Mina Cansu Karaer, Tolga Kankılıç, Çağatay Tavşanoğlu, Tilen Vake, Alenka Dovč, Tomaž Snoj
{"title":"山瞪羚（Gazella Gazella）粪便睾酮和孕酮代谢物浓度与圈养相关的变化。","authors":"Mina Cansu Karaer, Tolga Kankılıç, Çağatay Tavşanoğlu, Tilen Vake, Alenka Dovč, Tomaž Snoj","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1621008","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mountain gazelle (<i>Gazella gazella</i>) is a medium-sized antelope native to arid regions that is currently listed as an endangered species. There are only two known populations of mountain gazelles worldwide, one of which is in Hatay (Türkiye). In this study, we investigated the differences in the fecal concentrations of testosterone and progesterone metabolites in free-ranging and captive mountain gazelle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fecal samples were collected from the ground in the Hatay Mountain Gazelle Wildlife Development Area, located in Hatay Province (Türkiye) during each season of the year. In total, 246 samples, 170 from free-ranging population and 76 from captive population, were collected and used to determine testosterone and progesterone metabolite concentrations. The metabolites were extracted from dried fecal samples using methanol, and their concentrations were quantified using ELISA. The detection methods were partially validated. The analytical validation includes the determination of coefficients of variation, sensitivity of the measurements, recovery rate, linearity and cross-reactivity. In biological evaluation, the predicted reproductive status of the animals was compared with the concentrations of the progesterone and testosterone metabolites in feces.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>Our analysis revealed that fecal samples obtained from free-ranging individuals consistently contained higher levels of testosterone metabolites than those obtained from the captive individuals. No consistent pattern was detected for fecal progesterone metabolites. Our results suggest that a constant supply of water stimulates intestinal transit. Therefore, due to faster intestinal transit the population with continuous water availability throughout the year (captive population) has lower concentrations of fecal hormone metabolites. These findings are relevant not only for the mountain gazelle as a species of endangered status but also provide important information regarding the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of steroid hormone excretion in ruminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1621008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12443539/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Captivity-associated variations in fecal testosterone and progesterone metabolite concentrations in mountain gazelle (<i>Gazella gazella</i>).\",\"authors\":\"Mina Cansu Karaer, Tolga Kankılıç, Çağatay Tavşanoğlu, Tilen Vake, Alenka Dovč, Tomaž Snoj\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fvets.2025.1621008\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mountain gazelle (<i>Gazella gazella</i>) is a medium-sized antelope native to arid regions that is currently listed as an endangered species. There are only two known populations of mountain gazelles worldwide, one of which is in Hatay (Türkiye). In this study, we investigated the differences in the fecal concentrations of testosterone and progesterone metabolites in free-ranging and captive mountain gazelle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fecal samples were collected from the ground in the Hatay Mountain Gazelle Wildlife Development Area, located in Hatay Province (Türkiye) during each season of the year. In total, 246 samples, 170 from free-ranging population and 76 from captive population, were collected and used to determine testosterone and progesterone metabolite concentrations. The metabolites were extracted from dried fecal samples using methanol, and their concentrations were quantified using ELISA. The detection methods were partially validated. The analytical validation includes the determination of coefficients of variation, sensitivity of the measurements, recovery rate, linearity and cross-reactivity. In biological evaluation, the predicted reproductive status of the animals was compared with the concentrations of the progesterone and testosterone metabolites in feces.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>Our analysis revealed that fecal samples obtained from free-ranging individuals consistently contained higher levels of testosterone metabolites than those obtained from the captive individuals. No consistent pattern was detected for fecal progesterone metabolites. Our results suggest that a constant supply of water stimulates intestinal transit. Therefore, due to faster intestinal transit the population with continuous water availability throughout the year (captive population) has lower concentrations of fecal hormone metabolites. These findings are relevant not only for the mountain gazelle as a species of endangered status but also provide important information regarding the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of steroid hormone excretion in ruminants.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12772,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Frontiers in Veterinary Science\",\"volume\":\"12 \",\"pages\":\"1621008\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12443539/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Frontiers in Veterinary Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1621008\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"VETERINARY SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1621008","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Captivity-associated variations in fecal testosterone and progesterone metabolite concentrations in mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella).
Background: Mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) is a medium-sized antelope native to arid regions that is currently listed as an endangered species. There are only two known populations of mountain gazelles worldwide, one of which is in Hatay (Türkiye). In this study, we investigated the differences in the fecal concentrations of testosterone and progesterone metabolites in free-ranging and captive mountain gazelle.
Methods: Fecal samples were collected from the ground in the Hatay Mountain Gazelle Wildlife Development Area, located in Hatay Province (Türkiye) during each season of the year. In total, 246 samples, 170 from free-ranging population and 76 from captive population, were collected and used to determine testosterone and progesterone metabolite concentrations. The metabolites were extracted from dried fecal samples using methanol, and their concentrations were quantified using ELISA. The detection methods were partially validated. The analytical validation includes the determination of coefficients of variation, sensitivity of the measurements, recovery rate, linearity and cross-reactivity. In biological evaluation, the predicted reproductive status of the animals was compared with the concentrations of the progesterone and testosterone metabolites in feces.
Results and conclusion: Our analysis revealed that fecal samples obtained from free-ranging individuals consistently contained higher levels of testosterone metabolites than those obtained from the captive individuals. No consistent pattern was detected for fecal progesterone metabolites. Our results suggest that a constant supply of water stimulates intestinal transit. Therefore, due to faster intestinal transit the population with continuous water availability throughout the year (captive population) has lower concentrations of fecal hormone metabolites. These findings are relevant not only for the mountain gazelle as a species of endangered status but also provide important information regarding the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of steroid hormone excretion in ruminants.
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Veterinary Science is a global, peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that bridges animal and human health, brings a comparative approach to medical and surgical challenges, and advances innovative biotechnology and therapy.
Veterinary research today is interdisciplinary, collaborative, and socially relevant, transforming how we understand and investigate animal health and disease. Fundamental research in emerging infectious diseases, predictive genomics, stem cell therapy, and translational modelling is grounded within the integrative social context of public and environmental health, wildlife conservation, novel biomarkers, societal well-being, and cutting-edge clinical practice and specialization. Frontiers in Veterinary Science brings a 21st-century approach—networked, collaborative, and Open Access—to communicate this progress and innovation to both the specialist and to the wider audience of readers in the field.
Frontiers in Veterinary Science publishes articles on outstanding discoveries across a wide spectrum of translational, foundational, and clinical research. The journal''s mission is to bring all relevant veterinary sciences together on a single platform with the goal of improving animal and human health.
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