History: facts and symbols最新文献

{"title":"«Evil for evil to die»: punishments of the ancient russian bishops (experience of a church judge of the XI - beginning of the XIV centuries)","authors":"P. Gaidenko","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-17-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-17-35","url":null,"abstract":"   With all the attention of Russian historiography to the life of ancient Russian bishops, the problem of punishing bishops did not often attract the attention of researchers. If there was any interest in the noted topic, it was mainly within the framework of individual plots. However, a comprehensive consideration of the problem of punishment of ancient Russian bishops of the XI - the first quarter of the XIV was not carried out. Meanwhile, an analysis of the sources allows us to conclude that, for all the height of their ministry, the ancient Russian bishops not only regularly found themselves in the face of various courts, but were also subjected to various punishments, both ecclesiastical and those that took place in the practice of Byzantium and Russia. Within the framework of the presented article, an attempt was made to systematize the various punishments applied to bishops in the 11th - first quarter of the 14th centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite their high status, the ancient Russian bishops were regularly subjected to various punishments. These punishments were not always fair. However, we can confidently say that the legal culture within the church was explained by the strong influence of Byzantine legal traditions. From a canonical point of view, punishments were far from always justified. But even in this case, the Old Russian scribes perceived them as corresponding to the realities of Old Russian reality and even fair.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121265262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strange neophites of islam: the transition of christians to islam in Russian Turkestan","authors":"P. V. Litvinenko","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-36-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-36-51","url":null,"abstract":"   The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that Russia was and remains a multinational and multi-confessional country, transitions from one religion to another are not too rare today, therefore it seems important to consider the reasons and motives that prompted people to change their faith. The article deals with the problem of Christians' conversion to Islam in general and in Russian Turkestan in particular. The study describes the characteristics of Islam-Christian relations in Russian Turkestan in the last third of the XIX – early XX century. Based on archival sources, the author gives examples of the religious change of Russian people in favor of Islam, reveals the reasons, writes about the attitude of the Turkestan administration, the Holy Synod and the diocesan authorities to them. The author notes that interreligious relations in tsarist Russia were generally tolerant, but unequal. The Russian Orthodox Church was considered the dominant denomination in the country. The State has firmly and consistently protected her interests in a legal manner. Therefore, the conversions of Orthodox Christians to Islam were extremely rare and secret, since renegades and their seducers were subject to punishment. However, the situation changed after the adoption of liberal religious legislation in the early XX century. Despite the prohibitions of Orthodox Christians to convert to Islam, the lack of punitive punishment for this prompted some to change their faith. Over time, the number of renegades from Orthodoxy who converted to Islam began to amount to many dozens in the region. Coupled with transitions to other confessions, the number of traitors to Orthodoxy was measured in hundreds. Russian Turkestan's conversions to Islam were a noticeable phenomenon in its socio-political life and they did not contribute to the growth of the prestige of the Russian Orthodox Church among the multinational population of Central Asia.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123389603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"The ranks of the brigadmil are strengthening\": the role of the public in protection of law and order in the 1940-60s.","authors":"A. D. Popova","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-5-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-32-3-5-16","url":null,"abstract":"   The article analyzes the role militia assistance brigades and people’s squads played in the preservation  of  social  order  and  in  anti-crime  campaigns  in  the  1940s-1960s. The author investigates archival materials and militia-issued newspapers. The author maintains that during the investigated period, the authorities did their best to encourage community to main-tain law and order, which was necessitated by staff shortages. The analysis of historical documents enables the author to identify a whole number of tasks performed by militia assistance brigades such as street patrolling, crime prevention, criminal detention. The article shows what propaganda tools were used by Soviet militia officers to involve Soviet community groups in the preservation of law and order. The author focuses on the transformation of people’s squads and their tasks and maintains that militia assistance brigades gradually grew inefficient because of bureaucracy.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123449461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONFLICTS OF THE ADMINISTRATORS OF THE FORTRESS CITIES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA IN THE 17th CENTURY: REASONS, MECHANISMS OF PERMISSION","authors":"V. N. Glazyev","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-69-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-69-77","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of conflicts among representatives of the administration of the fortress cities of the South of Russia in the 17th century. The causes and methods of conflict resolution are of great interest. These reasons demonstrate the specifics of the organization of management of the border region. In the border fortresses of Russia, conflicts arose very often. Governors, musketeer and Cossack heads, siege heads, elders constantly wrote complaints about their colleagues. Most often, the cause for disagreement was disobedience to the governor, insufficient division of functions, attempts by the governor to limit the powers of other officials. The contradictions of the local chiefs were sorted out in the Moscow orders. The central government carried out a search, identified and punished the perpetrators. The decisions taken on behalf of the king strengthened the authority of the supreme power, contributed to the stabilization of the internal situation in the southern outskirts of the state. The supreme arbiter of the local level was the governor, who often clashed with the local head. If the governor himself was a participant in the dispute, then he wrote a complaint to the Discharge with accusations against the other side. If there were no complaints from the other side, then a letter was sent to the city instructing the head to listen to the governor. If the accused party sent a reply explaining their actions, then a special detective was appointed to the city. In conflicts, insufficient delimitation of the powers of officials, subordination to various Moscow orders, and personal ambitions were manifested.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116910185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARCHEOLOGY OF THE LOWER AMUR RIVER: TO THE STUDY OF THE SUKPAI ARTISTIC STYLE AMONG THE PETROGLYPHS OF THE AMUR AND USSURI","authors":"Z. Lapshina","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-47-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-47-55","url":null,"abstract":"Among the hundreds of archaeological sites in the lower reaches of the Amur basin, a special place belongs to the stones and rocks with ancient drawings. The rock art of the Lower Amur region has been studied since the sixties of the nineteenth century. Among the discoverers and researchers are the names of local historians and scientists. Systematic academic scientific research of petroglyphs monuments was carried out only 100 years later, in the sixties of the twentieth century, by Soviet archaeologists. The research source base (topography, description, tracing, scientific interpretation and publication of materials) was prepared by a team of employees of the Far Eastern Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A. P. Okladnikov. Pisanitsa on the Sukpai River in the Ussuri River basin is one of the new sites of rock art in the region, it was discovered in the 1980s by archaeologist V. I. Dyakov, an employee of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article offers the experience of studying the stylistic diversity of the Lower Amur rock art monuments, namely, the drawings of the Sukpai petroglyph, which predetermines its relevance. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that the article highlights the signs of the Sukpai artistic style, the extent of its distribution among the petroglyphs of the region and adjacent territories. To write the work, a wide range of research methods was used, including the method of analyzing scientific literature, the sources were scientific papers on the topic of the study. The result of the research: a) the distinctive features of the style of plots on the rock of the Sukpai River are highlighted; b) similar images were traced on the stones and rocks of the Sikachi-Alyan-Malyshevo site; c) substantiation of the identification of the Sukpai artistic style among the petroglyphs of the Lower Amur; d) the similarity of the drawings of the sukpai style with the plots of the shamanic thematic direction of the rock art monuments of the adjacent territories of Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, the Upper and Middle Amur Region, and Transbaikalia was traced.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130094723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHAT IS THE DISPUT ABOUT? MODERN RESEARCHERS ON THE PROBLEM OF CHRONICLE VORONEZH","authors":"G. Mokshin","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-56-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-56-68","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the problem of the \"annalistic Voronezh\" of the XII-XVI centuries. The word \"Voronezh\" is first mentioned in Russian chronicles under 1177 in connection with the princely feuds in Northeastern Russia. But it is not clear what it meant: the city or the territory adjacent to the river. The author, using the results of the survey conducted among historians, archaeologists and regional ethnographers, tries to determine the reasons for the continuing controversy about the ancient Voronezh, which started in the middle of the 19th century. The questionnaire includes 18 questions, reflecting different interpretations of the word \"Voronezh\" (city, river, region) and related events, the condition of historiography and sources, researchers' opinions on the ways to solve this issue. According to the majority of respondents, the currently available written and archaeological sources do not allow us to assert that the annalistic Voronezh is a city (or settlement) in the territory of the Ryazan princedom. However, this does not prevent them from believing in the possibility of its existence, until proven otherwise. The most original answers are reproduced in the text of the article. The author concludes with a logical conclusion that the study of the annalistic Voronezh cannot be reduced only to the search for an Old Russian castle. This is a broader scientific topic, because in the opinion of many researchers (including those interviewed by the questionnaire author) in fact \"Voronezh\" is a separate geographical area on the border of forest and steppe with its own special history. The development of the topic is associated with its further study. In particular, the need to clarify the chronological and geographical boundaries of the annalistic Voronezh, as an outskirt of the Ryazan Principality, is pointed out. The text of the questionnaire is given in the appendix.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121280462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STUDY OF THE MANAGEMENT APPARATUS OF THE MOSCOW STATE IN THE XXI CENTURY","authors":"N. Rybalko","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-78-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-78-91","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the functioning of the prikaz apparatus in the person of the figures of the central departments – clerks, as well as employees of the administration offices at the local level – began at the end of the 18th century. To date, a fairly large layer of information has been accumulated both on the activities of the prikaz institutions themselves, and on their personal composition. But still a huge number of questions have no answers. At the end of 20th – beginning of the 21st century there has been a qualitative turn in the subject of historical research and in methods. In this regard, an assessment of the trends that have emerged in the past 20 years in the study of clerks as the most important social category of the Moscow state seems relevant. The typological method was used, which helps to recognize the individual characteristics and originality of each study in the general stream of historical thought, and the historical-systemic method, which involves identifying patterns and an integrated approach to the study of works within a specific topic. The article is based on the most significant studies on the history of the administrative office of the Moscow State in the 16th – 17th centuries, carried out from 2000 to 2021. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that the interest in the prikaz system of the Moscow state and its leaders is only growing. Now there is an opportunity to study the genealogy of clerical families, restore social origin and family ties, reconstruct personal and collective biographies, use interdisciplinary approaches from the field of psychology, cultural studies, and informatics. The digitalization of archival documents and the creation of open-type prosopographic databases will significantly speed up the processing and systematization of disparate data.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123861848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTEGRATION OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS INTO THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE 1920-1930s","authors":"I. Sidorchuk","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-19-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-19-28","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the historiographical significance of the period of the first Soviet decades as a time when social and cultural practices were largely formed, which maintain their continuity, despite significant political and social changes in society. The purpose of this research is to analyze the process of integration of physical culture and sport in the Soviet higher education system in the 1920s and 1930s. It was aimed at identifying the main features of this process, including the specifics of the government's policy towards students as a special social group, determining the influence of state ideology on the decisions of the government in physical education and sports, and the role of physical education in the education of young people. Special historical methods were used in the preparation of the research: chronological, retrospective, com-parative-historical, narrative, historical-genetic, and typological. In accordance with the general principles of the methodology of historical sources studies, a systematization and selection of sources was carried out for the reconstruction of various aspects of the topic. It was important to turn to the methods of the methodology of new social history, in particular, historical anthropology, which made it possible to analyze social practices and everyday life, to conduct a multifaceted analysis of the phenomenon of mass sports. Physical culture was an integral part of the process of acculturation of the population, actively carried out by the Bolshevik government, and was intended to serve such goals as the spread of a healthy lifestyle, the militarization of society, gender equality, and the fight against “bourgeois remnants”. Physical culture was to become a truly mass daily practice for Soviet students, which required the establishment of a comprehensive propaganda work. At the same time, its full development was hindered by the lack of centralized management and insufficient funding. The turning point was in 1929, when the Council of people's Commissars issued a decree on mandatory teaching of physical culture in all universities and higher education institutions of the country. However, its implementation met with a lot of difficulties: the lack of sports facilities, organizational confusion, and lack of necessary human and financial resources. A qualitative leap in the solution of this issue, both in organizational and economic terms, was in the second half of the 1930s.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133430932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROBLEMS OF WORKING YOUTH IN MOSCOW REGION SOCIETY IN THE POST-WAR YEARS","authors":"V. Gorlov, S. Artemov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-7-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-7-18","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the influence of workers' dormitories on Soviet youth, to show Soviet dormitories of working youth as a characteristic legacy of the Soviet era, as a dwelling through which the process of managing young workers was carried out. On the basis of the conducted re-search, the contradiction between the housing needs of Soviet citizens and the extremely difficult housing conditions of young workers in the post-war years is shown, the relationship of production processes with the solution of workers' housing issues is shown. The problems of the social policy of the Soviet state, its influence on the lifestyle of Soviet citizens, which is important for understanding the social relations of modern society, are considered. The non-permanent form of housing for young workers was implemented in such a peculiar type of Soviet housing as a dormitory. Quite a large part of young people lived in Soviet dormitories, unable to have their own living space. They were in an environment that was not able to provide them with a full rest and home comfort. The article deals with the problems of collectivist forms of education of young workers, which have a great impact on the lifestyle of Soviet citizens, which is important for understanding the social relations of modern society. The purpose of the study is to show the dormitories of working youth as a socio-cultural phenomenon, an institution of collectivity, through which the process of managing young workers was carried out. Dormitories for working youth have become a characteristic legacy of Soviet housing construction. In the work based on the principles of objectivity and consistency, comparative-historical and concrete-historical methods are used. The study was carried out on the basis of a problem-historical analysis taking into account the social conditions of that time.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126035236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LIFE IN THE USSR IN THE EYES OF AFRICAN STUDENTS (1960s – 1980s)","authors":"E. Martynova, J. Yapi","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-38-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-38-45","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the question of the education and life of African students in the USSR remains little studied in historiography. The work is based on the information of a survey conducted by the author among former African students who studied in the USSR during the 1960s – 1980s. During the period of decolonization on the African continent, Western and African media spread one-sided negative information about the Soviet Union, including the ill-treatment of some Africans who were representatives of the first wave of students studying in the USSR. Nevertheless, the flow of those wishing to receive a Soviet education was growing. After living in the USSR for several years, African students got acquainted with life in the Soviet country. Comparing the memories of representatives of different generations about the Soviet way of life, suggests that their view from the outside allowed them to notice the peculiarities of Soviet life and everyday life. Goodwill of teachers, communication with Soviet students contributed to the fact that Africans formed their own ideas about the USSR, different from the imposed media. Despite the strong ideological component of the Soviet education system, African students were not interested in deeply assimilation the theoretical foundations of Marxist-Leninist socialism. However, our respondents admitted that they liked the Soviet socialist system, which, unfortunately, was not realizable in Africa. As a result, their student life spent in the Soviet Union remained one of the most vivid memories in their lives.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127158603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}