History: facts and symbols最新文献

{"title":"The future of economic relations Russia and Bulgaria in the beginning of the XX century: the view of russian diplomats","authors":"I. V. Kryuchkov, A. A. Kudryavtsev","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-135-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-135-142","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of relations between Bulgaria and Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The two states were interested in joint trade and economic development. This issue received a lot of attention in Russian periodicals. The press pointed out great benefits from the economic relations of the two states. Bulgaria at this time was a country with a rapidly developing economy. This state aroused the interest of many European powers. Diplomatic missions occupied the main place in assessing the possibilities of Russian penetration into Bulgaria. Materials and methods. The sources of the article are related to diplomatic materials from the beginning of the 20th century: reports of secretaries of the diplomatic agency in Sofia, reports of the vice-consul in Bulgaria, diaries and memoirs. The main focus is on assessing trading opportunities. When analyzing sources, the author used traditional methods of objectivity and a critical approach, taking into account the subjective nature of these materials. Results. Diplomats believed that Russian commercial and industrial circles, given the rapid development of the domestic market, showed little interest in Bulgaria. Russian entrepreneurs did not have a clear idea of the needs of the Bulgarian consumer, of the Bulgarian companies with which they could conduct trade operations, or of their creditworthiness. Unlike representatives of other countries, especially Austria-Hungary, Russian business made no efforts to develop trade with the Bulgarians. Russian entrepreneurs did not have their own traveling salesmen who traveled around Bulgaria studying the demand of the local population. Interest in Bulgaria was weak because Russian business was associated with domestic economic development. All this had a very negative impact on the development of bilateral trade. Conclusion. In the current conditions, it was not Russia, but Austria-Hungary that played the main role in the development of the Bulgarian economy. This also determined the political sympathies of the Bulgarian authorities. St. Petersburg understood this problem. However, political complications on the peninsula and the outbreak of the First World War did not allow this creative work to be completed, which could have led to a significant increase in the volume of economic relations between Russia and Bulgaria.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140235393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the book by L. M. Lyashenko ―Two Brothers on the Russian Throne‖ (Moscow: Veche, 2023. 496 pp.)","authors":"A. N. Dolgikh","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-143-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-143-147","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140235593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the question of the role of Grand Prince Alexander Mikhailovich in the emergence of the domestic air force","authors":"A. M. Ipatov, A. Merkulov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-102-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-102-108","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the contribution of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich to the birth of the Russian Air Force. The authors emphasize that despite the concealment or minimization of the role of this outstanding statesman in Soviet historiography, he was able to achieve the most important task for the defense capability of the Russian Empire – the creation of his own aviation and the system of training aviation specialists, thanks to his personal abilities and perseverance. The relevance of the published materials is determined both in general to the history of the emergence and the first years of the development of domestic aviation, and to the imperial house of the Romanovs, in particular. Materials and methods. Thanks to the analysis of special scientific literature, as well as periodicals of the early 20th century, it was possible to conclude that Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich made a great personal contribution to the development of Russian military aviation. This was facilitated by the use of the historical-genetic method, which allows us to consider the early stage of the history of the Air Force of our country. Results. Like most other representatives of the Romanov dynasty who did not occupy the throne, Alexander Mikhailovich devoted his life to serving for the good of the Fatherland. His military education and love of the sea attracted the young Grand Duke to serve in the Navy. Intellectual and creative abilities allowed him to make a number of discoveries, as well as leave behind several scientific studies in the field of navigation and shipping. However, the Grand Duke made a genuine contribution at the state level to the birth of military aviation, being carried away abroad by a new type of transport. Having correctly realized the role of the Air Force in protecting state borders, for a number of years, through his multifaceted activities, he led the country to create its own Military Air Fleet. Conclusion. To date, there is no doubt about the significant contribution of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich to the birth of the Russian Air Force, which was recognized, including officially, at the state level in 2012.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"99 S6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peasant population of the Upper and Middle Don region according to census books of 1646 and 1678","authors":"A. S. Palchikova","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-79-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-79-88","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the peasant population of the Upper and Middle Podonia in the 17th century. For the first time an attempt is made to make an extensive comparative analysis of the dynamics and number of peasants in the second half of the 17th century in such southern Russian counties as Voronezh and Yelets. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study is based on the fundamental principles of historical cognition, used in the national historical science in the study of socio-economic processes of society and its structural components: historicism, objectivity and systematicity. To consider the issues related to the peasant population of the south of Russia in the 17th century and its number, we use general scientific, special-historical and interdisciplinary methods, such as descriptive-narrative, historical-genetic (historical), problem-chronological, comparative-historical, statistical methods, modelling. The research was based on the most important mass sources on the history of land ownership and rural population - census books of 1646 and 1678. Results. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the peasant population during the second half of the 17th century remained the main mass of rural inhabitants of the counties under consideration. Their distribution on the territory of Voronezh and Yelets counties was uneven and often depended on the degree of protection of a village or hamlet from Tatar raids. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the number of peasants was continuously growing, they were still catastrophically insufficient for the intensive development of manorial land ownership, which was necessary for the defence of the district from attacks of nomadic ethnic groups and economic support of the fortress city. This situation inevitably led in the second half of the 17th century to the growth of the single-tenant economy.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"51 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social portrait of front-line soldiers of the First World War: information opportunities","authors":"D. Safonov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-117-134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-117-134","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Soviet historiography has traditionally seen the front-line soldiers as supporters of the Bolshevik Party, active participants in the establishment of Soviet power in the localities. This approach was convincingly supported by evidence from the memoirs of participants in the events. There are almost no special memories of the World War - participation in it was not a matter of pride; mainly about staying at the front was reported in connection with subsequent revolutionary events. Modern historiography considers front-line soldiers more variably, but essentially uses the same source base. Since millions have returned from the front, and thousands have left memoirs, the conclusions drawn from these sources are quite vulnerable, especially if researchers insist on their universality. Many judgments are about the unwillingness of soldiers to fight, the desire to get land at home, etc. - made not on the basis of source facts, but logical reasoning. Materials and methods. This article attempts to analyze the sources of personal origin of the frontline soldiers of one region - the Orenburg province. A complete collection of memoirs, autobiographies, etc., is reflected in the catalog published in 2021 and includes materials from the archives of the Orenburg region (state archives, museum archives) and archives of adjacent territories (Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) - a total of 167 authors, as well as autobiographies from the personal files of the personnel department of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU - 240 texts. In total, these documents can be considered as a natural sample, which made it possible to create a social portrait of front-line soldiers in the southeast of the European part of the country with fixation of variants of certain aspects. The data obtained in some cases do not agree with the generally accepted judgments of the all-Russian scale. Results. The process of returning from the fronts dragged on until 1919. The thesis accepted in historiography that the peasant soldiers were in a hurry to get home in order to have time to receive land under the decree on land, does not find any support in the sources. The thesis about the mass revolutionary moods of the front-line soldiers and their readiness and desire to fight for the new government does not find support either. The vast majority of those who returned from the war sought to arrange a normal peaceful life. Those who could not find work immediately left for the Red Guard (and later the Red Army) as volunteers - service in the Red Guard was an alternative source of livelihood. Conclusion. A significant number of peasants got back to farming on land, and were drawn into the confrontation of the civil war only through the mobilization of 1919.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manuscript of Prince Semen Shakhovsky from the collection of the Russian State Library: content analysis","authors":"S. A. Volkov, N. A. Tropin","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-71-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-71-78","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is a brief substantive analysis of the handwritten collection of works by Prince Semen Shakhovskoy. The collection consists of several dozen works of various genres, including historical, hymnographic, religious and philosophical, etc. The relevance of text analysis lies in obtaining a more complete understanding of the development of events of the period under study to which the manuscript belongs, including the Time of Troubles, through the restoration of biography and eyewitness testimony. Materials and methods. The main source of the work was a manuscript dating from 1652 from the collections of the Russian State Library, as well as its alleged copy (F. 173.1 No. 213 and No. 214). When writing the article, the following methods were used: the biographical method gave a clearer understanding of the life path and personality characteristics of Shakhovskoy; the paleographic method allowed to determine the distinctive features of the manuscript itself; the descriptive method allowed to reveal its content and classify the presented works. This classification is proposed for the first time. Results. The author managed to identify 5 types of texts in the collection: prayer, theological, hymnographic, historical and epistolary (epistles). An indication is also made of the preservation of authorship and the formation of a corpus of works for the memory of subsequent generations. This tradition, in many ways, was laid down by Maxim the Greek, references to whose works are in the Shakhovsky manuscript. Conclusion. Prince and voivode Shakhovskoy devoted his whole life to public service, but he gained the main fame thanks to the works that became historical and literary property. The collection under study does not contain all the works of Shakhovskoy known to researchers, but probably those that were of the greatest value to the author.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"67 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System of social support for unprotected and poor people in the Kaluga province, 1860s – 1914: regional features, promising directions and source base of research","authors":"M. O. Tarasov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-36-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-36-46","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article discusses the approaches of the state and society to the organization of mechanisms of social support of the population from the 60s of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century, used in the Kaluga province. The relevance of the study is determined by the significance of finding effective mechanisms of social support for vulnerable segments of the population with a view to their possible application in current realities. Materials and methods. The article raises the issue of identifying and expanding the source base for conducting research. In this study, various types of sources are considered to ensure the possibility of an objective approach to understanding the operation of existing support mechanisms for those in need. Comparative-historical, statistical and other methods of scientific research were used in the work. Results. The main types of sources that allow an objective assessment of the state of the social sphere in the Kaluga province, one of the typical provinces of Central Russia, are identified. The general situation of the said province in the sphere of social support is considered. The main approaches to solving a number of social problems have been studied. In his research, the author comes to the conclusion that the post–reform period became a key one in the history of solving issues of social assistance - public charity in the Russian Empire, when part of the responsibilities for supervision in the social sphere were transferred to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Russian Empire themselves by partially transferring the mechanisms for providing support to the zemstvos and benefactors in need. It is established that in the Kaluga province, a significant part of the work on creating conditions for solving the social issue has been transferred to the management of private capital. Special attention is paid by the author to the regional peculiarities of solving the issue of social support for vulnerable segments of the population in the Kaluga province. The most promising direction in the comprehensive study of the system of social support for vulnerable segments of the population in the Kaluga province is outlined.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"104 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the town of Novosil and the wrath of the tsar","authors":"A. Mayorov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-47-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-47-55","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The events of the second half of the XVI century, which unfolded around the town of Novosil, have a close connection with both the domestic and foreign policy situation that was relevant at that time. They were also connected with a number of not quite obvious aspects of the financial, administrative, status position of Prince Michael Vorotynsky. Tsar John Vasilyevich perceived him negatively, feared him as a potential \"troublemaker\", despite the obvious loyalty of the prince. This had a significant impact on the fate of this outstanding Russian politician and military commander and, as it seems, was closely connected with the fate of the family heritage of the Novosilsk lords. Materials and methods. The texts of the wills of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich and Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the messages to the prince and the tsar's reply messages on behalf of the prince to the leaders of Poland and Lithuania, information from Russian chronicles, data on the formation of military contingents, information of a historical and linguistic nature and the results of research on the era in question were used as source materials for the study. In this work, comparative-historical and system-analytical methods were used using an interdisciplinary approach. Results. The transfer of family lands into the possession of Michael Vorotynsky, issued as a \"land exchange\" with the sovereign, combined with the confiscation of property and the need to restore fortifications, as well as maintaining their combat readiness in the conditions of Crimean Tatar activity and the Livonian War, led to the actual ruin of the prince. The analysis of the published epistolary heritage of the epoch makes it possible to identify flaws in the generally accepted translation of the \"correspondence of Ivan the Terrible\" and to evaluate the semantic shades conveyed in it closely related to the city of Novosil in a slightly different way. Conclusions. The transfer, restoration and maintenance of the fortress of Novosilsk and a number of other fortifications at nonstate expense, the strengthening of the defense capability of the southern borders and the subsequent foreign policy epistolary registration of the status associated with them were part of a long intrigue against Prince Michael Vorotynsky, the author of which could be the Tsar of Russia Ivan Vasilyevich.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"108 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of the judicial complaint initiative of one-courtyard people on the punishment of officials of the Central Chernozem region from the beginning of the XVIII-th to the middle of the XIX-th century","authors":"K. B. Kudlanov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-89-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-89-101","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This article explores establishing the impact of complaints and lawsuits of one-courtyard people on the punishment of individual representatives of the bureaucratic apparatus of the Central Chernozem region from the beginning of the XVIII century to the middle of the XIX century. The objectives of the article consist of studying various methods of overcoming the vacuum of regional abuses and the punishment of impious officials that followed them, as well as identifying the improvement of the system using the example of landed justice between the XVIII-th and XIX-th centuries. Materials and methods. In the process of working on the study were used analytical-synthetic and comparative-historical methods, as well as retrospective and historiographical analyzes. Results. In the study, the author shows the attempts of smallholders to overcome the vacuum of bureaucratic abuses in the regions. Moreover, both unsuccessful and cases with a favorable outcome are covered. At the same time, the article provides examples of appeals by the descendants of service military people about their land disputes to various levels of government, including the governor, ministries, the Senate, and even the emperor. Then the researcher shows many cases of punishment of officials for their abuses, which are classified according to the severity of the penalties. Finally, the author presents several areas of judiciary and administration of one-courtyard people, which have clearly undergone improvement over time. Conclusion. In the course of working on the article, the researcher concludes that the smallholders often won disputes over the land with landowners and officials, especially after the establishment of the Ministry of State Property. Complaints of the descendants of military service people also often reached their addressees. The consequence of the latest processes was that the punishments of the upcoming «cases» were constantly monitored, and affected almost all levels of government controlled. In this regard, it is impossible to state the complete impunity of the bureaucracy. On the whole, over time, the list of methods for maintaining the vacuum of bureaucratic abuses gradually decreased. However, at the same time with this process, there was an improvement and the invention of new methods of bureaucratic abuses","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"95 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«Discusses about definitions»: Vladimir Monomakh’s campaign of 1111 against the Cumans in the chronicle – «Russian crusade» or an appeal to the old testament history?","authors":"E. D. Podvalnov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-56-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-56-70","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to a number of historiographical and terminological plots related to the steppe campaign of the Russian princes in 1111. Vladimir Monomakh's military campaign in journalism, popular science works and even in strictly academic texts is often referred to as nothing less than the «Russian Crusade». The question is how exactly this designation corresponds to historical reality and scientific ideas about it. Materials and methods. A lengthy description of the campaign is read in the message of the Ipatiev Chronicle, which is most often attracted by historians during the reconstruction of the 1111 campaign. The main attention is paid to the his toriographical tradition of naming the campaign under study as the «Russian Crusade». Results. The main conclusion of the work is that in reality, only at first glance, there are features similar to the First Crusade of 1096-1099 in the description of the Ipatiev Chronicle. The author shows that in fact, for a number of reasons, the «crusading» campaign of 1111 cannot be considered. The fact is lost sight of that the chronicle descriptions have much more features similar to the wars known from the Old Testament than with the First Crusade of 1096-1099. Conclusion. The author of the weather record of the Ipatiev Chronicle set a goal through the description of the campaign to show how the will of God is realized through the angels sent by him. A large number of marked and implicit Bible plots are recorded in the text. And at the same time, there is no semantics characteristic of the First Crusade, adapted crusader ideas are not recorded.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}