History: facts and symbols最新文献

{"title":"Activity of Yaroslavl city self-government on the organization of tram traffic in the city at the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century","authors":"Ya. V. Punevsky","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-109-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-109-116","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the activities of the Yaroslavl City Duma and the city council on the construction of a city tram in the late XIX-early XX century, during the most active development of the urban economy of Russian cities. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources: reports of the Yaroslavl City Council and journals of the Yaroslavl City Duma, periodicals, office records and funds of the State Archive of the Yaroslavl region. Chronological, comparative-historical, historical-system methods were used in the work. Results. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram dates back to 1900, although in many provincial cities the tram already existed by that time. The contract for the construction of the Yaroslavl tram was signed with the Belgian society of French-Russian workshops. The importance of the tram for city self-government bodies is evidenced by the existence and active activity of the tram commission under the city government. The members of the commission were engaged in carrying out inspections of the condition of the cars, resolving issues on the implementation of new tram lines, modernization of old ones. Conclusion. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram in 1900 was an important event of city life. Despite the fact that the owners of the tram were Belgian entrepreneurs, the municipal authorities played a significant role in its organization and operation. From the very beginning of the appearance of the tram, the actions of the Belgian society were put under the control of the tram commission of the city council. A significant disadvantage of the Yaroslavl tram during the period under consideration in the work was that private entrepreneurs accumulated profits from its operation, and several initiatives put forward in the city Duma to buy the tram to the city treasury remained unfulfilled.                                                                                                                                   ","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"77 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professional training of teachers for preschool children in the Tambov region (1918-1941)","authors":"I. Matorina","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-8-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-8-25","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In the context of the ongoing modernization of Russian education, during the implementation of national projects ”Demography”, ”Education” with the opening of new educational institutions, there is an acute shortage of not only school, but also preschool teachers. Along with the tasks of ensuring accessibility of preschool education, updating the content and improving the quality of preschool education, the problem of professional training of teaching staff has become urgent. The training of preschool specialists to solve the personnel issue of the region has been carried out in the Tambov region since the inclusion of preschool education in the state public education system. During this time, a great deal of theoretical and practical experience has been accumulated, which is advisable to rethink and use at a new stage in the implementation of this area of state policy in the field of preschool education. Materials and methods. The main sources of the research were materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Tambov Region, published sources and periodicals. Results. A retrospective analysis of the system of professional training of preschool teachers in the Tambov region in the period from 1918 to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War was carried out. The characteristics of various types of educational institutions that train preschool specialists in the Tambov region are given, giving an idea of the formation of a state multi-level system of professional pedagogical training of specialists in preschool education: training in short-term and long-term courses, in pedagogical technical schools, in universities. Attention is focused on the dependence of the duration, forms, methods and content of professional training on changes in the directions of state policy, as well as under the influence of socio-economic conditions of life in the country. Conclusion. It is concluded that in the Tambov region in the period from 1918 to 1941, professional training was carried out, first of all, for practical workers of preschool institutions (kindergarten teachers and workers of children's summer playgrounds) through the organization of course training, as well as in secondary specialized educational institutions (since 1923). The experience of university training was short-lived (1918- 1923) and was associated with the opening and subsequent reorganization of Tambov State University.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"2 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140241445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raskazovsky fishing cooperative partnership of artistic knitters - a successful experience in the implementation of soviet cooperative policy","authors":"G. S. Makhrachev, Ya. N. Makhracheva","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-26-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2024-38-1-26-35","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article deals with the specifics of formation and development of the trade cooperative society of knitting craftsmen in Rasskazovo. This association can be characterised as the most effective product of the Soviet policy of cooperating craftsmen on the territory of Tambov province. It is also remarkable that it was made up exclusively by women. The time frame of the study covers the period of war communism and the NEP. It was a time when the country was in deep economic crisis and most of the demands of the state and society could only be met by artisans. Materials and Methods. The authors of the article provide a brief historiographical review of the problem considered in the paper. It is important to note that in the Soviet period it was not systematically considered by scientists. Its relevance appeared only with the transition to a market system . In addition, the article characterises the sources used, including both archival documents and published materials. Results. As a result of the analysis of the sources it was possible to establish that the knitting trade on the territory of the Tambov district was widespread in the prerevolutionary period, which was a prerequisite for further co-operative development. At the first stages of its existence, the industrial co-operative society of knitting craftsmen in Rasskazovo faced the problem of lack of raw materials and financing, which limited the possibilities of expansion. However, already in 1919 the cooperation concentrated on work with the military department, which allowed to gradually expand production. This concept of work was maintained during the NEP years, although there were cases of selling products on the markets, including Moscow and Kharkov. The management of the cooperation constantly tended to modernise. And while in 1920 it was possible to electrify the workshop, the idea of mechanisation of production proposed by the management in 1925 was not implemented. Conclusion. Such research allows us to give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the Soviet policy in the field of crafts industry.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"28 112","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The image of the Crimean Tatars in Jewish chronicles of the Khmelnytsky period","authors":"M. E. Shalak","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-91-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-91-107","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The purpose of the article is a detailed analysis of the assessments contained in the Jewish historical chronicles of the Khmelnytsky uprising period and related to the characteristics of the Crimean Tatars who took an active part in the uprising of B.M. Khmelnitsky. Based on these assessments, we can reconstruct the image of the Muslim Tatars that developed in the historical consciousness of the Jewish late medieval society under the influence of the experienced catastrophe. Methods. Since the peculiarity of this study is the exceptional attention to the text of the source, methods based on text analysis and methods based on contextual analysis of speech and semantic constructions used by Jewish publicists and comparing them with the facts of biographies and historical events that could possibly affect the texts of chronicles were widely used. To solve the tasks set in the work, such concrete historical methods as historical-comparative and historicaltypological were also used. Results. On the basis of the work done, it can be concluded that for Jewish authors – creators of historical chronicles of the period of the «Khmelnichiny», the Muslim Tatars act, though evil, but much less than the evil that the Orthodox Ukrainians carried to the Jewish population. In the image of the Crimean Tatars, to some extent, one can even find positive assessments showing pity and concern for those Jews who surrendered to them. The same cannot be said about the image of the Orthodox population that has developed in Jewish chronicles under the impression of the horrors of the People's Liberation war in Ukraine in the middle of the XVII century. Conclusion. The Crimean Tatars who took part in the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky were perceived by Jews as enemies, but with a certain shade of respect, which we absolutely will not find in the current image of the Orthodox population of Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"109 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Several sentences on canonical-legal foundations of monastery creation in premongolian Russia","authors":"P. Gaidenko","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-55-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-55-73","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This study focuses on the formation of ancient Russian monasticism in the 11th-13th centuries. The main emphasis of the article is on the recognition of foreign communities as fullyfledged monasteries by episcopal cathedrals, as well as on the administrative-canonical rights of ancient Russian bishops. The author is interested in how the relationship between the episcopate and monasteries developed and changed. Methods. The analysis of the information on the establishment of the first Russian monasteries allows for some preliminary judgments not only in the field of the history of relations between the episcopate and monastic communities, but also regarding the development of canonical concepts within the church organization, revealing the peculiarities of these processes in different lands. Materials and methods. The main sources for this work were published and well-known sources on the early history of the Russian Church: ancient Russian chronicles, a collection of texts related to the history of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, 25 graffiti, as well as sources on the early history of the Antonius Romanin Monastery. Results. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, the process of recognizing monastic settlements and institutions by episcopal cathedrals was complex and reflected the extremely difficult canonical and administrative situation in Russia. If in the initial stage, in the first century after the events of the Baptism, there was maximum freedom, expressed in the fact that the majority of monastic settlements were founded solely at the desire of the monks or at the will of the princes, then over time there is a tendency to expand the rights of the hierarchs in the control of monastic life. Conclusion. The first successful experience of full influence of the hierarchs on monastic life for the cathedrals is observed in the time of Prince Vsevolod and Metropolitan John the Baptist. However, the participation of bishops in the foundation of monasteries and the consecration of monastery churches became the norm only from the end of the 12th century. An exception to this series was Novgorod, where monastic life was brought under the control of the bishops already in the early 12th century. Secondly, it is obvious that in the initial stage of the Christianization of Russia, most monasteries were established without recognition from the episcopate. They simply did not need it. The only authority to which such settlements resorted was the princely authority.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"102 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Penitentiary institutions of town of Morshansk at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries","authors":"N. A. Kozhukhov","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-119-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-119-129","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The relevance of this article is due to the study of the penitentiary system of Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries using the example of the county town of Morshansk, Tambov province. The chronological framework covers the period of Tsarist Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, as well as the period of the Civil War until its end. Based on the materials presented in the work, a comparative analysis is given, the result of the effectiveness of the state policy in the penitentiary sector using the example of a county town. By the end of the 19th century, imprisonment became the main type of punishment for criminals as a result of the modernization processes of the second half of the 19th century. The problems that persisted throughout the long period of formation of the prison system, namely the lack of funds for the improvement of prison institutions, constant overcrowding due to the increase in the number of crimes, were most clearly reflected in the district towns, therefore it would be fair to study the effectiveness of the policy of Tsarist Russia in this area using the example of district towns. After the revolutionary events of 1917, the penitentiary system experienced new changes in connection with the policies of the new government. The new places of detention that emerged on the ruins of old ones presented new problems in the penitentiary sphere during the Civil War. Specifying the Tambov province of this period, it is worth mentioning the peasant uprising of 1920-1921, during the suppression of which the concentration camp system was used. The new places of detention that have appeared in Morshansk are of substantive interest in the framework of the study of penitentiary policy in early Soviet Russia. Materials and methods. This study was based on archival documents of the State Archive of the Tambov Region, the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Tambov Region, published documents on the Morshansky Zemstvo and materials reviews of the Tambov province. Thanks to the historical-systemic approach, the penitentiary systems of the ―two Russias‖ were analyzed. The statistical method showed the number of prisoners in Morshansk prisons for the specified period. Results. Based on the analysis of archival sources, a comparative analysis of the penitentiary models of Tsarist Russia and Russia of the period 1917-1922 was carried out using the example of the district town of Morshansk. The situation of the Morshansk prisons before 1917 confirmed the general conclusions about the penitentiary policy of Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries with the problems of financing, conditions of serving sentences, and labor organization. The established concentration camp system during the Civil War in the Tambov province acted as a punitive measure during the suppression of the Tambov uprising, rather than as an evolutionary stage in the establishment of the p","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"307 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mysteries of the ―small town‖: from the history of the graphic reconstruction of the Voronezh fortress in 1670","authors":"G. N. Mokshin","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-74-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-74-90","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The Voronezh fortress of 1670 is one of the largest outposts on the southeastern edge of the Russian state. However, the exact location and configuration of the walls and towers of this fortress are still unknown, which serves as a serious obstacle when making its plans. This article is devoted to the problem of graphic reconstruction of the most mysterious part of the Voronezh fortress - the so-called \"small town\" (detinets), which can serve as a key to reconstructing its external appearance and internal structure. Materials and methods. The absence of a description of the walls of a small town in the Built Book of 1670, as well as the loss of the former landscape, make graphic reconstruction the main means of studying the question of its exact location. The article analyzes four small town plans developed by researchers G. A. Karimov, V. A. Mitin, P. A. Popov and A. I. Dedov in 1977-2011. Results. Based on the descriptions of the Voronezh fortress of the second half of the 17th century, the main \"riddles\" of the small town are determined (the exact position of its three towers, the total length of the walls and the location of two hiding places); the main variants of its graphic reconstruction are considered (their sources, distinctive features and the degree of compliance with the available descriptions); a comparative analysis of the plans of the small town is carried out for the most reasonable solution of the riddles listed below. Conclusion. At the moment there are two main options for localization of the small town of the Voronezh fortress of 1670: at the beginning of the ravine along Voroshilova Street and between this ravine and Sevastyanovsky congress. Of these, the plan of the Voronezh fortress by V. A. Mitin should be recognized as the most promising for further development. At the same time, the configuration of the small town proposed by the researcher (in the form of a figure eight) needs to be finalized, because the fact of its expansion during the last rebuilding of the fortress in 1670 is not proved.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soviet diplomat and foreign correspondents in the USSR during war: through the pages of an Palgunov’s office diary (1941-1942)","authors":"V. Nevezhin","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-130-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-130-143","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This study is concerned with a problem of current interest, namely, the everyday political life of workers at the USSR Peoples’ Commissariat of Foreign Affairs during the Great Patriotic War. The novelty of the present study lies in the fact that the problem has been little investigated, while several documents are thereby introduced into general use for the first time. Materials and methods. The sources were the document complex in the Archive of Foreign Politics of the Russian Federation. The methodology is based on general scholar, special historical and source studies methods. Results. One of the components in the everyday political life of the Soviet diplomat Palgunov, who headed the Press Department in the Peoples’ Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, consisted of contacts with foreign correspondents who represented the mass media of the Allies, namely, Great Britain and the US. The correspondents were eager for getting the information concerning the war effort of the Soviet Union and the contributions into the defense of the country on the part of its citizens in the rear. However, this was hindered by the presence of strict political censorship in the USSR. The situation was aggravated by acute competition between British and American correspondents. Given these conditions, Palgunov acted as a kind of referee who was called upon to aid, both in obtaining information on the situation on the front and for help in the needs of their everyday life. Conclusions. The present author used the unpublished job diary of Palgunov for 1941–1942 to get a more accurate list of the British and American correspondents who were accredited in the USSR during that period of time. When combined with Palgunov’s memoirs, this source was used to present a true picture of how the Press Department was interacting with foreign correspondents. This author emphasized subjects such as the peculiarities in the activity of foreign correspondents in Moscow and Kuibyshev and in questions relating to the organization of their trips to the front zone. It has been found why they blamed Palgunov for bureaucracy and incompetence.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The main directions of the fight against schismatic movements in the second half of the 19th century in the Russian Empire at the state and church levels","authors":"O. V. Klevtsova","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-108-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-108-118","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In the modern world, there are different directions of faiths. Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are the main religions, but there are separate groups of people who, under the influence of odious leaders, form independent currents that differ from traditional faiths. One of the oldest sects – Jehovah's Witnesses today includes from 8 to 9 million people. Efforts are being made at the State level to preserve the unity of the Russian Orthodox Church and strengthen the basic spiritual values. With the adoption of the decree of November 9, 2022 \"On the approval of the Foundations of State Policy for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values\", the main moral guidelines underlying the all-Russian civic identity were fixed at the legislative level. In this regard, the problem of studying the history of the emergence of sectarian and schismatic movements, analyzing the degree of harmful influence on the development of society, the state and the position of the Church remains relevant. This article is devoted to the analysis of state and Church policy in relation to sectarian and heretical movements in Russia. The author studies legislative policy, church literature, analyzes the results of research by pre-revolutionary authors on this issue. Materials and methods. The main sources of the work are the \"Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments\", legislative acts, the results of the First All-Russian Population Census for 1897, as well as the study of the ethnographerfiction writer Pavel Melnikov \"Letters about the split\". The analysis of sources made it possible to study the process of tightening the fight against heresy and determine the principles of its division according to the degree of harmfulness. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the reasons for the beginning of heretical movements lie in attempts to reform the system of statechurch relations, as well as in the active penetration of foreign culture and religion into Russian soil. The attempts made to violently combat heresy did not give the expected results. Sectarians skillfully disguised themselves as ordinary parishioners and even visited temples. Only through the joint efforts of the Church and the state was it possible to restrain the mass withdrawal from the bosom of Orthodox culture. Conclusion. A new wave of large-scale reform of state-confessional relations contributed to the weakening of control and legalization of sectarian activities, including in the field of education. The temporary truce of the authorities and religious organizations from 1905 to 1917 allowed the creation of an entire Old Believer educational system. At the same time, the Old Believers had absolute freedom and only some communities received legal status.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"80 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138957980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal dynamics of mammoth hunting: why, when, how","authors":"A. Chubur","doi":"10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-42-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-37-4-42-54","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Mammoth hunting is usually considered permanent. However, herds of mammoths and lonely male performed annual submeridional seasonal migrations with a length of up to 500- 600 km. Therefore, due to the relative settled population in the upper paleolithic, the annual period of mammoth hunting was in this case very brief, fitting in two short intervals in the spring and autumn - the passage of the valley controlled by the hunters of several family groups. Materials and methods. According to M. V. Sablin, about the age of killing the mammoth's cubs, two seasons of hunting in the Middle Desna are reconstructed for the sites of Yudinovo and Eliseevichi, approximately in May and October. Results. Hunting did not have the nature of the kill of a whole herd or its significant part. Only separate animals were seized. If we allow the similarity of hunting strategies, this indirectly confirms the isotopic analysis of the mammoth bones in the parking lots of hunters on the large proboscidean (Clovis) in North America. They could beat the beast on the ―established‖ migration path, possibly on a migration trek across the river. The seasonal rhythm of the Eastern Magdalenian hunters in the mammoth was inherited in our opinion for the hunters of reindeer in the final Paleolithic, genetically connected with the Eastern Magdalen. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that with the onset of sharp climatic fluctuations and a hydrological catastrophe associated with the melting of permafrost and the concomitant degradation of the feeding landscape and the possibilities of free movement along it, the migration routes of mammoth herds should have shifted noticeably to the north, following the retreating periglacial zone. Following the mammoths, a population specialized in hunting these animals should have followed. The descendants of this population – reindeer hunters of the final Paleolithic - inherited the seasonal rhythm and strategy of the previous mammoth hunt, transferring them to a new migrating hunting object. Their spring and autumn settlements also formed along the migration routes of reindeer, where many crossed large rivers during their migrations to winter and summer pastures.","PeriodicalId":128487,"journal":{"name":"History: facts and symbols","volume":"22 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}