group identity. While the communicator may not have a firm grasp on all communication complexities, one characteristic that should be embraced by all communicators is empathy. The word \"radiation\" can be a scary-or otherwise anxiety-inducing-word. It can cause stress and fear in many audiences, including first responder audiences. We must understand and address that people may be afraid or otherwise anxious before we tell them what to do. Whether helping an individual who has radiation-related concerns about an upcoming medical procedure or influencing the public's willingness to accept protective action recommendations during a radiation emergency, the consequences of effective communications can be far reaching and significantly affect both small-scale and large-scale responses to radiological incidents.Health Phys. 127(0):000-000; 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"257-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Establishing Consensus with Users of Research Irradiator Devices to Facilitate Source Type Replacement. 与研究辐照装置的用户建立共识,以促进源型更换。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001840
Danette R Fennesy, Janet M Gutiérrez, Scott J Patlovich, Robert J Emery
{"title":"Establishing Consensus with Users of Research Irradiator Devices to Facilitate Source Type Replacement.","authors":"Danette R Fennesy, Janet M Gutiérrez, Scott J Patlovich, Robert J Emery","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001840","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The ability to irradiate cells, tissues, and other biological materials with high-energy photons has been an essential tool in the discovery of numerous biomedical research advancements. Historically, such irradiation was accomplished using sealed sources of radioactive materials in the form of 137Cs or 60Co. After the tragic events of 11 September 2001, a particular focus was placed on the vulnerability that irradiators represented due to the potential malicious acts that might lead to the creation of a radiological exposure or dispersal device. To mitigate this risk exposure, the United States Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) developed programs to both enhance the security associated with these devices and to incentivize the replacement of the units with x-ray-based technology. However, a significant barrier to engagement with the exchange program is the hesitancy on the part of the research community that does not wish to disrupt existing and established research protocols. This hesitancy stems from an inherent desire to adhere to the scientific process with the strict control of variables so that a single aspect can be isolated and then determined to result in an effect. A change from a gamma source to an x-ray source introduces a variable that warrants careful consideration and could have significant scientific and data-related impacts. Described here is the process undertaken by the radiation safety program for a major academic biomedical research institution to successfully transition from the use of gamma irradiators to x-ray devices without disrupting or negatively impacting critical research activities. The key to this successful transition was the establishment of consensus amongst the scientific and administrative communities prior to any formal commitment to the NNSA for the replacement endeavor. Ultimately, the researchers have found success in the transition and use of the x-ray irradiator replacements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"222-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Monitoring and Remediation of Tritium Contamination in Groundwater at a New Jersey Nuclear Power Plant. 新泽西州核电厂地下水中氚污染的监测与修复。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001877
Karen Tuccillo, James Vouglitois, Paul Schwartz
{"title":"Monitoring and Remediation of Tritium Contamination in Groundwater at a New Jersey Nuclear Power Plant.","authors":"Karen Tuccillo, James Vouglitois, Paul Schwartz","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001877","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's (NJDEP) Bureau of Nuclear Engineering (BNE) has an ongoing program to monitor the concentrations of tritium in groundwater associated with leaks from nuclear power plants. Numerous monitoring wells are sampled on a routine basis to monitor the progress of licensee remedial activities and to ensure that off-site groundwater is not impacted by the leaks. The results of this program have demonstrated that off-site groundwater, including drinking water sources, have not been impacted by these leaks, and that ongoing remedial activities have successfully reduced the level of tritium contamination in on-site groundwater. An important lesson learned was that facility construction activities, such as building foundations, buried pipes and tunnels, cofferdams, and sheet piling, disturb confining layers, creating pathways to deeper aquifers. Proper plume characterization must include sampling in the formation to which the contaminant was released, as well as concurrent sampling of the underlying aquifers that were disturbed by facility construction.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"227-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A 10-Year Personal History of the Radiological Operations Support Specialist. 放射操作支持专家的10年个人历史。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001913
William Irwin
{"title":"A 10-Year Personal History of the Radiological Operations Support Specialist.","authors":"William Irwin","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001913","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Radiological Operations Support Specialist Program accomplished one of the hardest outcomes-to build and sustain an all-volunteer organization from a few people to hundreds. Even more, the organization created a cadre of newly certified technical specialists able to help the local, state, and federal authorities respond better to a radiological or nuclear catastrophe so our nation can recover faster. The effort has had the endorsement of the United States Congress and the support of three important federal agencies and the national partnership for radiation protection, the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors. The development of the Radiological Operations Support Specialist (ROSS) occurred over the same time when numerous other references, tools, trainings, and exercises were ushered in. A 10-year period that may be the most remarkable unified radiological emergency preparedness effort yet undertaken. This article describes the key motivators and many of the guidance documents and technical tools and capabilities that came together over the last 10 years that helped build not just an organization of radiological and nuclear emergency response and recovery subject matter experts that the nation needs, but also nearly everything to sustain them effectively for decades to come.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 3","pages":"240-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neutron Activation Dose Assessment Based on a Human Head Phantom Post-BNCT. 基于人头部幻影后bnct的中子激活剂量评估。
IF 1 4区 医学
Health physics Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001968
Guanchao Wu, Zuokang Lin, Zijian Zhang, Zhiyuan Lin, Yinan Zhu, Ye Dai, Zhimin Dai
{"title":"Neutron Activation Dose Assessment Based on a Human Head Phantom Post-BNCT.","authors":"Guanchao Wu, Zuokang Lin, Zijian Zhang, Zhiyuan Lin, Yinan Zhu, Ye Dai, Zhimin Dai","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study aims to assess the residual radioactivity produced in the human head phantom following irradiation from a boron neutron capture therapy neutron source based on a 2.8 MeV proton accelerator. Using Monte Carlo software to simulate irradiation on a head phantom based on ICRP Publication 110, it was found that, in addition to the nuclides 24Na, 38Cl, and 42K reported in other literature, 32P is the nuclide that contributes the most to the internal exposure dose in patients post-BNCT. Calculations indicate that the effective dose resulting from 60 min of irradiation activation ranges between 148 and 401 μSv, which is relatively low. This study also analyzed the dose rate at a distance of 60 cm from the activated head. Approximately 5 min after irradiation ends, short-lived nuclides such as 19O and 20F decay completely, reducing the dose rate to below 1 μSv h-1. Although nuclides like 24Na will continue to emit radiation, the dose rate remains at a safe level.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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