Health physics最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the Ocular Response and Corneal Damage Threshold of Exposure to 28 GHz Quasi-millimeter Wave Exposure.","authors":"Masami Kojima, Takafumi Tasaki, Toshio Kamijo, Aki Hada, Yukihisa Suzuki, Alfred Kik, Masateru Ikehata, Hiroshi Sasaki","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001951","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Electromagnetic radiation energy at millimeter wave frequencies, typically 30 GHz to 300 GHz, is ubiquitously used in society in devices for telecommunications; radar and imaging systems for vehicle collision avoidance, security screening, and medical equipment; scientific research tools for spectroscopy; industrial applications for non-destructive testing and precise measurement; and military and defense applications. Understanding the biological effects of this technology is essential. We have been investigating ocular responses and damage thresholds comparing various frequencies using rabbit eyes and dedicated experimental apparatus. In this study we investigated the 28 GHz quasi-millimeter wave band (wavelength: 10.7 mm), a candidate for 5G communication. Similar to millimeter wave frequencies, ocular damage from exposure to 28 GHz for 6 min (400 mW cm -2 ) included corneal epithelial damage, corneal edema, and opacity. The incident power density threshold, indicating a 50% probability of ocular damage from exposure for 6 min, was found to be 359 mW cm -2 for 28 GHz. Comparing the ocular exposure area for various millimeter wave frequencies (40, 75, 95 GHz) and 28 GHz quasi-millimeter waves using a thermosensitive liquid crystal capsule, we found that for millimeter waves, even at identical incident power densities, the ocular exposure area decreases as the frequency increases (lens effect). However, this lens effect was not observed at 28 GHz, where the entire anterior segment area was exposed to radio waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"487-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Operational Guidance for Minimizing Potential Inhalation Doses to Workers and Volunteers at Community Reception Centers and Public Shelters.","authors":"John Mauro, Joseph Porrovecchio, William Amann, Stephen Marschke, Michael S Brightwell, Ron Davison, Duane DeMore, Amy Mangel, Lynn Anspaugh, Adela Salame-Alfie, Armin Ansari","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001920","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In the event of a nuclear explosion in an urban environment, contaminated persons may be directed to Community Reception Centers (CRC) and/or public shelters. This paper is a companion document to a previous paper that addresses the inhalation hazard to workers at a CRC from resuspension of fallout from the evacuees. To limit the inhalation hazard evacuees must be screened to prevent severely contaminated persons from entering a CRC. The suggested screening level is 10,000 dpm cm -2 and rapid methods of screening arriving evacuees are presented. Practical advice is provided on methods that can be used to limit contamination within a CRC. These methods include alterations to heating and cooling systems and the implementation of monitoring strategies to guard against unexpected increases in airborne activity levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"526-535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Ambient Millimeter Wave Exposure Levels around Small Base Stations.","authors":"Jerrold T Bushberg, Matthew J Butcher","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001935","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This study investigated the implementation and impact of fifth-generation (5G) wireless millimeter wave (mmW) technology. 5G offers significant advancements over previous generations and supports additional frequency bands, including mmW, to enhance mobile broadband with ultra-reliable, low-latency communications, supporting a high volume of diverse communications. This technology is expected to enable billions of new connections in the Internet of Things (IoT), fostering innovations in various sectors including healthcare, manufacturing, and education. This research contributes to the understanding and safe implementation of this transformative technology. Global adoption of 5G is rapidly increasing, with over 1.5 billion subscriptions as of 2024, projected to reach 58% of all wireless subscriptions by 2029. Despite its benefits, 5G mmW installations have raised concerns regarding exposure to electromagnetic fields. This study was conducted using a dual-polarized horn antenna and relatively inexpensive spectrum analyzers to measure typical ambient mmW radiofrequency field power densities near operational radio base stations (RBS) in urban and suburban environments. The measurements were taken at various times of the day and in different weather conditions to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the ambient mmW exposure. The study's results provide reassuring evidence that the ambient mmW exposure from RBSs is significantly lower than the safety limits set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and other international standards. The exposure levels ranged from 0.0003% to 0.0082% of the public maximum permissible exposure (MPE), with the highest levels being more than 25,000 times lower than the allowed continuous public exposure. This study concludes that typical mmW exposure from 5G RBSs is minimal and substantially below established safety limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"442-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Best Practices for Radiation Safety During an Alpha DaRT Treatment.","authors":"Yadin Cohen, Jon Feldman, Vibha Chaswal, Sarah Heard, Evelyn Shin, Giacomo Feliciani, Jean-Yves Giraud, Eleonora Kuptzov","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001928","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Alpha DaRT is a new alpha radiation treatment for treating solid tumors and is currently being evaluated through clinical trials worldwide. Being a novel radiation treatment, it is important to discuss the safety considerations and procedures that are needed to ensure safe use of this unique approach. The objective of this article is to provide a set of recommendations-radiation safety best practices that were developed based on operational and clinical experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"536-541"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Estimation of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Diseases from Radiation for Medical X-ray Workers.","authors":"Gang Liu, Ye Li, XiaoQin Wu, YinYin Liu, Rong Zhang, LiMei Niu, Xue Zhang, Jinhan Wang, Yeqing Gu","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001946","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The objective of this paper is to construct a follow-up cohort of medical x-ray workers and analyze the risk estimates of radiation-induced carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic diseases induced by chronic low-dose ionizing radiation exposure in the follow-up cohort. A fixed cohort study was used. A total of 159 medical x-ray workers working in radiology departments of hospitals in Gansu Province from 1950 to 1980 were selected as the radiology group, and 149 medical workers in internal medicine, surgery, and other departments who had not engaged in radiology work at the same hospital were selected as the control group. A fifth follow-up survey was also conducted. Information on personal radiation exposure history, lifestyle and morbidity was collected for 310 medical x-ray workers and the control group. Malignant tumors and noncancerous diseases (cataracts, diabetes, aplastic anemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral apoplexy, etc.) were used as endpoints to analyze the risk estimates of carcinogenic and noncancerous diseases caused by low-dose radiation. There were 14 patients with malignant tumors, 8 in the radiation group and 6 in the control group (RR=1.25); 11 cases of cataract, radiation group, 8 cases, control group, 3 cases, RR:2.50; 18 patients with diabetes mellitus, 12 in the radiation group and 6 in the control group (RR = 1.87); 25 hypertensive patients, 17 in the radiation group and 8 in the control group (RR = 1.99); 23 patients with CHD, 12 in the radiation group and 11 in the control group (RR = 1.02); and 15 cerebral apoplexy patients, 5 in the radiation group and 10 in the control group (RR=0.47).Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The risk factors for CR and noncarcinogenic diseases associated with low-dose radiation were cataracts (RR: 2.50) > hypertension (RR: 1.99) > diabetes (RR: 1.87) > malignancy (RR: 1.25) > CHD (RR: 1.02) > cerebral apoplexy (RR: 1.02). 0.47. Compared with those in the control group, medical x-ray workers had an increased risk of developing malignant tumors and cataracts, which may be related to occupational exposure to chronic low-dose ionizing radiation. Therefore, radiation workers should pay attention to the optimization of protection in radiation work practice. The incidences of hypertension and diabetes are increased, and the incidences of CHD are basically the same; in particular, the incidence of cerebral apoplexy is significantly reduced, indicating that cerebral apoplexy has a certain protective effect on medical x-ray workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"476-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False and Misleading Claims of Scientific Misconduct in Early Research into Radiation Dose-response: Part 1. Overlooking Key Historical Text.","authors":"Jan Beyea","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001932","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In reviewing a video series that they created for the website of the Health Physics Society (HPS), past leaders of the Health Physics Society have treated as authoritative and trustworthy the scientific misconduct theories of University of Massachusetts Professor Edward Calabrese. No mention is made of detailed critiques of Calabrese's work. I show that Calabrese's historical work as presented by HPS's authors is unreliable because it overlooks key historical text and key statistical concepts about the limits of an early atomic bomb genetics study. When these errors are corrected, claims of scientific misconduct on the part of historical figures evaporate. Claims of threshold behavior in early radiation genetic experiments are wrong for atomic bomb data. Calabrese's unique claims about thresholds in early animal genetic data are not credible for human cancer, given the doses at which they were carried out (>30 R). Recent epidemiological studies of both acute and protracted exposure in humans fail to show dose-rate effects or a dose threshold above 30 R. Such results from human data should be more relevant for most regulators and review committees than Calabrese's claims about old data on animals. Disclaimers, errata, and links to critiques should be added to the HPS webpage hosting the 22-part video series. Failure to do so can cause damage to reputations and historical accuracy because it erroneously validates Calabrese's inflammatory claims of scientific misconduct against past scientists, including three Nobel Prize winners, members of the NAS, and presidents of the AAAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"507-523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12036784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose Estimation for Indoor Radon, Occupational Radiation, and Electromagnetic Field Exposure in a Nuclear Medicine Department in Turkiye.","authors":"T Sahmaran, S Nur, H I Atılgan, H Peker","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001934","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In this study, the occupational radiation dose, radon gas, and non-ionizing radiation doses originating from electromagnetic fields (EMF) to which radiation workers are exposed were monitored and evaluated for 1 y. Using electronic personnel dosimeters (EPD), average daily radiation doses based on the number of patients and annual average effective dose results of radiation workers were obtained over a period of 1 y. Also, the annual effective dose and risk values were calculated for 8 h and 24 h by taking radon gas measurements at 2-mo intervals in the nuclear medicine department. Finally, electric field measurements were made one day a week in the selected areas. All the results obtained were compared with national and international dose limits. The results obtained as a result of EPD, radon gas, and EMF measurements made in the nuclear medicine department were found to be far below the international and national legal dose limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"449-456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Gamma Index Analysis for Detecting Errors in Patient-specific Quality Assurance in Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy.","authors":"Taylan Tuğrul","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Quality assurance practices performed before treatment are believed to identify various potential errors. In this study, 2-dimensional (2D) dosimetric results were analyzed by making some intentional mistakes in six different treatment plans. In this way, the detectability of errors was investigated. In all segments of all treatment plans, one of the multileaf collimators was kept fixed at different positions on the central axis. In addition to multileaf collimators error, gantry error was also examined in the study. The dose distribution results obtained by Treatment Planning System (TPS) were compared with those obtained by the 2D array device, both as local calculation and global calculation methods, using the gamma analysis method. When the results are examined in the case where the Multi-leaf collimators (MLC) is fixed at the 1 cm position, the gamma analysis pass rate of the other plans, except two plans in the MD criterion, are calculated above the 95% limit. When the dose distributions obtained as a result of irradiation with 0.5-degree erroneous gantry angle were analyzed, it was found that all plans were at an acceptable rate in the maximum dose criterion. In case of incorrect irradiation, dose reduction or overdose may occur in the irradiated target area, even if gamma analysis pass rates are sufficient. Quality control procedures performed before treatment may be less effective. It is suggested that it would be better to examine the gamma analysis criteria applied for error detection with different values and local calculation method, and that device-based quality controls should be performed frequently.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":"128 6","pages":"437-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Waste Tank Emission Contributions to Particle Size Distribution.","authors":"Brianna H Matthews, Stephen Noble","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001952","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Pollutants from anthropogenic activities including industrial processes are ubiquitous to the environment. To understand the impact from industrial aerosol on climate and human health, industrial aerosol needs to be better characterized. In this study, particle number concentrations were used as a proxy for atmospheric pollutants, which include both particles and gases. Particle concentration and size distribution were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) approximately 4. 5 km from primary industrial areas at the Savannah River Site in Aiken, SC. Industrial areas include numerous nuclear waste storage and processing tanks. The SMPS data were divided into two groups depending on the wind direction measured onsite to categorize transport from the industrial area or from elsewhere. Industrial contributions were found to have a higher concentration of particles with sizes less than 200 nm , 859 ± 564 cm -3 , in comparison to non-industrial attributed particles, 733 ± 495 cm -3 on average from March-July 2021. For sizes larger than 200 nm , industrial and non-industrial particles have a similar concentration, 89 ± 59 cm -3 and 99 ± 61 cm -3 , with non-industrial concentrations being slightly larger. To confirm that industrial particles could travel to the sampling location, air dispersion modeling was completed for specific case studies during the sampling period. The atmospheric dispersion modeling results confirmed that particles released at the industrial areas reached the sampling location when the wind direction was favorable for transport from the industrial areas. The greater concentration of smaller-sized particles in industrial emissions has implications for typical particulate measurements (PM2.5), heath impacts, and climatological influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"497-506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142947852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Adherence to Safety Standards for Physical Space Design, Equipment, and Patient and Staff Protection in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centers: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Amirreza Sadeghinasab, Jafar Fatahiasl, Mahmoud Mohammadi-Sadr, Masoud Heydari Kahkesh, Marziyeh Tahmasbi","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000001991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the technology poses safety risks, such as exposure to magnetic fields, RF pulses, and cryogens, necessitating strict adherence to safety protocols to protect patients and healthcare workers. This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed compliance with MRI safety standards in Khuzestan province, Iran) imaging centers, focusing on electromagnetic fields and other key safety domains. A 61-item researcher-developed checklist, based on international safety guidelines, was used to evaluate safety protocols in 11 MRI centers across seven domains, including facility design, equipment labeling, static magnetic and gradient fields, RF waves, cryogens, patient and staff protection, and infection control. MRI staff responded with yes/no answers. Responses to three additional questions also were collected. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, facility design scores ranged from 54.5% to 100%, but static magnetic field safety ratings were significantly lower (25% to 100%). Although safety equipment availability reached 100% in some centers, gaps were noted in labeling ferromagnetic devices. Infection control adherence was high, but only seven centers featured seamless flooring in the magnet room. Cryogen safety showed partial compliance with some centers lacking exhaust fans. Employee and patient safety measures were inconsistent, with one center scoring as low as 18%. While MRI centers demonstrated strengths in infection control and facility design, critical deficiencies in static magnetic field safety and emergency protocols highlight the need for targeted training, regular audits, and updated policies. Addressing these gaps is essential to enhancing MRI safety practices and aligning with international standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}