Health physics最新文献

{"title":"GSI-ESA-NASA Nuclear Cross-section Database: Update I. Addition of Proton-projectile Reaction Cross-sections.","authors":"Francesca Luoni, Reka Szabo, Daria Boscolo, Charles Werneth","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000002055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear reaction cross-sections are needed for Monte Carlo and deterministic radiation transport codes used for ion therapy and radiation protection in space. A GSI-ESA-NASA combined effort generated a free and publicly available nucleus-nucleus reaction cross-section database. Nevertheless, protons - the main component of solar particle events and galactic cosmic ray fluences in space - account alone for over 60% of the effective dose behind thick shields in space and are used in 88% of the cancer-treatment ion-therapy centers worldwide. Therefore, in the present work, proton-projectile data have also been included. These data are compared to the reaction cross-section models used in radiation transport codes, including the models of Tripathi-Cucinotta-Wilson, Hybrid-Kurotama, Kox, Shen, and Kox-Shen. The Tripathi-Cucinotta-Wilson model uses the Tripathi99 model for low-Z projectile ions and the Tripathi96 model for other projectiles. The Hybrid-Kurotama model is based on the Black Sphere formula at high energies, which, for proton data, is smoothly connected to the Tripathi99 model at low energies. It is found that the Tripathi99 and Hybrid-Kurotama models best fit the proton-projectile data.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"222-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IAEA Safety Standards - One Step Toward Harmonized System of Radiation Protection Applied in Practice.","authors":"Miroslav Pinak, Jasminka Joksic, Hildegarde Vandenhove","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000002095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has played a critical role in the development and establishment of contemporary radiation safety standards, beginning with its safety standards program launched in 1958. These standards have been developed and/or reviewed in continuous cooperation with the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. This long-lasting partnership ensures that the latest scientific findings are integrated into international safety standards, fostering global harmonization. In 2021, the ICRP announced a review and potential revision of the system of radiological protection, which could lead an update of 2007 Recommendations (ICRP Publication 103) and called for cooperation and discussion among all relevant international stakeholders. Since then, numerous discussions among radiation protection professionals worldwide have taken place at key international meetings and events, focusing on the proposed changes and highlighting the need for further dialogue and cooperation in potential future revision. Any changes to the system will have consequences that must be carefully considered and justified. Potential revisions should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure they enhance the safety for the public, workers, patients, and the environment, while maintaining the system's stability and respecting national and regional specificities. The IAEA's work on providing for application of the current set of IAEA safety standards in its Member States aims to ensure that safety standards remain relevant, effective, and also adaptable to emerging challenges. It is important to stress the need for cooperation among all relevant international stakeholders to maintain the system's global applicability. Reviews of this work indicate that the current system is robust and effective, but with challenges primarily related to the way and feasibility of implementation and interpretation of safety standards rather than associated with the system itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"150-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability and NORM - The Practitioner's Perspective.","authors":"Rainer Gellermann, Analia Canoba, Douglas Chambers, Jim Hondros, Stéphane Pepin","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002104","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper aims to discuss some of the challenges (and opportunities) associated with NORM and sustainability. Practical examples are used to demonstrate that the strict application of operational quantities, such as exemption values or surface contamination limits, can restrict the use of products that could be used in an unrestricted manner from a risk-based perspective. This can lead to the devaluation of material goods, such as phosphogypsum, radioactively contaminated scrap, and lead-containing 210Pb, among others, which clash with the objectives of the circular economy and thus also sustainability. The paper exemplifies the linkages between radiation protection and sustainability and aims to open a discussion on the adverse social and economic effects of the current practice. This is particularly relevant given the further development of the radiation protection system initiated by ICRP. Some preliminary ideas for this discussion are described.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"208-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Systems of Radiological Protection for Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation.","authors":"Sara Dumit, Christopher Clement, John O'Hagan, Rodney Croft, Werner Rühm, Sigurður M Magnússon, Emilie van Deventer, Kathryn A Higley","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002109","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper summarizes the presentations and panel discussion held at Plenary Session 1 of the 16th IRPA International Congress/69th Health Physics Society Annual Meeting, in Orlando, FL, in July 2024. Plenary Session 1 discussed the basics of the systems of radiological protection (RP) for ionizing radiation (IR) and non-ionizing radiation (NIR) and included five presentations and a panel discussion. Rodney Croft, Chair of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), delivered the first presentation. Croft introduced the System of RP for NIR and provided an overview of ICNIRP's coverage and current areas of work. Werner Rühm, Chair of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), delivered the second presentation. He gave an overview of the System of RP for IR and covered the key principles of justification, optimization, and dose limitation, including the current plans of ICRP toward the envisaged revision of the System of RP. The third speaker, Sigurður Magnús Magnússon, from the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), provided the perspective of the RP professionals on the development of the Systems of RP for IR and NIR. Emilie van Deventer, from the World Health Organization (WHO), presented WHO's views of both Systems of RP and discussed the relevant current activities of WHO with regard to IR and NIR. Kathryn Higley, President of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), delivered the final presentation. Higley outlined the history of NCRP, the differences between ICRP and NCRP, and discussed the role of the NCRP in the System of RP, including NCRP's role to analyze mechanisms of interaction of NIR with biological systems, including humans. The session concluded with a fruitful panel discussion, where the audience had the opportunity to ask the five invited speakers questions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"145-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12736414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145889101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological Justification Criteria of Pediatric Computed Tomography in Kenya.","authors":"Lonah Moraa Ong'ayo, Hyun Suk Yoon","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002089","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computed tomography is acknowledged as the most widely used imaging technique in both adults and children. Although computed tomography offers valuable diagnostic information, it contributes to a high radiation dose and poses relatively high risks of stochastic effects to patients. Stochastic risks are of special concern in pediatric imaging since children are more vulnerable to effects of ionizing radiation than adults. Therefore, the justification of pediatric computed tomography examinations is of paramount importance to critically weigh the benefits of computed tomography against the individual detriment. This study evaluates the current radiological justification for pediatric computed tomography in Kenya and propose strategies to enhance justification. An extensive literature review on pediatric computed tomography justification was explored based on the international guidelines of ICRP and IAEA and individual publications. The foundation of the review focused on the 3 A's: awareness, appropriateness, and audits as tools to ensure proper justification. The recommendations and guidelines proposed in this study can guide in the implementation of the 3 A's in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"183-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the Linear No-threshold (LNT) Model in Radiological Protection: An Update.","authors":"Dominique Laurier, Yann Billarand, Dmitry Klokov, Michael Tichauer","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002063","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000002063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The linear no-threshold (LNT) model was introduced into the radiological protection system by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 1966. The appropriateness of this model is still hotly debated today. Based on a recently published article, we summarize recent results in radiobiology and epidemiology and discuss their impact on the use of the LNT model regarding radiological protection. The scientific results published in radiobiology and epidemiology have strengthened our scientific knowledge of cancer risks associated with low dose and/or low dose-rate radiation exposure. In radiobiology, early stages of mutational carcinogenesis are considered to play a key role in carcinogenesis, with linear responses at doses as low as 10 mGy. Today, some non-mutation mechanisms appear clearly as non-linear, but their impact on the overall carcinogenesis process remains difficult to assess. In epidemiology, excess cancer risk has been observed at dose levels of 100 mGy or less. Some findings suggest that for some cancers, non-linear dose relationships may exist, but overall, the LNT model does not seem to seriously overestimate the risks of cancer at low doses. Overall, current results in radiobiology or epidemiology do not demonstrate the existence of a dose threshold below which the risk of radiation-induced cancer would be zero. Uncertainties remain, but if such a dose threshold existed for all solid cancers, it could not be greater than a few tens of mGy. In conclusion, we consider that the recent scientific knowledge does not call into question the use of the LNT model to assess cancer risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation for the purpose of radiological protection. Today, the use of this model seems reasonable, and no other dose-response model seems to be more appropriate or justified for radiological protection purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"130 2","pages":"155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145889060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of 137 Cs Dose Factors for Constant and Depth-dependent Soil Densities.","authors":"Necati Çelik, Nilay Akçay, Uğur Çevik","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001995","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate assessment of external radiation dose rates from 137 Cs is essential for evaluating radiological risk in environmental and occupational settings. This study refines dose conversion coefficient calculations by incorporating depth-dependent soil density and addressing limitations in conventional methods that assume constant soil density. We calculated dose conversion coefficients for 137 Cs in soil, considering both exponential and Gaussian distributions of activity concentration. Using two models, one with constant density and another with variable density as a function of depth, we compared dose rates to quantify the effect of soil density variations. Results indicate that dose rates are consistently higher when depth-dependent density is applied. The effect is more pronounced when 137 Cs activity is distributed over larger depths (i.e., greater relaxation lengths) or when broader Gaussian distributions are considered. This suggests that assuming constant soil density may lead to underestimations of dose rates, especially in heterogeneous or compacted soils. Our findings emphasize the importance of accounting for density variability in dose calculations to enhance radiological risk assessments for areas contaminated with 137 Cs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Testicular Radiation Exposure in the Orthopedic Surgeon.","authors":"Taylor K Zak, Stephan Zmugg, Daniel Bouton, Jennifer Rodgers, Vivek Kalia, Neil Stewart, Jordan Polk, Kaitlyn Brown, Yassine Kanaan, Anthony I Riccio","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001993","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Testicular radiation exposure has been linked to diminished spermatogenesis, male infertility, and potentially testicular cancer. Despite this, the risk of testicular exposure from intraoperative fluoroscopy to the male orthopedic surgeon has yet to be studied. The purpose of this study is to determine factors associated with unnecessary testicular radiation exposure in male orthopedic surgeons. The study was designed to answer the following questions: (1) Do the designs of lead apron protection result in any differential testicular radiation exposure? (2) Does the position of the surgeon (standing, sitting, and knee position while sitting) alter the amount of testicular radiation exposure? (3) Does any combination of lead apron design and surgeon positioning increase the degree of testicular radiation exposure? A life-sized, whole-body, anthropomorphic phantom simulating an orthopedic surgeon was positioned adjacent to a hand table attached to a standard radiolucent operating table. A digital dosimeter was attached to the groin region beneath a lead apron. Scatter radiation dose equivalent rates were measured during continuous anteroposterior C-arm fluoroscopy of a forearm/hand phantom. Four trials were conducted using three different types of protective lead aprons (cross-back, full-skirt, and half-skirt) in three different positions (standing, sitting with knees 10 cm apart, and sitting with knees 25 cm apart). Radiation dose-equivalent rates were compared using the Student's t-test and analysis of variance. No scatter radiation (measured value of 0.0 mrem min -1 [0.0 Sv min -1 ]; below minimum detectability of dosimeter) was detected underneath the lead aprons in the standing position and when sitting with the knees 25 cm apart, using all three types of lead. When sitting with the knees 10 cm apart, the mean dose equivalent rate of scatter radiation was higher using the half-skirt (0.01 mrem min -1 [0.000001 Sv min -1 ]) than the cross-back (below minimum detectability of dosimeter) and skirt aprons (below minimum detectability of dosimeter), but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.44). For all apron types and all positions, the use of an apron resulted in significantly less scatter radiation exposure when compared to no protection (p < 0.001). Protective lead aprons are effective at preventing testicular radiation exposure in both the standing and sitting positions. As the only detectable radiation exposure occurred with use of a half-skirt apron when sitting with the knees spread 10 cm apart, cross-back and full-skirt aprons may provide slightly enhanced protection over half-skirt aprons in the sitting position.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Effective Half-life of Iodine-131 to Optimize Safety Release Instructions after Treatment for Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.","authors":"Timothy Greist, Aaron Smith","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001997","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iodine-131 ( 131 I) is a common therapy for treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC); however, its radioactivity poses a radiation safety risk to public health. There is inter-facility variation in release instructions to minimize incident exposure to other individuals. Isolation measures are not without harm. Most studies on this topic rely upon cumulative dosimetry to measure exposure, but this does not provide the researcher with critical dose protraction information. Refining estimation of elimination kinetics with more frequent exposure readings would help optimize radiation safety recommendations. Measuring radiation exposure from patients with DTC post-thyroidectomy receiving 131 I would better quantify its elimination kinetics to improve radiation safety recommendations. Patients with DTC post-thyroidectomy undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation with 131 I were instructed to measure exposure at a distance of 1 m, three times a day for 14 d, using an ion chamber at home. These data were used to form an exponential decay model and estimate the time after which cumulative exposure is below a reasonably low threshold. The average effective half-life was 15.8 h when calculated using real-time exposure readings from 32 patients. Among patients administered less than 4.22 GBq, cumulative effective dose is ≤1 mSv after 24 h of isolation. Between 4.22 and 6.03 GBq, cumulative effective dose is ≤1mSv after 48 h of isolation. Cumulative gamma radiation exposure at 1 m remains low enough to consider re-evaluating isolation protocols that encourage long-term distancing past the first 24 h in post-thyroidectomy patients treated with 131I for remnant ablation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"57-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractional Deposition of Radioactive Aerosols in the Respiratory Tract: Effects of Anatomical and Physiological Differences between Chinese and Caucasians.","authors":"Lai Zhou, Yuanyuan Liu, Bin Wu, Xiangpeng Meng, Yu Wang, Ao Ju, Jianping Cheng","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001999","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the calculation of fractional deposition of radioactive aerosols, the deposition model in ICRP Publication 130 has been widely used. However, the deposition model is based on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of Caucasians. Since physiology and anatomical parameters of Chinese differ from those of Caucasians, this difference can affect the applicability of depositional models to Chinese people. ICRP suggests that the corresponding parameters can be replaced when the parameters of concerned people are known. Therefore, this paper investigates the physiological and anatomical parameters of Chinese people and establishes a respiratory deposition model applicable to Chinese people. It is found that the dependence of fractional deposition on aerosol particle size on Chinese people is qualitatively similar to that in Caucasian people. However, the value of fractional deposition is quantitatively different. When the AMAD (activity median aerodynamic diameter) is 1 μm (public exposure), the ratio of fractional deposition between Chinese and Caucasian light workers could reach up to 1.22 in the AI region, and the ratios of fractional deposition in other regions also ranged from 0.87-0.93; when the AMAD is 5 μm (occupational exposure), the ratio of fractional deposition between Chinese and Caucasian light workers could reach up to 1.35 in the AI region, and the ratios of fractional deposition in other regions also ranged from 0.95-1.30. The fractional deposition is used as input to biokinetic models to simulate the transport of radionuclides through the body after inhalation and ultimately impacts the dose conversion factor calculations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144951738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}