Growth Hormone & Igf Research最新文献

{"title":"Growth hormone modulates Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro","authors":"Patricia Mora-Criollo ,&nbsp;Reetobrata Basu ,&nbsp;Yanrong Qian ,&nbsp;Jaime A. Costales ,&nbsp;Jaime Guevara-Aguirre ,&nbsp;Mario J. Grijalva ,&nbsp;John J. Kopchick","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>Chagas disease<span> (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite, </span></span><span><span>Trypanosoma cruzi</span></span>. It affects 7 to 8 million people worldwide and leads to approximately 50,000 deaths per year. <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em><span> studies had demonstrated that Trypanosoma cruziinfection causes an imbalance in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that is accompanied by a progressive decrease in growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) production. In humans, inactivating mutations in the GH receptor<span> gene cause Laron Syndrome<span> (LS), an autosomal recessive disorder. Affected subjects are short, have increased adiposity, decreased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF</span></span></span><img><span>I), increased serum GH levels, are highly resistant to diabetes and cancer, and display slow cognitive decline. In addition, CD incidence in these individuals is diminished despite living in highly endemic areas. Consequently, we decided to investigate the </span><em>in vitro</em> effect of GH/IGF-I on <em>T. cruzi</em> infection<em>.</em></p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p><span>We first treated the parasite and/or host cells with different peptide hormones including GH, IGF</span><img>I, and PRL. Then, we treated cells using different combinations of GH/IGF-I attempting to mimic the GH/IGF-I serum levels observed in LS subjects.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found that exogenous GH confers protection against <em>T. cruzi</em> infection. Moreover, this effect is mediated by GH and not IGF<img>I. The combination of relatively high GH (50 ng/ml) and low IGF-I (20 ng/ml), mimicking the hormonal pattern seen in LS individuals, consistently decreased <em>T. cruzi</em> infection <em>in vitro</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The combination of relatively high GH and low IGF-I serum levels in LS individuals may be an underlying condition providing partial protection against <em>T. cruzi</em> infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 101460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83042263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of IGF-I axis genetic polymorphisms among decathlon athletes","authors":"Sigal Ben-Zaken ,&nbsp;Yoav Meckel ,&nbsp;Liina Remmel ,&nbsp;Dan Nemet ,&nbsp;Jaak Jürimäe ,&nbsp;Alon Eliakim","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Decathlon is a combined track and field competition, consisting of ten, mainly anaerobic events. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) axis plays a pivotal role in athletes' structural and functional muscle adaptation to exercise training, and in their competitive performance. Based on the great demand for speed physiological characteristics among decathlon athletes, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IGF genetic polymorphisms<span> among decathletes, to present an optimal genetic profile for enhancing performance.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The participants included 151 male athletes and 75 male non-athletic controls from Israel and Estonia. Athletes were divided into four groups, according to the field of expertise: (a) 40 sprinters and long jumpers; (b) 40 middle distance runners; (c) 44 Weightlifters; and (d) 27 decathletes. Genomic DNA was extracted from the participants' buccal epithelial cells using standard protocol and then analyzed for IGF1 axis related genetic polymorphism using the allelic discrimination assay.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A significantly higher prevalence of the <em>IGF1</em> rs35767 TT genotype was found among decathletes compared to the other athletes, as well as a lower prevalence of the <em>IGF1</em> rs7136446 GG genotype, a higher prevalence of the <em>IGF1R</em> rs1464430 AA genotype, and a higher prevalence of the <em>IGF2</em> rs680 GG genotype. Moreover, among the decathletes, carriers of the <em>IGF1</em> rs7136446 GG genotype achieved higher decathlon scores compared to A-allele carriers.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings of this study suggest a potential beneficial role for some IGF-axis polymorphisms (mainly the <em>IGF1</em> 1245 TT and the <em>IGF2</em> GG) among decathletes, both of which are associated with improved speed performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 101468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86607194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time course and reaction types of serum IGF-1 and its relationship to BMI and leptin regarding inpatients with anorexia nervosa","authors":"Christiane Hellwig-Walter ,&nbsp;Maik Brune ,&nbsp;Dieter Schellberg ,&nbsp;Magdalena Buckert ,&nbsp;Daniela Wesche ,&nbsp;Ulrich Cuntz ,&nbsp;Hans-Christoph Friederich ,&nbsp;Beate Wild","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental disorder that is characterized by restriction of energy intake, low weight, and endocrine abnormalities. One of the known endocrine changes in relation to underweight is in the GH/IGF-I axis. The aim of the study was (a) to investigate longitudinal characteristics of the IGF-I-change during therapy and weight gain in adult AN, (b) to determine relationships between IGF-I and leptin, (c) to characterize patients with weak and pronounced hormonal reactions to underweight.</p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p>Data was assessed from 19 AN patients. Over the first two months, serum IGF-I concentrations were assessed on a weekly basis; thereafter on a monthly basis. The trend of IGF-I values over time was analyzed using individual growth models.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, <em>n</em> = 177 IGF-I measurements were analyzed. IGF-I increased significantly dependent on BMI (slope = 20.81, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), not modulated by duration of disease. The increase in IGF-I was significantly related to the increase in leptin concentrations over time (slope = 15.57, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Patients with a weaker hormonal reaction to underweight were significantly older compared to patients with a pronounced hormonal reaction (t(17) = 3.07, <em>p</em> = 0.007).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>During treatment, IGF-I change is clearly related to BMI as well as to leptin. Age appears to be associated with the IGF-I response to underweight.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 101470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90100572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical discrepancies in the evaluation of the somatotroph axis: Elevated GH or IGF-1 levels do not always diagnose acromegaly","authors":"Carolina Peixe ,&nbsp;Miriam Sánchez-García ,&nbsp;Ashley B. Grossman ,&nbsp;Márta Korbonits ,&nbsp;Pedro Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The most frequent diagnosis underlying the finding of an elevated growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is acromegaly due to a GH-secreting pituitary tumour. However, GH and IGF-1 levels can be discordant </span>in patients with acromegaly due to early or partially treated disease, or there might be another cause of high GH or high IGF-1 unrelated to acromegaly, such as pre-analytical and technical pitfalls, physiological circumstances and pathological conditions. High GH and normal or low serum IGF-1, or alternatively, normal GH with elevated serum IGF-1, should be carefully assessed to avoid misinterpreting the activity of acromegaly or misdiagnosing a patient with acromegaly. We summarise here these biochemical discrepancies in the evaluation of the somatotroph axis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 101467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77397512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of MspI derived variants of growth hormone gene associated with milk yield in dairy cattle","authors":"Yogesh C. Bangar,&nbsp;Ankit Magotra,&nbsp;A.S. Yadav,&nbsp;C.S. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The present work aimed to obtain common effect sizes for the gene frequency and association of <em>Msp</em>I derived variants of growth hormone (GH) gene with milk yield in dairy cows.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 published studies identified in literature search from 2000 to 2020 (</span><em>n</em> = 4164). These studies were specific to fragment size (329) for genotypes viz.<em>,</em> CC (224, 105 bp), CD (329, 224, 105 bp) and DD (329 bp). Pooled standard mean differences (SMDs) as effect sizes between allele pairs were derived using different genetic models. The heterogeneity between effects sizes across studies was estimated using I² Index (%).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The common effect size for gene frequency of allele C (224, 105 bp) was significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) higher in 2881 <span><em>Bos taurus</em></span>/cross cows (0.82; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.89; I² = 97.81%) than 1283 <span><em>Bos indicus</em></span> cows (0.15; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.18; I² = 71.90%), with overall gene frequency was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.46; I² = 99.29%). Additive (CC vs. DD) and dominant (CC + CD vs. DD) did not revealed significant (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05) association with milk yield. However, completely over dominant (CC + DD vs. CD) and recessive (CC vs. CD + DD) models showed significant (<em>P</em><span> &lt; 0.05) and positive SMDs with milk yield specially at early lactations. There was no evidence of heterogeneity (I</span>² = 0.00%) between SMDs across studies.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This meta-analysis suggested potential association of C allele for enhancing milk production of dairy cows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 101459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84620827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of growth hormone for fertility in women with hypopituitarism","authors":"Julie Chen ,&nbsp;Laurence Katznelson","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of the female reproductive system. In vitro and non-human in vivo studies demonstrate a role of GH in </span>steroidogenesis, </span>folliculogenesis<span><span>, and post-fertilization development. Given its ability to modulate the reproductive system and potentiate the effects of gonadotropins<span>, a beneficial role of GH replacement therapy to optimize fertility has been suggested. Women with hypopituitarism have lower pregnancy and live birth rates. Limited data suggest a role of GH in enhancing fertility management in women with hypopituitarism. GH replacement therapy may be especially relevant in women with hypopituitarism as well as in women considered poor ovarian responders and require </span></span>assisted reproductive techniques.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 101458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78765154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver and muscle-specific effects of phoenixin-20 on the insulin-like growth factor system mRNAs in zebrafish","authors":"Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari ,&nbsp;Emilio J. Vélez ,&nbsp;Suraj Unniappan","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Phoenixin-20 (Pnx-20) is a bioactive peptide with endocrine-like actions in vertebrates. Recent studies suggest Pnx-20 promotes growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors (Gh/Igf) axis, an important endocrine regulator of growth in mammals and fish.</p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p>In this research, we determined whether Pnx-20 affects the different members of the Igf family, its binding proteins and receptors (Igf-system) in zebrafish liver and muscle.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><em>In vivo</em> administration of Pnx-20 downregulated <em>igfs</em>, <em>igf</em> receptor<em>s</em> (<em>igfrs</em>) and <em>igf</em> binding protein (<em>igfbp</em>) 5 mRNA expression in the liver of male and female zebrafish at both 1 and 6 h post-intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Interestingly, this effect occurred at a relatively earlier timepoint in female zebrafish suggesting sex-specific differences in Pnx-20 action. Besides, either 6 or 24 h <em>in vitro</em> incubations with Pnx-20 downregulated the expression of all <em>igfs</em>, <em>igf</em>rs and <span><em>igfbp5</em></span> mRNAs (except <em>igf2a</em>) analyzed in a zebrafish liver cell (ZFL) line. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Pnx-20 upregulated all Igf-system mRNAs analyzed in ZFL cells. Together, these results (both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>) revealed a general suppressive action for both endogenous and exogenous Pnx-20 on the hepatic Igf-system of zebrafish. In contrast, a general sex-specific upregulation of the Igf-system mRNAs analyzed was found in the muscle of Pnx-20 injected fish. Future research should explore the sex- and time-differences observed in the present study.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Collectively, this research shows that Pnx-20 is a tissue-specific regulator of the liver (suppressor) and muscle (stimulant) Igf signaling in both male and female zebrafish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 101456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77836395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The true story of the “strong and gentle” Acciano's Giant","authors":"Maria Maddalena Sirufo ,&nbsp;Lina Maria Magnanimi ,&nbsp;Lia Ginaldi ,&nbsp;Massimo De Martinis","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This is the story of a giant who lived in Abruzzo 200 years ago. He became a symbol for his people and a strong resilience generator. Gigantism, in the history of humanity has always attracted attention, albeit passing over the centuries from myth, from divinity to the freak phenomenon, the freak of nature that becomes a spectacle to show off. The attraction for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gigantism developed by the end of 19th century. Increased levels of growth hormone (GH) or insulin-like </span>growth hormone 1 (IGF1) causes overgrowth in pituitary gigantism. The imposing size of the body, in our imagination, represents strength and health, reason why in our imagination it almost becomes a divine mythical image. The story of the Acciano's Giant represents a cultural heritage that passes from one generation to the next, that contributes in giving a sense of identity and continuity. It provides a link from past to present and to the future. Encourages a sense of identity and responsibility contributing to social cohesion, helping individuals to feel members of one community. A disease, represented by the Giant, has become a symbol capable of bringing the community together and giving it the strength to react to environment, nature and history. This is a lesson that teaches us the sense of community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 101457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40325446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out sprint interval exercise under systemic hyperoxia","authors":"Michihiro Kon ,&nbsp;Yoshiko Ebi ,&nbsp;Kohei Nakagaki","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Hyperoxic gas inhalation during exercise may negatively affect all-out sprint interval exercise (SIE)-induced hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. We investigated the effects of acute all-out SIE under systemic hyperoxia on hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses.</p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p><span>This was a randomised-crossover trial. Ten healthy males (mean ± standard error of age = 23.1 ± 0.9 years; height = 171.0 ± 1.6 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 2.0 kg; body mass index = 22.6 ± 0.5 kg/m</span>²) completed the following two experimental regimens: 1) SIE under normoxia and 2) SIE under systemic hyperoxia (FiO₂<span> = 60%). The subjects performed four bouts of 30-s maximal cycling efforts with 4 min recovery between efforts. The circulating levels of hormonal (growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), metabolic (glucose, free fatty acid, and lactate), and angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and endostatin) markers were measured before and at 0 (immediately after the regimen), 30, and 120 min after both regimens.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In response to both SIE regimens, the peak and mean power outputs gradually decreased over the intermittent exercise session compared with those in the first bout (p &lt; 0.01) with no significant differences between the regimens. Both regimens significantly increased the circulating concentrations of all hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic markers (p &lt; 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the levels of these markers in response to the two regimens at any time point (p &gt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest that acute systemic hyperoxia does not influence the hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out SIE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"63 ","pages":"Article 101445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39926431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of high-dose all-trans retinoic acid on longitudinal bone growth of young rats","authors":"Qin Shen ,&nbsp;Xia Wang ,&nbsp;Haodi Bai ,&nbsp;Xin Tan ,&nbsp;Xing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The signaling axis consisting of GH-IGF1-IGFBP3 is the primary signal taht acts prepubertally to influence height development. Growth plate<span><span><span><span> thinning and even premature closure have been reported in children with tumors treated with retinoid chemotherapy, resulting in long </span>bone dysplasia. Growth failure may occur despite received GH </span>treatment<span>, but the reason is unknown. This study investigate the effect of high-dose all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the development of long bones in growing </span></span>SD rats.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 20 three-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group (<em>n</em><span> = 10). Rats were treated by gavage with or without high-dose ATRA for 10 days. The body weights of the rats were recorded daily. At the end of the experiment, we measured the length of nose-tail and tibia<span>, stained the tibia and liver for pathological tissue<span><span> and RT-PCR reaction, and measured the levels of serum GH, IGF1 and </span>IGFBP3, and so on.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared with controls, experimental rats exhibited reduced body weight and shortened nasal-tail and radial tibial length. Cyp26b1 enzyme activity<span><span><span> in the liver was elevated, and histopathological staining revealed that the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate was narrowed, the medullary cavity of trabecular bone was sparse, the number of trabecular bones was decreased, trabecular separation was increased, bone marrow </span>mineralization was enhanced, osteoclastic activity was increased, and circulating GH-IGF1-IGFBP3 levels were decreased. However, RT-PCR reaction results of localized </span>proximal tibiae showed upregulation of IGF1 and downregulation of IGFBP3.</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>High-dose ATRA intake over a short period of time can reduce GH-IGF1-IGFBP3 levels, affect cartilage and bone homeostasis, and inhibit bone growth in developing animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12803,"journal":{"name":"Growth Hormone & Igf Research","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39911457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}