Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"A role for the midbrain reticular formation in delay-based decision making.","authors":"Yong Sang Jo, Gyeong Hee Pyeon, Sheri J Y Mizumori","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1481585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1481585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many real-life situations, decisions involve temporal delays between actions and their outcomes. During these intervals, waiting is an active process that requires maintaining motivation and anticipating future rewards. This study aimed to explore the role of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) in delay-based decision-making. We recorded neural activity in the MRF while rats performed delay discounting and reward discrimination tasks, choosing between a smaller, sooner reward and a larger, later reward. Our findings reveal that MRF neurons are integral to maintaining motivation during waiting periods by encoding both the anticipated size and the discounted value of delayed rewards. Furthermore, the inactivation of the MRF led to a significant reduction in the rats' willingness to wait for delayed rewards. These results demonstrate the MRF's function in balancing the trade-offs between reward magnitude and timing, providing insight into the neural mechanisms that support sustained motivation and decision-making over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1481585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions of transcranial magnetic stimulation with brain oscillations: a narrative review.","authors":"Qijun Wang, Anjuan Gong, Zhen Feng, Yang Bai, Ulf Ziemann","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1489949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1489949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and comprise TMS-evoked potentials and TMS-induced oscillations. Repetitive TMS may entrain endogenous brain oscillations. In turn, ongoing brain oscillations prior to the TMS pulse can influence the effects of the TMS pulse. These intricate TMS-EEG and EEG-TMS interactions are increasingly attracting the interest of researchers and clinicians. This review surveys the literature of TMS and its interactions with brain oscillations as measured by EEG in health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1489949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of isoflurane on auditory and visually evoked potentials in the cat.","authors":"Xiaohan Bao, Paisley Barnes, Stephen G Lomber","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1367525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1367525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evoked potentials can be used as an intraoperative monitoring measure in neurological surgery. Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), or specifically brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs), are known for being minimally affected by anesthetics, while visually evoked potentials (VEPs) are presumed to be unreliable and easily affected by anesthetics. While many anesthesia trials or intraoperative recordings have provided evidence in support of these hypotheses, the comparisons were always made between AEPs and VEPs recorded sequentially, rather than recorded at the same time. Although the logistics of improving data comparability of AEPs and VEPs may be a challenge in clinical settings, it is much more approachable in animal models to measure AEPs and VEPs as simultaneously as possible. Five cats under dexmedetomidine sedation received five, 10-min blocks of isoflurane with varying concentrations while click-evoked AEPs and flash-evoked VEPs were recorded from subdermal electrodes. We found that, in terms of their waveforms, (1) short-latency AEPs (BAERs) were the least affected while middle-latency AEPs were dramatically altered by isoflurane, and (2) short-latency VEPs was less persistent than that of short-latency AEPs, while both middle- and long-latency VEPs were largely suppressed by isoflurane and, in some cases, completely diminished. In addition, the signal strength in all but the middle-latency AEPs was significantly suppressed by isoflurane. We identified multiple AEP or VEP peak components demonstrating suppressed amplitudes and/or changed latencies by isoflurane. Overall, we confirmed that both cat AEPs and VEPs are affected during isoflurane anesthesia, as in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1367525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of chewing hard material on boosting brain antioxidant levels and enhancing cognitive function.","authors":"Seungho Kim, Ji-Hye Kim, Hansol Lee, Sung Ho Jang, Ralph Noeske, Changho Choi, Yongmin Chang, Youn-Hee Choi","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1489919","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1489919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chewing has been reported to enhance cognitive function through the increase in cerebral blood flow. However, the mechanisms linking cerebral blood flow increase to metabolic changes in the brain affecting cognition remain unclear. We hypothesized that glutathione (GSH) plays a pivotal role in these mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate changes in brain GSH levels following chewing and their association with cognitive function in healthy young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 52 university students were recruited, and the Korean version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status was used for the neurocognitive evaluations. Brain GSH levels following chewing gum or wood blocks were measured using MEscher-GArwood Point RESolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) sequence, and their relevance to neurocognitive evaluation results was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chewing significantly increased brain GSH concentration, particularly in the wood-chewing group compared to the gum-chewing group, as observed in the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, the rise in GSH concentration in the wood-chewing group was positively correlated with memory function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chewing moderately hard material elevates brain antioxidant levels such as GSH, potentially influencing cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1489919"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce cytochrome c oxidase in brain white matter and sensorimotor regions while increasing functional interactions between neural systems related to escape behavior in postpartum rats.","authors":"Carley Rivers, Christopher Farber, Melissa Heath, Elisa Gonzales, Douglas W Barrett, F Gonzalez-Lima, Michelle A Lane","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1423966","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1423966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previously, we showed that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid n-3 (PUFA) supplementation improved the performance of postpartum rats in the shuttle box escape test (SBET).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The brains of these rats were used in the current study which examined brain cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity in white matter bundles and 39 regions spanning sensorimotor, limbic, and cognitive areas to determine the effects of n-3 PUFAs on neural metabolic capacity and network interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that n-3 PUFA supplementation decreased CCO activity in white matter bundles, deep and superficial areas within the inferior colliculus, the anterior and barrel field regions of the primary somatic sensorimotor cortex, the secondary somatic sensorimotor cortex, the lateral, anterior regions of the secondary visual cortex and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the medial nucleus of the amygdala. Structural equation modeling revealed that animals consuming diets without n-3 PUFAs exhibited fewer inter-regional interactions when compared to those fed diets with n-3 PUFAs. Without n-3 PUFAs, inter-regional interactions were observed between the posterior cingulate cortex and amygdala as well as among amygdala subregions. With n-3 PUFAs, more inter-regional interactions were observed, particularly between regions associated with fear memory processing and escape. Correlations between regional CCO activity and SBET behavior were observed in rats lacking dietary n-3 PUFAs but not in those supplemented with these nutrients.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, consumption of n-3 PUFAs results in reduced CCO activity in white matter bundles and sensorimotor regions, reflecting more efficient neurotransmission, and an increase in inter-regional interactions, facilitating escape from footshock.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1423966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11560429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142618586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling saccade reaction time in marmosets: the contribution of earlier visual response and variable inhibition.","authors":"Wajd Amly, Chih-Yang Chen, Tadashi Isa","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1478019","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1478019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marmosets are expected to serve as a valuable model for studying the primate visuomotor system due to their similar oculomotor behaviors to humans and macaques. Despite these similarities, differences exist; challenges in training marmosets on tasks requiring suppression of unwanted saccades, having consistently shorter, yet more variable saccade reaction times (SRT) compared to humans and macaques. This study investigates whether the short and variable SRT in marmosets is related to differences in visual signal transduction and variability in inhibitory control. We refined a computational SRT model, adjusting parameters to better capture the marmoset SRT distribution in a gap saccade task. Our findings indicate that visual information processing is faster in marmosets, and that saccadic inhibition is more variable compared to other species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1478019"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11537947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum: The cerebellum and fear extinction: evidence from rodent and human studies.","authors":"Alice Doubliez, Enzo Nio, Fernando Senovilla-Sanz, Vasiliki Spatharioti, Richard Apps, Dagmar Timmann, Charlotte L Lawrenson","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1488334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1488334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1166166.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1488334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11427700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetry and rehabilitation of the subjective visual vertical in unilateral vestibular hypofunction patients","authors":"Souad Haijoub, Charlotte Hautefort, Michel Toupet, Michel Lacour","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1454637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1454637","url":null,"abstract":"AimsPatients with acute unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction (AUVP) show postural, ocular motor, and perceptive signs on the diseased side. The subjective visual vertical (SVV) test measures the perceived bias in earth-vertical orientation with a laser line in darkness. This study was aimed at (1) examining whether SVV bias could depend on preset line orientation and angles, and (2) investigating whether vestibular rehabilitation (VR) can improve SVV normalization. To our knowledge, SVV symmetry/asymmetry and impact of VR on SVV normalization have never been documented in the literature.Participants and methodsWe investigated the SVV bias in a retrospective study (Study 1: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 42 AUVP patients) comparing the data recorded for line orientation to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides at preset angles of 15° and 30°. We investigated the effects of VR on SVV normalization in a prospective study (Study 2: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 20 AUPV patients) in which patients were tilted in the roll plane using a support tilted to the hypofunction side with the same amplitude as the SVV bias. This VR protocol was performed twice a week for 4 weeks. Supplementary data on body weight distribution and medio-lateral position of the center of foot pressure (CoP) were obtained using posturography recordings.ResultsStudy 1 showed asymmetrical values of the SVV bias. On average, the SVV errors were significantly higher for ipsilateral compared to contralateral line orientation (6.98° ± 3.7° vs. 4.95° ± 3.6°; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001), and for 30° compared to 15° preset angle (6.76° ± 4.2° vs. 5.66° ± 3.3°; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). Study 2 showed a fast SVV normalization with VR. Non-pathological SVV bias (below ±2°) was found after only 3 to 5 VR sessions while pathological SVV values were still observed at the same time after symptoms onset in patients without VR (1.25° ± 1.46° vs. 4.32° ± 2.81°, respectively; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). A close temporal correlation was observed in the time course of body weight distribution, mediolateral CoP position, and SVV bias over time, suggesting beneficial effects of the VR protocol at both the perceptive and postural levels.ConclusionWe recommend routine assessment of the ipsilateral and contralateral SVV bias separately for a better evaluation of otolith organs imbalance that can trigger chronic instability and dizziness. The SVV bias and the postural impairment caused by the imbalanced otolith inputs after unilateral vestibular loss can be rapidly normalized by tilting the patients in the roll plane, an additional means in the physiotherapist’s toolbox. The protocol likely reweights the visual and somatosensory cues involved in the perception of verticality.","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-consistent architecture for imagination.","authors":"Hiroshi Yamakawa, Ayako Fukawa, Ikuko Eguchi Yairi, Yutaka Matsuo","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1302429","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1302429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Imagination represents a pivotal capability of human intelligence. To develop human-like artificial intelligence, uncovering the computational architecture pertinent to imaginative capabilities through reverse engineering the brain's computational functions is essential. The existing Structure-Constrained Interface Decomposition (SCID) method, leverages the anatomical structure of the brain to extract computational architecture. However, its efficacy is limited to narrow brain regions, making it unsuitable for realizing the function of imagination, which involves diverse brain areas such as the neocortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we proposed the Function-Oriented SCID method, an advancement over the existing SCID method, comprising four steps designed for reverse engineering broader brain areas. This method was applied to the brain's imaginative capabilities to design a hypothetical computational architecture. The implementation began with defining the human imaginative ability that we aspire to simulate. Subsequently, six critical requirements necessary for actualizing the defined imagination were identified. Constraints were established considering the unique representational capacity and the singularity of the neocortex's modes, a distributed memory structure responsible for executing imaginative functions. In line with these constraints, we developed five distinct functions to fulfill the requirements. We allocated specific components for each function, followed by an architectural proposal aligning each component with a corresponding brain organ.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the proposed architecture, the distributed memory component, associated with the neocortex, realizes the representation and execution function; the imaginary zone maker component, associated with the claustrum, accomplishes the dynamic-zone partitioning function; the routing conductor component, linked with the complex of thalamus and basal ganglia, performs the manipulation function; the mode memory component, related to the specific agranular neocortical area executes the mode maintenance function; and the recorder component, affiliated with the hippocampal formation, handles the history management function. Thus, we have provided a fundamental cognitive architecture of the brain that comprehensively covers the brain's imaginative capacities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1302429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum: Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia.","authors":"Maurizio Cundari, Susanna Vestberg, Peik Gustafsson, Sorina Gorcenco, Anders Rasmussen","doi":"10.3389/fnsys.2024.1462062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2024.1462062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12649,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1462062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11369938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}