Frontiers in Veterinary Science最新文献

{"title":"Prices for veterinary care of dogs, cats, and horses in Sweden and Norway: comparisons between corporate chain, government-run, and independent clinics.","authors":"Agneta Egenvall, Paul S Valle, Ruben Hoffman, Odd V Höglund, Anna Byström, Cecilia Lönnell, Brenda N Bonnett","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1544996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1544996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In a 10-15-year period, veterinary clinics in Sweden and Norway, as elsewhere, have undergone widespread corporatisation. High veterinary care costs have received attention in the lay press and from competition authorities. Whether corporate chains and independent clinics differ in price levels and how clinic characteristics, such as on-call service, affect pricing is not well-documented. The aim was to analyse prices levels and price changes for various diagnoses/procedures for dogs, cats, and horses from clinics in Norway and Sweden and to examine the influence of affiliation (corporate chain, government-run, or independent), extraction date, and clinic characteristics (e.g., on-call service) on prices.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from a price comparison site were extracted five times between 2 January 2023 and 2 January 2024. Prices for procedures such as vaccinations, gonadectomy, euthanasia, emergency care, diagnostic imaging, certification, and planned surgery were included. Descriptive statistics and mixed models were used to analyse effects of affiliation (Anicura, The Swedish District Vet Officers (DV), Dyrenes venn, Empet, Evidensia, Vettris, and independent), clinic characteristics (animal hospital or not, on-call service, and number of hours open Mon-Fri), and extraction date.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prices were analysed for 37 procedures (16 dogs, 11cats, and 10 horses) from 771 clinics, of which 502 (65%) were independent. Most clinics with corporate affiliation belonged to Evidensia and Anicura. In statistically significant comparisons, their prices were generally higher than those from the independent group. For Anicura, the median annual price increase (in Euro) was 8%, DV 5%, Dyrenes venn 53%, Empet 12%, Evidensia 15%, Vettris 7%, and the independent group 6%. Multivariable results generally corroborated the descriptive figures.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Targeting a range of procedures in two nearby countries, veterinary care prices varied with country, clinic characteristics, and affiliation. Clinics belonging to corporate chains charged higher prices than independent clinics. Most prices increased over the year. Possible reasons for the differences between clinics are investments in equipment or number of staff, expenditure on continued education of staff, or different demands for profit. Increased price transparency within veterinary care might reduce the impact of high prices and perhaps also limit price increases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1544996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Education necessity for veterinary-producer relationship creation and sustainability: a mixed method study.","authors":"Nicola L Ritter, Molly Gonzales, Glennon Mays","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1521440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1521440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify barriers to veterinarian-producer partnerships and suggest collaborative applied education as a means to enhance economic efficiency and sustainability of small and medium livestock operations and rural veterinary practices.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A participatory needs assessment, exploring the willingness and barriers to producer-veterinarian partnerships to enhance small/medium livestock operations, was distributed to Texas producers and veterinarians. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via online, closed-ended survey questions and free response interviews. Responses were analyzed using SPSS and <i>HyperRESEARCH</i> to identify relevant terms, ideas, patterns, or themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Similar responses from 115 veterinarians and 58 producers revealed five major themes regarding relationship barriers: time, financial challenges, communication, competing perspectives, and respect. Overall producers reported greater willingness to partner in all areas, health care (90%), to achieve goals (80%), and to expand business (70%), than veterinarians. Veterinarian interviews revealed a need for increased animal health education among producers, while more than 60% of producers expressed high interest in continuing education on animal health topics.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Veterinarians and producers experience similar barriers to establishing partnerships. Both groups also recognize a need for education and prefer in-person collaborative learning communities Such educational opportunities can encourage formal veterinary-producer partnerships and provide solutions that enhance the economic efficiency and sustainability of small/medium livestock operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1521440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing stakeholder inclusion within high pathogenicity avian influenza risk governance strategies in the United Kingdom and United States.","authors":"Kimberly Lyons, Darrell R Kapczynski, Samantha J Lycett, Paul Digard, Lisa Boden","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1547628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1547628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 2020, outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have led to a global rise in deaths of both wild birds and poultry, as well as an increase in reported cases of HPAI detected in mammals. These outbreaks have had negative impacts on poultry producers, trade, and wild bird populations. Risk governance frameworks for emerging infectious diseases such as HPAI encourage outbreak policies to be grounded in a variety of stakeholder perspectives and for there to be effective, transparent communication between all those involved. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exemplified how collaboration is not always easy to implement, leading to potentially sub-optimal outbreak response processes. To our best knowledge, there is limited to no current research assessing the stakeholder landscape and outbreak decision-making and response processes in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (USA) for the recent HPAI outbreak. In this study, 20 key stakeholders involved in outbreak decision-making and response in the United Kingdom and United States were asked to provide their insights into the structure of stakeholder landscape, communication pathways, and challenges in decision-making and response implementation for their respective countries. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants from the United Kingdom and United States; participants included policy advisors, veterinarians, researchers, and poultry industry representatives all involved in HPAI outbreak processes in their country. From these interviews, stakeholder maps for all those involved in HPAI decision-making and response were created for the UK and USA. This study concluded that smallholders and backyard poultry owners need to be better represented in policy-industry communication pathways and that improved information sharing at the policy-science and policy-industry interfaces is essential to ensure an efficient outbreak response.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1547628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pig farming practices compromising biosecurity and causing poor welfare of pigs.","authors":"Patricia Tatemoto, Fernanda Vieira, Donald M Broom","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1558734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1558734","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1558734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12044880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alteration in sperm mitochondrial membrane potential and antioxidant biomarkers in summer adversely affects Hampshire-Ghungroo crossbred boar semen fertility in sub-tropical climate.","authors":"Mahak Singh, Apanai Celina, Rahul Katiyar, Sourabh Deori, Ashwani Singh, Vinay Singh, G D Singh, J S Rajoriya, H Kalita, V K Mishra","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1562988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1562988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In temperate regions, boars experience environmental heat stress due to the subtropical climate, leading to their semen quality and fertility being severely compromised compared to indigenous breeds. Considering the above effect, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of season on semen quality, seminal plasma antioxidant status, and <i>in vivo</i> fertility of crossbred boars of exotic (50%) and indigenous inheritance in a subtropical climate. A total of 14 Hampshire-Ghungroo crossbred boars were used for this investigation, which took place in both summer and winter. Sperm characteristics, namely motility, viability, abnormality, acrosomal integrity, and the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) results, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated. Sperm kinematics parameters were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Antioxidant biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase, GPx; catalase, CAT; and total antioxidant capacity, TAC) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) were analyzed in boars' seminal plasma. The summer season had a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01) negative impact on reaction time and false mounts, whereas semen volume and sperm concentration were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) higher in the winter season. Similarly, sperm abnormalities were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) lower in the winter season. In the winter, sperm quality parameters, namely total motility, progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, and HOST reactivity, were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) improved. However, during the summer, sperm MMP was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) lower in fresh samples and after 72 h of storage. Season had a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) effect on the following sperm kinematics parameters: average path velocity, straight-line velocity, curve linear velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency. Semen characteristics were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) improved in winter after 72 h of cold storage compared with those in summer. The summer season had a significant effect (<i>p</i> < 0.01) on seminal plasma antioxidant biomarkers (TAC, MDA, CAT, and GPx). Furthermore, the farrowing rate was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher in the winter season. In conclusion, our results showed that the low MMP of boar sperm and the downregulation of seminal plasma antioxidant biomarkers in summer lead to poor semen quality and poor fertility in Hampshire-Ghungroo crossbred boars in a subtropical climate. To alleviate the heat-stress-induced poor sperm fertility in boars and to optimize the fertility of boars during summer in subtropics, there is a need for scientific interventions in terms of genetics [less exotic inheritance (below 50%)], nutrition, and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1562988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute mesenteric ischemia diagnosed via computed tomography in a dog following vehicular blunt force trauma: a Case Report.","authors":"Johnny Altwal, Liz Guieu, Margaret Cook, Jessie Warhoe, Christopher Ray, Kelly Hall","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1562043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1562043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) refers to a group of vascular disorders that disrupt intestinal blood flow, resulting in intestinal ischemia and necrosis if left untreated. In both humans and dogs, this condition appears to be rare but deadly. There has only been one documented case of traumatic acute mesenteric ischemia in a dog, and the diagnosis was conducted through laparotomy. We present the case of a dog that was struck by a vehicle and subsequently developed traumatic acute mesenteric ischemia, which was diagnosed through computed tomography (CT). The dog presented with profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea, which persisted throughout the hospitalization. The dog's condition eventually deteriorated as a result of diffuse intestinal ischemia, diagnosed using computed tomography (CT). Due to the anticipated poor prognosis, the dog was euthanized humanely. Traumatic acute mesenteric ischemia in dogs may be an underdiagnosed consequence of vehicular trauma, necessitating further diagnostic investigation in dogs with persistent gastrointestinal signs that are unresponsive to medical therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1562043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis in bovines in Pakistan during 2000-2024: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Siddique Sehrish, Xue-Tong Liu, Wen-Bo Lou, Shu-Ying Zhang, Emad Beshir Ata, Ge-Gui Yang, Qi Wang, Fan-Li Zeng, Xue Leng, Kun Shi, Riaz-Muhammad Azeem, Qing-Long Gong, Yu-Hao Song, Rui Du","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1525399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1525399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) primarily caused by <i>Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)</i>, is a globally prevalent zoonotic infectious disease of cattle and other livestock and wildlife species. Pakistan is the fourth-largest milk-producing country in the world, with approximately 212 million animals. Livestock farming provides a livelihood for almost 8 million families. Moreover, there is currently no effective control program and national data in place. Therefore, we constructed a first meta-analysis on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Pakistan. This study aimed to provide an overview of bovine tuberculosis in this country and identify the risk factors associated with its prevalence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched Science Direct, Pubmed, Base, Green File-Poly U Library, Google Scholar, and additional articles were also identified manually from reference lists of articles generated in database search, systemically for papers that presented bTB prevalence data, published in English language between January 1, 2000, and April 30 2024. A total of 35 published articles were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The estimated overall prevalence of bTB was found to be 6.06% [95% CI: 4.67-7.87]. Cattle were more susceptible to infection, with a higher prevalence (6.44% [95% CI: 4.04-10.26]) compared to buffalo (5.54% [95% CI: 3.13-9.81]). The prevalence determined by PCR (5.65% [95% CI: 3.33-5.98]) was much similar to that of TST (5.61% [95% CI: 4.20-7.50]) with no significant difference. Milk samples showed the highest prevalence (14.66% [95% CI: 7.38-29.11]), particularly due to the consumption of unpasteurized milk, improper handling of dairy products and suckling by calves from the infected cows. Furthermore, the analysis considered effect of various potential risk factors (age, weight, breed, body condition score, herd size, animal status) along with different geographical factors (longitude, latitude, altitude, humidity, rainfall, temperature, climate) associated with bTB prevalence, which should be considered when developing future disease surveillance and control programs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In Pakistan bTB was widely distributed throughout the country, as a neglected zoonotic disease. Long-term disease prevalence monitoring should be recommended along with the need to improve diagnostic techniques, enhance farm management practices, and implement targeted surveillance to protect both animal and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1525399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of a non-contact veterinary infrared thermometer and reference intervals of equine temperature at different body sites.","authors":"Daniela Alberghina, Carlotta Tombolani, Fausto Quintavalla","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1583839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1583839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluating the body temperature of horses (<i>Equus caballus</i>) is essential for monitoring their health. Rectal thermometry is the most common method for determining the temperatures of adult horses and foals. However, this method requires restraining the animals for several seconds, and it poses potential risks to both horses and humans. This study compared infrared and rectal thermometry in 126 horses, evaluating age and measurement site influences on body temperature. Horses were divided into three groups: foals (4-12 months), Shetland ponies (8-12 months), and adult horses (2-30 years). Rectal, ocular, gingival, and perineal temperatures were recorded to assess the potential of non-invasive infrared methods. Reference intervals of temperature at different body sites are provided. No significant differences were found in gingival and perineal temperatures among groups. Foals showed significantly higher rectal temperatures than adults (<i>p</i> < 0.001), likely due to age. Shetland ponies showed higher ocular temperatures than foals and adult horses (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>p</i> < 0.001), probably because they were influenced by ambient temperature, which significantly correlated with ocular readings. Significant positive correlations existed between ocular and rectal (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and perineal and rectal temperatures (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Bias was -0.2°C (ocular vs. rectal) and 2°C (perineal vs. rectal). Perineal temperature, despite numerical differences, correlated well with rectal temperature, allowing indirect estimation with a correction factor, and was unaffected by ambient temperature. This suggests infrared perineal temperature may be a viable rectal thermometry alternative for estimating equine body temperature, enhancing animal welfare through non-invasive methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1583839"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Case series: cervical far-lateral and combined cervical far lateral/foraminal intervertebral disk extrusions in 10 dogs.","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1609269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1609269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1465182.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1609269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12044427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological and blood chemistry profiles of the Mediterranean pond turtle (<i>Mauremys leprosa</i>) in a Portuguese wildlife rehabilitation center.","authors":"Gonçalo N Marques, Joana S Guerra, Miriam O Leal, João Neves","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1504336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1504336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Mediterranean pond turtle (<i>Mauremys leprosa</i>) is increasingly recognized as a sentinel species for freshwater ecosystem health due to its resilience to environmental pollutants. Despite its ecological significance, there is a lack of research on the blood profile of this vulnerable species. This study assessed the hematological and biochemical profile of healthy individuals admitted to <i>Zoomarine</i>'s <i>Porto d'Abrigo</i> rehabilitation center in southern Portugal between 2015 and 2024. This investigation revealed significant differences between the established data and the reference intervals reported in a Spanish study, notably in total erythrocyte (RBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), differential counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils, total protein (TP), creatine kinase (CK), potassium (K⁺), phosphorous (PHOS), and glucose (GLU) levels. Significant differences were also observed between captive and wild-rescued individuals in monocyte percentages, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and CK levels. No seasonal influence was detected except in the differential count of eosinophils. These findings indicate a possible geographical, environmental, and captivity-induced variation, providing the first comprehensive species-specific hematological and biochemical intervals for <i>M. leprosa</i> derived from a healthy population. This study enhances the understanding of <i>M. leprosa</i> health within a One Health framework by offering critical diagnostic benchmarks for veterinary care and facilitating conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1504336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}