Health physics最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome in a Mouse Model Using [ 18 F]F- Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography.","authors":"Alaa Mujahid, Bashayr Alotaibi, Chloe DeMellier, Carlos Gallegos, Mohammad Sherwani, Ara Alexandrian, Anna Sorace, Amy Brady, Remo George","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001947","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Ionizing radiation on the skin has the potential to cause various sequelae affecting quality of life and even leading to death due to multi-system failure. The development of radiation dermatitis is attributed to oxidative damage to the skin's basal layer and alterations in immune response, leading to inflammation. Past studies have shown that [ 18 F]F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([ 18 F]F-FDG PET/CT) can be used effectively for the detection of inflammatory activity, especially in conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, and early atherosclerosis. Since currently there are no specific tests for radiation dermatitis, our study aimed to validate whether radiation dermatitis induced in mice can be accurately visualized and measured using [ 18 F]F-FDG PET/CT. We induced cutaneous radiation syndrome in BALB/c mice with different radiation absorbed doses and monitored symptom development through photography, PET imaging, and histopathology, marking the first attempt at non-invasively quantifying radiation dermatitis effects at the molecular level using PET imaging. Our results showed that there were progressive changes in the dorsal skin of irradiated mice, with notable differences between those exposed to varying doses of radiation. Erythema, epilation, and desquamation were more pronounced in mice exposed to lower doses (25 Gy and 35 Gy) than at 45 Gy; however, by the third week, severe skin deterioration, including ulceration and dermal atrophy, was evident in mice irradiated with 35 Gy and 45 Gy. PET/CT imaging revealed increased [ 18 F]F-FDG uptake in the irradiated dorsal skin area of all mice compared to controls, with more pronounced avidity for the lesion in the 25 Gy and 35 Gy than the 45 Gy. Comparison of tissue-normalized SUV Max values showed that both the 25 Gy and 35 Gy mice exhibited fourfold [ 18 F]F-FDG uptake in the dorsal skin compared to controls, while a twofold uptake was seen at 45 Gy, thus indicating substantial metabolic changes in the dorsal skin induced by radiation exposure. Histopathological analyses correlated with the above findings, demonstrating generalized hypertrophy and epidermal thickening in all irradiated mice compared to controls, with thicker epidermis observed with higher radiation doses and increased destruction of microvasculature. In conclusion, PET/CT emerges as a successful tool for imaging cutaneous radiation syndrome, with the observed dermal changes in irradiated mice closely aligning with metabolic alterations of the affected area.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"204-213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosomatic Bias in Low-dose Radiation Epidemiology: Assessing the Role of Radiophobia and Stress in Cancer Incidence.","authors":"Robert B Hayes","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001983","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Historical assessment of radiation effects at low doses (below 0.2 Sv) are generally the result of back extrapolation from higher doses, which are known to have a linear relation between risk and dose. There are multiple counter-examples, and some literature argues that a threshold, nonlinear, or even a beneficial effect (hormeisis) can occur from radiation below these doses. The common theme found in all of these studies stems from the traditional approach of correlating disease rates to stimulus and then effectively curve-fitting the result toward zero dose. What has not been considered in general are the personal stress levels of the exposed individuals due to fear of cancer from low doses. The increased levels of cortisol due to the psychological stress from fear or depression has been shown in the literature to increase cancer probability. The extent to which low-dose exposed individuals were highly fearful or stressed from the radiation exposure would then give rise to elevated cancer based on stress rather than a fundamental radiogenic mechanism. If the population under epidemiological study is aware of a potential historical exposure (no matter how small) and has then lived under stress from fear or depression due to that exposure, the psychosomatic effects will bias the epidemiology accordingly and so should be quantified and accounted for as done with the effects of smoking.Health Phys. 129(0):000-000; 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"198-201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12278744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon-induced Background in X and Gamma Radiation Measurements Using Ionization Chambers.","authors":"Dobromir Pressyanov, Viola Zajonchovska, Dimitar Dimitrov","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001977","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Ionization chambers with non-sealed volumes find widespread use in monitoring x and gamma radiation. However, the accuracy of results can be compromised by the presence of 222 Rn in the air. To investigate this influence, two ionization chambers, each with a 600 cm 3 volume and walls constructed of air-equivalent plastic, were exposed to controlled 222 Rn concentrations. Following exposure, chamber readings (expressed in units of exposure rate and air-kerma rate) were monitored for 11 d. Two components of the signal attributed to 222 Rn and its progeny were identified. The first component, which dominates within the first day after exposure, arises from radon diffusion within the volume through gaps in wall joints. The second component results from radon absorption in the plastic construction materials of the chamber, persisting detectably for over 10 d post-exposure. The background induced by airborne 222 Rn can be significant. Concentrations near the reference level in many European countries (300 Bq m -3 ) can generate signal equivalent to air kerma rate of about 1.34 μGy h -1 . This could potentially lead to erroneous radiation protection decisions in radiological departments. Addressing this background can be challenging, as contributions from 222 Rn concentrations in previous hours and days impact correction. It is advisable to store such chambers in locations with low 222 Rn concentrations and to use construction materials for ionization chambers with low radon absorption ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Frameworks: A Comparison of Occupational Health and Safety's Hierarchy of Controls and the International System of Radiological Protection.","authors":"T Lynn MacDonald","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001972","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Those responsible for radiological protection in the workplace come to the role through many different pathways. In the process of training radiation safety officers and x-ray safety officers, instructors at the Radiation Safety Institute of Canada have observed that, while many course participants will have previous radiological protection training, it is common for a significant number to have experience managing traditional occupational health and safety or industrial hygiene programs and no radiological protection background. Humans use mental models or schemas to understand the world. They assimilate new information based on their existing schemas. Those formally trained in radiological protection are well versed in the International System of Radiological Protection, based on the fundamental principles of justification, optimization, and limitation as described in International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103. Those with training in occupational health and safety or industrial hygiene in Canada or the United States work within a framework called the hierarchy of controls. Given here is a comparison of these safety frameworks with consideration of how the health and safety schema of these two groups of radiological protection personnel may differ and areas on which to build a common understanding of radiological protection in the workplace. Hopefully, consideration of this topic will lead to improved communication and help safety professionals avoid misconceptions that might arise owing to differences in foundational knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"141-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Plutonium Decorporation in a Female Nuclear Worker Treated with Ca-DTPA after Inhalation Intake.","authors":"Sara Dumit, Maia Avtandilashvili, Stacey L McComish, Guthrie Miller, Jasen Swanson, Sergey Y Tolmachev","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001859","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The present work models plutonium (Pu) biokinetics in a female former nuclear worker. Her bioassay measurements are available at the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries. The worker was internally exposed to a plutonium-americium mixture via acute inhalation at a nuclear weapons facility. She was medically treated with injections of 1 g Ca-DTPA on days 0, 5, and 14 after the intake. Between days 0 and 20, fecal and urine samples were collected and analyzed for 239 Pu and 241 Am. Subsequently, she was followed up for bioassay monitoring over 14 y, with additional post-treatment urine samples collected and analyzed for 239 Pu. The uniqueness of this dataset is due to the availability of: (1) both early and long-term bioassay data from a female with plutonium intake; (2) data on chelation therapy for a female; and (3) fecal measurement results. Chelation therapy with Ca- and/or Zn-salts of DTPA is known to aid in reducing the internal radiation dose by enhancing the excretion of plutonium and americium from the body. Such enhancement affects plutonium biokinetics in the human body, posing a challenge to the internal dose assessment. The current radiation dose assessment practice is to exclude the data affected by Ca-DTPA from the analysis. The present analysis is the first to explicitly model the chelation-affected bioassay data in a female by using a newly developed chelation model. Thus, the bioassay data collected during and after the Ca-DTPA administrations were used for biokinetic modeling and dose assessment. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was used to investigate model parameter uncertainty, based on the bioassay data and assumed prior probability distributions. A χ2 /nData (number of data points) ≈ 1 was observed in this study, which indicates self-consistency of the data with the model. Results of this study show that the worker's 239 Pu intake was 12 Bq, with a committed effective dose to the whole-body of 1.2 mSv and a committed equivalent dose to the bone surfaces, liver, and lungs of 37.8, 9.1, and 0.8 mSv, respectively. This study also discusses the worker's dose reduction due to chelation treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12237124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Effects of Filtration and Ventilation on Worker Inhalation Dose from Aerosols Produced during Nuclear Decommissioning Processes.","authors":"Nicholas Somer, Glenn Harvel, Ed Waller","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001967","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>During the decommissioning of nuclear power plants, radioactive contaminants may be released into the work environment in the form of aerosols, which can expose workers through inhalation, ingestion, and submersion pathways. During dismantlement work, aerosol concentrations may increase due to release from materials. Typical engineering controls to reduce concentrations include air exchange as well as air filtration, which captures aerosols at their source. This work presents a model of radioactive aerosol concentration to estimate the reduction of (a) effluent aerosol concentration into the environment and (b) worker committed effective dose. Controlling the aerosol concentration mitigates the dose that the workers receive. Given that there exists a variety of filtration methods of varying efficiencies and throughputs, a method of estimating dose reduction for a variety of work scenarios is desirable. This work models the time-evolution of radionuclide aerosol concentration as a function of dismantlement work parameters such as work time, aerosol source rate, air exchange, and air filtration. The committed effective dose to a worker as well as the environmental radionuclide aerosol emissions are estimated over a typical 10-h work shift.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"103-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTDOSKIT: An R-Code for Calculation of Dose Coefficients and Studying Their Uncertainties.","authors":"Bastian Breustedt, Niranjan Chavan, Thomas Makumbi","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001833","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>An R-code, which allows the calculation of the time dependent activity distribution based on ICRP reference models, the number of decays in a commitment period, and the dose coefficients for tissues and organs of the human body, has been developed. R Language was chosen due to its powerful mathematical and statistical modeling features, as well as its graphical capabilities. The developed set of functions and constants (called \"INTDOSKIT\") can be sourced in R-scripts that define or import the models and calculations to be performed. The code has been tested on models of several radionuclides and was successfully validated against reference data taken from ICRP OIR Data Viewer software. Furthermore, the code has been tested and verified on the modeling of the radioactivity of decay chains using data of the 233 Ra model presented by Höllriegl and colleagues. The results of calculations with INTDOSKIT demonstrated that the code is able to reproduce the ICRP bioassay data and dose coefficients. Deviations are a few percent only and are due mainly to rounding in the original data. Lastly, the code is able to handle uncertainty and sensitivity studies as demonstrated by the results in a pilot study of injection of 241 Am, which estimated geometric standard deviations (GSD) for dose coefficients ranging between 1.25 (bone-surface) and 1.66 (testes); these results are consistent with those obtained from similar studies done by other researchers who reported GSD values ranging from 1.13 to 1.73.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"50-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142285890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of International Atomic Energy Agency General Safety Requirements Part 7 against the Lessons Learned from the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon.","authors":"Lauren Bergman, Edward Waller","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001982","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001982","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>A necessary component of any emergency program is the review of existing preparedness and response arrangements against exercises and real-world emergencies to identify improvements. In this paper, such a review has been conducted on the 26 Requirements in the International Atomic Energy Agency General Safety Requirements Part 7 Standard for nuclear emergency preparedness and response programs by comparing it to the recommendations and lessons learned from the Arlington County, After-Action Report on the Response to the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon. The results of the comparison indicate which Requirements and specific paragraphs within the Requirements are the most frequently inferred. From this, the relative importance of the Requirements can be determined and areas for improvement identified. This analysis has highlighted the high importance of the six Requirements on Infrastructure in ensuring a successful response. In some cases, budgetary constraints related to the preparedness for an unlikely event may limit the ability of response organizations to fully realize these Requirements; however, without having these fundamental infrastructure components in place, the other Requirements, particularly the Functional Requirements, will be difficult to achieve. This analysis also highlighted areas where Requirements could benefit from elaboration, specifically the need for mental health support for response workers and the application of an established and agreed upon command structure. Given that the Requirements were published nearly 10 y ago, the findings described in this paper could be used to improve it as part of a routine revision cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"114-129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12237093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum Detectable Intakes and Doses for Uranium Bioassays-Comparison between Alpha Spectrometry and ICP-MS.","authors":"B Rosenberg, A Johnson, C G Potter, C L Antonio","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001854","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Naturally occurring uranium complicates monitoring for occupational exposures. There are several retroactive methods that can be used to monitor for occupational exposures, with benefits and drawbacks to each. Analysis of uranium in urine by mass spectrometry and alpha spectrometry is compared, and methods of determining an occupational exposure are presented. The minimum detectable concentrations from each analysis and a method for intake determination based on the analytical results are compared for various solubility types and mixtures. Mass spectrometry with radiochemical separation was found to be the most sensitive analysis for detecting occupational exposures to anthropogenic mixtures based on minimum detectable doses calculated from the proposed method for intake determination.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Likelihood Functions for Bioassay Measurements for Development, Selection, and Calibration of Biokinetic Models.","authors":"John Klumpp, Deepesh Poudel","doi":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001956","DOIUrl":"10.1097/HP.0000000000001956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Internal dosimetrists are concerned with the development, selection, and calibration of biokinetic models to calculate radiation doses from incorporated radionuclides. This is accomplished using measurements of radionuclides in organs, tissues, and excreta, i.e., bioassay measurements. Each bioassay measurement has a corresponding likelihood function, which represents the relative likelihood of different biokinetic model parameters resulting in the measurement value. In order for a bioassay measurement to be interpreted properly, the correct likelihood function must be determined. Failing to use the correct likelihood function for each bioassay measurement results in improperly weighting certain measurements over other measurements, which in turn leads to incorrect dose estimates. This paper describes the correct likelihood functions to use for a wide variety of bioassay measurements, as well as a description of how to use them. These likelihood functions represent the vast majority of those likely to be needed for interpreting bioassay measurements. Therefore, this paper may serve as a tool kit that can be used by academic and occupational internal dosimetrists.</p>","PeriodicalId":12976,"journal":{"name":"Health physics","volume":" ","pages":"81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}