Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Redefinition of EEG frequency bands: a fractal model inspired by Blagg's Titius-Bode law.","authors":"Sultan Tarlacı, Metin Çınaroğlu, Eda Yılmazer, Selami Varol Ülker","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1736474","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1736474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The canonical frequency bands used to categorize human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity-delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma-have historically been defined using pragmatic and variably applied thresholds rather than a unifying mathematical principle. In this theoretical study, we propose a geometric framework for redefining EEG frequency bands based on logarithmic scaling, drawing on the exponential formulation introduced in Mary Blagg's refinement of the Titius-Bode law. Using the mean adult alpha rhythm as a reference frequency and applying a constant scaling ratio (<i>R</i> = 1.7275), we derive a mathematically ordered hierarchy of EEG band centers and boundaries within a continuous log-spaced spectrum. Unlike descriptive models of spectral 1/f scaling, the present framework provides an explicit generative rule for discrete band centers and transition frequencies. The resulting segmentation produces band definitions numerically consistent with commonly reported EEG frequency ranges while offering a fully proportional, non-overlapping structure. The model further introduces principled subdivisions within the alpha and gamma ranges and redefines the beta-gamma transition using geometric rather than conventional criteria. As a descriptive quantitative observation, the model-derived theta-alpha transition (∼7.98 Hz) lies in numerical proximity to the Earth's fundamental Schumann resonance (∼7.83 Hz); this correspondence arises from the predefined geometric rule and does not imply causal interaction. Overall, the proposed framework reframes EEG band organization as a mathematically explicit, scale-invariant system and provides a hypothesis-generating basis for future empirical evaluation of oscillatory structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1736474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13044072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147622685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a correlation between functional recovery of manual dexterity after motor cortex lesion and initial motor learning slope in the intact state?","authors":"Eric M Rouiller","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1754760","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1754760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cohort of 13 adult macaques offered a unique opportunity to collect over several years manual dexterity data, from an initial learning phase in intact animals to a terminal phase of functional recovery after unilateral lesion of primary motor cortex (M1). Manual dexterity was assessed daily using the modified Brinkman Board task, yielding a total score given by the number of food pellets retrieved by one or the other hand from vertical and horizontal slots. A motor <i>learning curve slope</i> was established during the initial learning phase before reaching a stable performance with the dominant hand. Later, following contralateral M1 lesion, the manual dexterity score dropped to zero, before a progressive spontaneous functional recovery occurred, reaching a unique plateau of usually incomplete recovery. A <i>recovery curve slope</i> was calculated. In six of the 13 monkeys, a treatment aimed at enhancing the functional recovery of manual dexterity was applied, yielding a second plateau of recovery added to the first spontaneous recovery plateau. A <i>recovery curve slope</i> was also calculated for the second plateau. The hypothesis that steep initial motor learning is correlated with rapid and efficient functional recovery after M1 lesion was tested. In contradiction to this hypothesis, the data showed an inverse correlation with decreasing <i>recovery curve slopes</i> as a function of increasing <i>learning curve slopes</i>. This result suggests that the mechanisms underlying initial motor learning may be different from those mobilized for functional recovery after M1 lesion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1754760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147591308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural coding in gustatory cortex reflects consumption decisions: evidence from conditioned taste aversion.","authors":"Martin A Raymond, Ian F Chapman, Stephanie M Staszko, Max L Fletcher, John D Boughter","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1765204","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1765204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taste-responsive neurons in the gustatory cortex (GC) have been shown to encode multiple properties of stimuli, including whether they are palatable or not. Previous studies have suggested that a form of taste-involved learning, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), may alter the cortical representation of taste stimuli in a number of ways. We used miniscopes to image taste responses from a large population of neurons in the gustatory cortex of mice before and after CTA to NaCl, comparing taste responses in control and conditioned mice. Following conditioning, no significant effects on the number of responsive cells, or the magnitude of response to either NaCl or other taste stimuli were found. However, population-level analyses showed that in mice receiving a CTA, the representation of NaCl diverged from other appetitive stimuli in neural space and moved closer to that of aversive Quinine. We also tracked the extinction of the CTA in a subset of animals and showed that as NaCl became less aversive, the neural pattern reverted to match the behavior. These data suggest that the predominant function of the taste representation in GC is palatability; the neuronal response pattern to stimuli at the population level reflects the decision of the animal to consume or not consume the stimulus, regardless of quality or chemical identity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1765204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147591346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When the gatekeeper falls: developmental vulnerability of the thalamic reticular nucleus in neonatal and pediatric hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.","authors":"Kuangfu Hsiao","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1753562","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1753562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The thalamic reticular nucleus orchestrates thalamocortical oscillations and sensory gating. Its early development features a unique confluence of depolarizing GABA signaling, immature chloride regulation, and transient electrical coupling via connexin-36 gap junctions. These developmental specializations, essential for synchronizing cortical maturation, also render thalamocortical networks vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic insults such as perinatal asphyxia or pediatric cardiac arrest. Following cellular ATP depletion, rapid chloride imbalance eliminates fast synaptic inhibition, permitting abnormal network activity to propagate via gap-junction coupling that persists when chemical inhibition collapses. The resulting electrical hypersynchrony, exacerbated by depolarizing GABAergic currents and impaired chloride extrusion, promotes excitotoxicity and thalamocortical dysrhythmia. This review synthesizes recent evidence to establish a framework that accounts for the selective vulnerability of the immature brain. Understanding these mechanisms may inform strategies to preserve developmental integrity and promote circuit resilience after pediatric asphyxial events.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1753562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13008923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147511484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced predictive saccade strategies and spatial prediction accuracy in first-person shooter-specialized players.","authors":"Ryo Koshizawa, Zdeněk Ledvina, Jakub Pospíšil, Ondřej Peleška","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1775973","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1775973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Predictive gaze behavior is essential in fast-paced esport environments; however, the visuomotor and neural mechanisms supporting predictive saccades in competitive first-person shooter (FPS) players remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated whether FPS-specialized players exhibit enhanced predictive saccade strategies compared to individuals without competitive FPS experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen active gamers were assigned to either an FPS-specialized group (<i>n</i> = 6) or a non-FPS group (<i>n</i> = 11). Participants performed a target-arrival prediction task in which a parabolically moving target was occluded midway through its trajectory. They were instructed to fixate on the starting point, execute a predictive saccade toward the internally estimated arrival position, maintain fixation, and press a button at their judged arrival time. Position Error (PE) was derived from gaze and button-press data. Low-beta (12-16 Hz) electroencephalography (EEG) activity was extracted using the Hilbert transform and group differences were assessed using time-series statistics and cluster-based permutation testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FPS-specialized group exhibited earlier emergence of predictive gaze shifts toward the anticipated arrival position and demonstrated substantially smaller spatial prediction errors, including reduced PE values. These behavioral advantages were accompanied by increased low-beta activity in right Brodmann area (BA) 7, left BA40, and left BA6-regions, associated with spatial prediction, visuomotor integration, and predictive motor planning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that competitive FPS experience cultivates a coordinated visuomotor prediction system that supports earlier initiation and improved accuracy of predictive saccade behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1775973"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13006633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147511545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of synchronous bursts in functionally coupled midbrain dopamine neurons driven by diverse excitatory inputs.","authors":"Meng-Jiao Chen","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1739960","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1739960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phasic dopamine (DA) release is related to reward processing and addiction. The prevailing view posits that this DA release originates from synchronous bursts of DA neuron groups, rather than individual neuron bursts. However, the mechanism by which diverse excitatory inputs synergistically induce synchronous bursts remains unclear. In biophysically realistic networks with complex structure, the responses of functionally connected DA neurons to various excitatory inputs are examined. Activating NMDA receptors alone results in asynchronous bursts, while co-activating with muscarinic receptors significantly enhances burst synchronization. The synchronization trends display qualitatively similar characteristics across all tested topological networks, indicating that these synchronous bursts are universal. Research on a dual-node network reveals that inhibitory couplings, specifically the inward rectifying K⁺ currents activated by G protein linked to D2 receptors (D2-GIRK currents), participate in inducing synchronous bursts. A detailed analysis of decoupled DA neurons shows that these synchronous bursts are induced by transitioning bursts from integrator-like to resonator-like behavior, a process dependent on sufficient intracellular Ca²⁺ accumulation. NMDA receptors directly supply Ca²⁺, while muscarinic receptors indirectly provide Ca²⁺ by enhancing calcium-activated, nonspecific cation (CAN) current, causing depolarization, and activating L-type calcium channels. Therefore, simultaneous activation of both receptors is more effective in achieving the required Ca²⁺ accumulation than activating either receptor alone. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which diverse excitatory inputs work together to induce synchronous bursts, providing new insights into their inductions and regulations, potentially advancing our understanding of the physiological diversity of phasic DA releases and their addictive abnormalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1739960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12996147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147485613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network localization of functional and structural correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Hu-Cheng Yang, Si-Yu Gu, Hai-Hua Sun, Yuan-Ying Song, Feng-Mei Zhang, Zhen-Yu Dai, Ping-Lei Pan","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1724421","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1724421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Apathy is a prevalent and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome in Parkinson's disease (PD). While numerous functional and structural brain studies have investigated the neural correlates of PD with apathy (PD-A), their findings have often been inconsistent. Network neuroscience suggests that such a syndrome may be best understood as disruptions of distributed brain networks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review to identify whole-brain studies reporting functional or structural alterations in patients with PD-A compared to those without apathy (PD-NA), or studies correlating apathy severity. Significant peak coordinates (195 foci from 24 studies) were integrated using functional connectivity network mapping (FCNM), leveraging resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 1,093 healthy Human Connectome Project (HCP) participants. We quantified spatial overlap between the PD-A-associated network and canonical brain networks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FCNM analysis revealed that the spatially diverse brain regions previously reported in the PD-A literature converged onto a common functional connectivity network. This network predominantly involved the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral caudate nucleus, and bilateral thalamus. The PD-A associated network showed the highest spatial overlap with the ventral attention network (VAN; 34.05%), subcortical network (28.47%), and frontoparietal network (FPN; 24.89%). Robustness analyses confirmed these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Brain functional and structural correlates of apathy in PD converge on distributed networks involving the VAN, FPN, and subcortical circuits. Our network localization approach offers a unifying neurobiological framework for apathy in PD, potentially reconciling previous inconsistencies and informing the development of network-targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1724421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12992048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional sufficiency in VR: achieving non-corporeal embodiment.","authors":"Malcolm Wright, Olivia Petit, Alexander Schnack","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1778604","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1778604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article provides a novel functionalist account of embodiment in immersive virtual environments, grounded in a formal model of cognition, supported by past empirical evidence, and offering a testable framework for predicting when virtual experiences will produce cognitive and emotional effects. Our approach complements existing work on telepresence and subjective experience by applying the Thin Model as an intermediate theory linking interface affordances to perception, emotion, and behavior. Drawing on previously published immersive virtual reality studies, we show that when key functional elements - such as sensing, recognition, inspection, and feedback - are preserved, behavioral and emotional outcomes remain stable even when locomotion mechanisms differ. These findings support a criterion of functional sufficiency for embodiment where interface substitution leaves core policies of action unchanged. We outline a set of theory-driven tests to identify the limits of this invariance and argue that embodiment should be defined by the integrity of the perception-action loop, not by anatomical mimicry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1778604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12982406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Quantum electromagnetic photon-mediated communication in neuronal networks.","authors":"Marco Cavaglià, Marco Pettini, Travis J A Craddock, Aristide Dogariu","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1804343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2026.1804343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1804343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12975741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147443373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astrocytic regulation in hippocampal CA2 mediates the impact of sleep deprivation on spatial working memory.","authors":"Jingang He, Yunshuang Ye, Jun Fang, Jie Wang, Hoiyin Cheung","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1744203","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2026.1744203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) is closely associated with significant mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and may lead to spatial memory impairment. Spatial memory is a cognitive function closely linked to the hippocampus, with the CA2 region playing a critical role in memory processing. However, the specific mechanisms by which the CA2 region contributes to spatial memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation remain unclear. This study hypothesizes that CSD impairs spatial memory by affecting the metabolic function of astrocytes in the hippocampal CA2 region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study used 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice to establish a CSD model via the multi-platform water environment method (MPT). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), including ALFF and ReHo analyses, was employed to assess functional changes in brain regions. Metabolic dynamics were studied using 13C-labeled glucose and sodium acetate to evaluate the metabolic states of neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Additionally, chemogenetic manipulation (via AAV viral vectors) was used to modulate the activity of astrocytes in the CA2 region, and spatial memory function was assessed through Y-maze behavioral tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CSD leads to functional abnormalities in the hippocampal CA2 region and spatial memory impairment in mice, as evidenced by increased ALFF and ReHo values in fMRI and decreased performance in the Y-maze test. Additionally, CSD induces metabolic dysregulation and calcium signaling abnormalities in CA2 astrocytes. Inhibition of calcium signaling exacerbates memory impairment, whereas activation of astrocytes can reverse this effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction and calcium signaling abnormalities in astrocytes of the hippocampal CA2 region are key mechanisms underlying spatial memory impairment caused by CSD. Activation of CA2 astrocytes can restore memory function, providing a novel therapeutic target for cognitive deficits associated with sleep disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1744203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12953495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147354835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}