Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Cerebellar contributions across behavioural timescales: a review from the perspective of cerebro-cerebellar interactions.","authors":"Ellen Boven, Nadia L Cerminara","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1211530","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1211530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Performing successful adaptive behaviour relies on our ability to process a wide range of temporal intervals with certain precision. Studies on the role of the cerebellum in temporal information processing have adopted the dogma that the cerebellum is involved in sub-second processing. However, emerging evidence shows that the cerebellum might be involved in suprasecond temporal processing as well. Here we review the reciprocal loops between cerebellum and cerebral cortex and provide a theoretical account of cerebro-cerebellar interactions with a focus on how cerebellar output can modulate cerebral processing during learning of complex sequences. Finally, we propose that while the ability of the cerebellum to support millisecond timescales might be intrinsic to cerebellar circuitry, the ability to support supra-second timescales might result from cerebellar interactions with other brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1211530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41127163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond rhythm - a framework for understanding the frequency spectrum of neural activity.","authors":"Quentin Perrenoud, Jessica A Cardin","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1217170","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1217170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive and behavioral processes are often accompanied by changes within well-defined frequency bands of the local field potential (LFP i.e., the voltage induced by neuronal activity). These changes are detectable in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform and are often interpreted as neuronal oscillations. However, aside some well-known exceptions, the processes underlying such changes are difficult to track in time, making their oscillatory nature hard to verify. In addition, many non-periodic neural processes can also have spectra that emphasize specific frequencies. Thus, the notion that spectral changes reflect oscillations is likely too restrictive. In this study, we use a simple yet versatile framework to understand the frequency spectra of neural recordings. Using simulations, we derive the Fourier spectra of periodic, quasi-periodic and non-periodic neural processes having diverse waveforms, illustrating how these attributes shape their spectral signatures. We then show how neural processes sum their energy in the local field potential in simulated and real-world recording scenarios. We find that the spectral power of neural processes is essentially determined by two aspects: (1) the distribution of neural events in time and (2) the waveform of the voltage induced by single neural events. Taken together, this work guides the interpretation of the Fourier spectrum of neural recordings and indicates that power increases in specific frequency bands do not necessarily reflect periodic neural activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1217170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10500127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential optogenetic activation of the auditory midbrain in freely moving behaving mice.","authors":"Meike M Rogalla,&nbsp;Adina Seibert,&nbsp;Jana M Sleeboom,&nbsp;K Jannis Hildebrandt","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1222176","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1222176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In patients with severe auditory impairment, partial hearing restoration can be achieved by sensory prostheses for the electrical stimulation of the central nervous system. However, these state-of-the-art approaches suffer from limited spectral resolution: electrical field spread depends on the impedance of the surrounding medium, impeding spatially focused electrical stimulation in neural tissue. To overcome these limitations, optogenetic activation could be applied in such prostheses to achieve enhanced resolution through precise and differential stimulation of nearby neuronal ensembles. Previous experiments have provided a first proof for behavioral detectability of optogenetic activation in the rodent auditory system, but little is known about the generation of complex and behaviorally relevant sensory patterns involving differential activation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we developed and behaviorally tested an optogenetic implant to excite two spatially separated points along the tonotopy of the murine inferior colliculus (ICc).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using a reward based operant Go/No-Go paradigm, we show that differential optogenetic activation of a sub-cortical sensory pathway is possible and efficient. We demonstrate how animals which were previously trained in a frequency discrimination paradigm (a) rapidly respond to either sound or optogenetic stimulation, (b) generally detect optogenetic stimulation of two different neuronal ensembles, and (c) discriminate between them.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results demonstrate that optogenetic excitatory stimulation at different points of the ICc tonotopy elicits a stable response behavior over time periods of several months. With this study, we provide the first proof of principle for sub-cortical differential stimulation of sensory systems using complex artificial cues in freely moving animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1222176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10501139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perceptual consequences and neurophysiology of eye blinks.","authors":"Shawn M Willett, Sarah K Maenner, J Patrick Mayo","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242654","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A hand passing in front of a camera produces a large and obvious disruption of a video. Yet the closure of the eyelid during a blink, which lasts for hundreds of milliseconds and occurs thousands of times per day, typically goes unnoticed. What are the neural mechanisms that mediate our uninterrupted visual experience despite frequent occlusion of the eyes? Here, we review the existing literature on the neurophysiology, perceptual consequences, and behavioral dynamics of blinks. We begin by detailing the kinematics of the eyelid that define a blink. We next discuss the ways in which blinks alter visual function by occluding the pupil, decreasing visual sensitivity, and moving the eyes. Then, to anchor our understanding, we review the similarities between blinks and other actions that lead to reductions in visual sensitivity, such as saccadic eye movements. The similarity between these two actions has led to suggestions that they share a common neural substrate. We consider the extent of overlap in their neural circuits and go on to explain how recent findings regarding saccade suppression cast doubt on the strong version of the shared mechanism hypothesis. We also evaluate alternative explanations of how blink-related processes modulate neural activity to maintain visual stability: a reverberating corticothalamic loop to maintain information in the face of lid closure; and a suppression of visual transients related to lid closure. Next, we survey the many areas throughout the brain that contribute to the execution of, regulation of, or response to blinks. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, blinks drastically attenuate our visual abilities, yet these perturbations fail to reach awareness. We conclude by outlining opportunities for future work to better understand how the brain maintains visual perception in the face of eye blinks. Future work will likely benefit from incorporating theories of perceptual stability, neurophysiology, and novel behavior paradigms to address issues central to our understanding of natural visual behavior and for the clinical rehabilitation of active vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1242654"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10466800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10513107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From signals to music: a bottom-up approach to the structure of neuronal activity.","authors":"Gabriel D Noel,&nbsp;Lionel E Mugno,&nbsp;Daniela S Andres","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1171984","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1171984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The search for the \"neural code\" has been a fundamental quest in neuroscience, concerned with the way neurons and neuronal systems process and transmit information. However, the term \"code\" has been mostly used as a metaphor, seldom acknowledging the formal definitions introduced by information theory, and the contributions of linguistics and semiotics not at all. The heuristic potential of the latter was suggested by structuralism, which turned the methods and findings of linguistics to other fields of knowledge. For the study of complex communication systems, such as human language and music, the necessity of an approach that considers multilayered, nested, structured organization of symbols becomes evident. We work under the hypothesis that the neural code might be as complex as these human-made codes. To test this, we propose a bottom-up approach, constructing a symbolic logic in order to translate neuronal signals into music scores.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recorded single cells' activity from the rat's globus pallidus pars interna under conditions of full alertness, blindfoldedness and environmental silence. We analyzed the signals with statistical, spectral, and complex methods, including Fast Fourier Transform, Hurst exponent and recurrence plot analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated complex behavior and recurrence graphs consistent with fractality, and a Hurst exponent >0.5, evidencing temporal persistence. On the whole, these features point toward a complex behavior of the time series analyzed, also present in classical music, which upholds the hypothesis of structural similarities between music and neuronal activity. Furthermore, through our experiment we performed a comparison between music and raw neuronal activity. Our results point to the same conclusion, showing the structures of music and neuronal activity to be homologous. The scores were not only spontaneously tonal, but they exhibited structure and features normally present in human-made musical creations.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The hypothesis of a structural homology between the neural code and the code of music holds, suggesting that some of the insights introduced by linguistic and semiotic theory might be a useful methodological resource to go beyond the limits set by metaphoric notions of \"code.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1171984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10450627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10101282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia.","authors":"Maurizio Cundari, Susanna Vestberg, Peik Gustafsson, Sorina Gorcenco, Anders Rasmussen","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cerebellum plays a major role in balance, motor control and sensorimotor integration, but also in cognition, language, and emotional regulation. Several neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as neurological diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are associated with differences in cerebellar function. Morphological abnormalities in different cerebellar subregions produce distinct behavioral symptoms related to the functional disruption of specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits. The specific contribution of the cerebellum to typical development may therefore involve the optimization of the structure and function of cerebro-cerebellar circuits underlying skill acquisition in multiple domains. Here, we review cerebellar structural and functional differences between healthy and patients with ADHD, ASD, and SCA3, and explore how disruption of cerebellar networks affects the neurocognitive functions in these conditions. We discuss how cerebellar computations contribute to performance on cognitive and motor tasks and how cerebellar signals are interfaced with signals from other brain regions during normal and dysfunctional behavior. We conclude that the cerebellum plays a role in many cognitive functions. Still, more clinical studies with the support of neuroimaging are needed to clarify the cerebellum's role in normal and dysfunctional behavior and cognitive functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1168666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10321758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9802956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sensory signal related to left-right symmetry modulates intra- and interlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in intact cats.","authors":"Stephen Mari, Charly G Lecomte, Angèle N Merlet, Johannie Audet, Jonathan Harnie, Ilya A Rybak, Boris I Prilutsky, Alain Frigon","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1199079","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1199079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>During locomotion, cutaneous reflexes play an essential role in rapidly responding to an external perturbation, for example, to prevent a fall when the foot contacts an obstacle. In cats and humans, cutaneous reflexes involve all four limbs and are task- and phase modulated to generate functionally appropriate whole-body responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess task-dependent modulation of cutaneous interlimb reflexes, we electrically stimulated the superficial radial or superficial peroneal nerves in adult cats and recorded muscle activity in the four limbs during tied-belt (equal left-right speeds) and split-belt (different left-right speeds) locomotion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that the pattern of intra- and interlimb cutaneous reflexes in fore- and hindlimbs muscles and their phase-dependent modulation were conserved during tied-belt and split-belt locomotion. Short-latency cutaneous reflex responses to muscles of the stimulated limb were more likely to be evoked and phase-modulated when compared to muscles in the other limbs. In some muscles, the degree of reflex modulation was significantly reduced during split-belt locomotion compared to tied-belt conditions. Split-belt locomotion increased the step-by-step variability of left-right symmetry, particularly spatially.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results suggest that sensory signals related to left-right symmetry reduce cutaneous reflex modulation, potentially to avoid destabilizing an unstable pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1199079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10288215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9715739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive complex neocortical movement topography devolves to simple output following experimental stroke in mice.","authors":"Cassandra C Wolsh, Rogers Milton Brown, Andrew R Brown, Gilbert Andrew Pratt, Jeffery Allen Boychuk","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1162664","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1162664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neocortex encodes complex and simple motor outputs in all mammalian species that have been tested. Given that changes in neocortical reorganization (and corresponding corticospinal output) have been implicated in long term motor recovery after stroke injury, there remains a need to understand this biology in order to expedite and optimize clinical care. Here, changes in the neocortical topography of complex and simple movement outputs were evaluated in mice following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Neocortical motor output was defined using long-duration parameters of intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) based on area and spatial coordinates of separate motor output types to build upon our recent report in uninjured mice. LD-ICMS test sites that elicited complex (multi-joint) movement, simple (single skeletal joint) movement, as well as co-elicited FORELIMB + HINDLIMB responses were detected and recorded. Forelimb reaching behavior was assessed using the single pellet reaching (SPR) task. At 6 weeks post-surgery, behavioral deficits persisted and neocortical territories for separate movements exhibited differences in neocortical area, and spatial location, and differed between MCAo-Injured animals (i.e., the MCAo group) and Sham-Injured animals (i.e., the Control group). MCAo-Injury reduced neocortical area of complex movements while increasing area of simple movements. Limited effects of injury were detected for spatial coordinates of neocortical movements. Significant positive correlations were detected between final SPR performance and either area of complex retract or area of co-occurring FORELIMB + HINDLIMB sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1162664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10282139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9703641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenic evolution of beat perception and synchronization: a comparative neuroscience perspective.","authors":"Jin-Kun Huang,&nbsp;Bin Yin","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1169918","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1169918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of music has long been of interest to researchers from various disciplines. Scholars have put forth numerous hypotheses regarding the evolution of music. With the rise of cross-species research on music cognition, researchers hope to gain a deeper understanding of the phylogenic evolution, behavioral manifestation, and physiological limitations of the biological ability behind music, known as musicality. This paper presents the progress of beat perception and synchronization (BPS) research in cross-species settings and offers varying views on the relevant hypothesis of BPS. The BPS ability observed in rats and other mammals as well as recent neurobiological findings presents a significant challenge to the vocal learning and rhythm synchronization hypothesis if taken literally. An integrative neural-circuit model of BPS is proposed to accommodate the findings. In future research, it is recommended that greater consideration be given to the social attributes of musicality and to the behavioral and physiological changes that occur across different species in response to music characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1169918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10264645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10013045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review for building a criticality-based conceptual framework of altered states of consciousness.","authors":"Charles Gervais, Louis-Philippe Boucher, Guillermo Martinez Villar, UnCheol Lee, Catherine Duclos","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1085902","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2023.1085902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The healthy conscious brain is thought to operate near a critical state, reflecting optimal information processing and high susceptibility to external stimuli. Conversely, deviations from the critical state are hypothesized to give rise to altered states of consciousness (ASC). Measures of criticality could therefore be an effective way of establishing the conscious state of an individual. Furthermore, characterizing the direction of a deviation from criticality may enable the development of treatment strategies for pathological ASC. The aim of this <i>scoping review</i> is to assess the current evidence supporting the criticality hypothesis, and the use of criticality as a conceptual framework for ASC. Using the PRISMA guidelines, Web of Science and PubMed were searched from inception to February 7th 2022 to find articles relating to measures of criticality across ASC. <i>N</i> = 427 independent papers were initially found on the subject. <i>N</i> = 378 were excluded because they were either: not related to criticality; not related to consciousness; not presenting results from a primary study; presenting model data. <i>N</i> = 49 independent papers were included in the present research, separated in 7 sub-categories of ASC: disorders of consciousness (DOC) (<i>n</i> = 5); sleep (<i>n</i> = 13); anesthesia (<i>n</i> = 18); epilepsy (<i>n</i> = 12); psychedelics and shamanic state of consciousness (<i>n</i> = 4); delirium (<i>n</i> = 1); meditative state (<i>n</i> = 2). Each category included articles suggesting a deviation of the critical state. While most studies were only able to identify a deviation from criticality without being certain of its direction, the preliminary consensus arising from the literature is that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep reflects a subcritical state, epileptic seizures reflect a supercritical state, and psychedelics are closer to the critical state than normal consciousness. This scoping review suggests that, though the literature is limited and methodologically inhomogeneous, ASC are characterized by a deviation from criticality, though its direction is not clearly reported in a majority of studies. Criticality could become, with more extensive research, an effective and objective way to characterize ASC, and help identify therapeutic avenues to improve criticality in pathological brain states. Furthermore, we suggest how anesthesia and psychedelics could potentially be used as neuromodulation techniques to restore criticality in DOC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1085902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10248073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9617622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}