Global Challenges最新文献

{"title":"Biomimetic and Bioinspired Materials: Design Strategies, Mechanical Properties, and Engineering Applications—A Review","authors":"Manickaraj Karuppusamy,&nbsp;Sivasubramanian Palanisamy,&nbsp;Mahesh Gurusamy,&nbsp;Vijaya Prakash Balasubramanian,&nbsp;Manivannan Jayamani,&nbsp;Subramanian Lakshmi Sankar,&nbsp;Karthikayan Sundararajan,&nbsp;Gokulkumar Sivanantham,&nbsp;Syed Kashif Ali,&nbsp;Murugesan Palaniappan,&nbsp;Mezigebu Belay,&nbsp;Mohamed Abbas","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The field of biomimetic and bioinspired materials has progressed rapidly by drawing inspiration from nature's intricate structures and multifunctional systems in order to address pressing challenges in modern engineering. This review critically examines the mechanical performance of these materials, focusing on their hierarchical design principles, synthesis strategies, and versatility of application. Natural exemplars such as nacre, spider silk, and bone are emphasized, as their structural efficiency and functional adaptability have informed the development of synthetic analogues with superior strength, toughness, flexibility, and lightweight characteristics. The review also highlights advanced fabrication methods, such as additive manufacturing and precision chemical synthesis, which have enabled researchers to replicate the complexity of nature with ever-greater accuracy. Key case studies demonstrate how bioinspired strategies have been translated into high-performance materials for use in the aerospace, construction, and biomedical sectors. The review also discusses challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, and industrial integration. Finally, the review outlines emerging interdisciplinary approaches that are set to further enhance the mechanical properties and practical relevance of biomimetic materials, establishing them as transformative solutions for the next generation of engineering systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastics and Sustainable Development – Identifying and Quantifying Ecodesign Strategies for Plastics","authors":"Venkateshwaran Venkatachalam,&nbsp;Sebastian Spierling,&nbsp;Mikołaj Owsianiak,&nbsp;Frederik R. Wurm,&nbsp;Leonie Barner,&nbsp;Hans-Josef Endres","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202500033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2015, the United Nations introduced the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address major global challenges in sustainable development. Different industrial sectors are held accountable by their stakeholders for how their actions can contribute to achieving these goals. Among others, the plastic sector has come under scrutiny due to its linearity, characterized by low recovery rates after use and adverse effects on the environment resulting from uncontrolled disposal. Therefore, focus should be given not only to improving production processes and developing regulatory frameworks to manage plastic wastes but also to product design, as composition and construction determine whether products can be effectively recovered and recycled after use. Ecodesign is an approach that seeks to integrate different environmental considerations as early as during the design phase by focusing on the entire lifecycle of a product. To understand how plastics influence various dimensions of sustainability, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the impact of plastics across different indicators of SDGs and their relationship to different ecodesign strategies. Based on the findings of the review, this study aims to identify plastic-specific ecodesign strategies that can enhance resource efficiency and material recoverability. Furthermore, to compare and quantify these ecodesign strategies, a new methodological framework is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.202500033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Diesel-Biodiesel-Methanol Blends With Cetane Enhancer Additive Under Pilot Injection Mode","authors":"Hiren Dave,&nbsp;Himanshu Choksi,&nbsp;Choon Kit Chan,&nbsp;Mohd Aamir Mumtaz,&nbsp;Nithesh Naik","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500546","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500546","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presented work explores diesel pilot injection (PI) mode with a prime objective of resolving the inherent problem of increased smoke emissions associated with it. The problem of greater smoke emissions under PI mode was addressed by using methanol and a cetane enhancer (CE) with the base fuel. PI mode was investigated by varying pilot injection timing (PIT) as well as pilot injection ratio (PIR) using B30 (30% Biodiesel + 70% Diesel) as a base fuel and single injection (SI) mode with the base fuel served as a reference condition. The biodiesel for the presented study was derived from the waste cooking oil using standard transesterfication process. Methanol was added by 10% volume into B30 to prepare M10 blend and A1 blend was prepared by adding 0.5% volume of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) which is a CE into M10 blend. Experiments were performed using an automotive diesel engine which was operated at rated torque speed (1600 rpm) and 90% of full load conditions. The results demonstrated that A1 blend with 10% PIR and −30° after top dead center PIT improved fuel consumption and thermal efficiency by 8.77% and 13.77% respectively compared to reference condition along with offering reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions by 66.66%, 6.43%, and 8.11% respectively while increasing smoke emissions just by 2.65%.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO2 Bowl-Like Nanocavity With Inner Au Embedded for Visible-Light Photocatalysis","authors":"Jianwei Lu,&nbsp;Terence Xiaoteng Liu,&nbsp;Kun Luo,&nbsp;Yimin Chen,&nbsp;Tairan Yang,&nbsp;Lifeng Wang","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, we developed a novel method to synthesize Au nanoparticles (NPs) and a TiO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with Au NPs embedded individually within the inner surface of a TiO₂ bowl-like nanostructure (nanobowl) for the first time (denoted as Au@@TiO₂). This unique TiO₂ nanobowl shell can serve as a stable support for inner Au centers, and the resulting Au@@TiO2 shows markedly improved catalytic activity in the visible-light degradation of methylene blue (MB) compared with Au-embedded TiO₂ Hollow Spheres (HSs) and Au-deposited commercial P25 (denoted as Au@TiO₂ and Au-P25, respectively). Our well-established nanobowl provides a new strategy and pathway for the synthesis of high-performance nanocomposite catalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12927978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147283366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations","authors":"Moslema Hoque Oeishee,&nbsp;Md. Mosaddequr Rahman","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500581","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500581","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The floating photovoltaic (FPV) system is gaining global attention as a promising renewable energy solution that addresses both land scarcity and rising energy demand while contributing to climate change mitigation. Unlike conventional ground-mounted solar, FPV installations make use of reservoirs, lakes, and coastal waters, which not only saves valuable land but also improves efficiency through natural cooling, resulting in 10%–20% higher energy yields and up to 70% reduction in water evaporation. This paper reviews FPV's evolution from early concepts in the late 20th century to rapid commercialization after 2007. The study outlines three main system designs: Pontoon-based, flexible membrane, and submerged structures, alongside critical components such as floating platforms, mooring systems, and AI-enabled monitoring that ensure stability and performance. Engineering strategies discussed in this work include optimized site selection, hydrodynamic resilience, and auxiliary measures like cooling and automated cleaning. The paper also evaluates environmental interactions and shows that FPV may alter aquatic ecosystems by reducing light penetration and dissolved oxygen levels. However, it also demonstrates that these risks can be mitigated through eco-friendly anchoring and limited coverage. Life cycle assessments presented here highlight sustainability benefits, including energy payback times of 1–3 years, emission reductions of 5%–10%, and recyclability rates up to 90%. Asia leads in current deployment, where the planned capacity of the largest FPV project has surpassed 2200 MW. Despite the availability of several FPV technologies, their extensive development is hindered by inadequate policy support as well as challenges such as material durability, maintenance complexity, and fragmented regulations. However, FPV offers an opportunity to combine clean energy generation with sustainable water management. This paper provides insights for policymakers to design supportive regulations, for engineers to enhance system reliability, and for researchers to explore innovations, thereby guiding all stakeholders in advancing FPV as a key driver of sustainable and resilient energy transitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.202500581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Dye Degradation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Samarium-Grafted Carbon Nitride Doped-Bismuth Oxobromide Quantum Dots”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>S. Rani, M. Imran, A. Haider, et al., “Dye Degradation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Samarium-Grafted Carbon Nitride Doped-Bismuth Oxobromide Quantum Dots.” <i>Global Challenges</i> <b>2023</b>, <i>7</i>, 2300118. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202300118.</p><p><b>The following text should be added at the start of section 2.3</b>:</p><p>BiOBr was synthesized and characterized following our previous study. Few characterizations reused in the present study.^[46a]</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p><p><b>Reference</b></p><p>[46a.] Yousaf, Muhammad Shahid, Ali Haider, Anum Shahzadi, Anwar Ul-Hamid, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Ali Khan, Walid Nabgan, Murefah Mana Al-Anazy, E. El Shiekh, and Muhammad Ikram. “Aggrandized Catalytic and Bactericidal Activity of Silver and Polyvinylpyrrolidone Capped Bismuth Oxybromide Quantum Dots: In Silico Molecular Docking Studies,” <i>Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials</i> 34, no. 2 (2024): 533-545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02821-7, https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202300118</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12886186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systems-Level Optimization of Hybrid Produced Water Treatment Systems for Sustainable Oil and Gas Production: A Review of Current Technologies","authors":"Omogbolade L. Adepitan,&nbsp;Oluwaseyi O. Alabi,&nbsp;Charles Deigh,&nbsp;Oluwatoyin Joseph Gbadeyan","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500575","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500575","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Produced water (PW) is the largest and most complex waste stream generated during oil and gas production, posing significant environmental, operational, and regulatory challenges due to its high salinity, dispersed hydrocarbons, toxic organics, heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although numerous studies have reviewed individual treatment technologies, a critical, systems-level synthesis linking treatment performance, optimization strategies, and sustainability objectives across the produced water management chain remains lacking. This synthesis should encompass current technologies used in the treatment of produced water. This study presents a critical literature review of produced water treatment and management technologies reported in peer-reviewed journals and selected industrial case studies over the past decade. The review synthesizes produced-water treatment technologies across primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. It critically evaluates performance, energy and cost trade-offs, and key operational constraints. The analysis identifies suitable pathways for reuse, reinjection, and zero-liquid-discharge applications. The review shows that no single technology can effectively address the wide variability in produced water composition. Instead, hybrid treatment trains integrating mechanical separation, membrane filtration, and thermal or oxidative polishing consistently outperform standalone systems in terms of robustness and water recovery. Practical optimization is governed primarily by pretreatment design, energy integration, and adaptability to fluctuating feed chemistry, rather than by isolated unit efficiency. Persistent gaps are identified, including limited full-scale validation of emerging technologies (e.g., FO-MD hybrids), insufficient life-cycle and carbon-footprint assessments, and underutilization of digital optimization and predictive control tools. The review finds that produced water treatment performance is maximized when technologies are designed and evaluated as integrated systems rather than isolated unit operations. Energy demand, fouling and scaling control, and pretreatment requirements emerge as the dominant constraints governing operational reliability and cost-effectiveness. Hybrid treatment trains consistently outperform standalone processes in enabling reuse, reinjection, and zero-liquid-discharge applications. Significant gaps remain in the consistent application of sustainability metrics, life-cycle assessment, and digital optimization tools across treatment systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12886188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non- Conventional Agents Enhance Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) Defense against Aphis Gossypii, Thrips Tabaci, and Their Predators Chrysoperla Carnea and Orius Insidiosus","authors":"Mohamed S. Zayed,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. Hegab,&nbsp;Moustafa S. SaadAllah,&nbsp;El-Said M. Elnabawy,&nbsp;Hossam S. El-Beltagi,&nbsp;Atef Abo-Ogiala,&nbsp;Amged El-Harariy","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500590","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A study conducted in Egypt evaluated the effectiveness of chemical and microbial agents in enhancing sweet pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> var. annuum) defenses against major pests <i>Aphis gossypii</i> and <i>Thrips tabaci</i> and their natural predators, <i>Chrysoperla carnea</i> and <i>Orius insidiosus</i>. Five foliar treatments were tested under greenhouse conditions during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons: salicylic acid (SA), potassium phosphite (PK), effective microorganisms (EMs), insecticide imidacloprid (IMI), and a water-sprayed untreated check (control). In addition to monitoring pest and predator populations, several biochemical parameters were assessed in pepper leaves, including total chlorophyll, macronutrients (N, P, K), phenolic compounds, and total protein content. All treatments improved plant growth and enhanced physiological traits, promoting both vegetative development and fruit productivity. Salicylic acid was the most effective treatment, significantly increasing chlorophyll levels, nutrient uptake, phenolic content, and total proteins. Moreover, all agents led to a marked reduction in pest populations while preserving predator abundance, indicating strong plant defense activation and selectivity toward beneficial insects. These findings demonstrate that the tested agents, particularly salicylic acid, can serve as practical and sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides and are suitable for integration into environmentally friendly pest management strategies and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12860888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Odor Removal in Rigid Polypropylene Waste: Comprehensive Characterization and Washing Comparison","authors":"Tiago G. A. Belé,&nbsp;Martijn Roosen,&nbsp;Helene M. Loos,&nbsp;Steven De Meester,&nbsp;Andrea Buettner","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500567","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500567","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Control of odor-active compounds in polymers is fundamental for both recycling and the circular economy. Among deodorization strategies for post-consumer plastics, washing plays a central role. This study focuses on the odor characterization of rigid polypropylene (PP) waste and the evaluation of different washing procedures for deodorization efficiency. Three washing regimes are tested, varying in temperature (25°C vs. 80°C) and medium (water vs. caustic soda with detergent). The resulting sample sets are classified as unwashed (UW), room temperature washed (RT), hot water washed (HW), and detergent washed (DW). Odor profiles are determined by descriptive sensory analysis, while odor-active compounds are identified using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Ranking of odor contributions is performed through odor extract dilution analysis (OEDA). A total of 32 odorants are detected, of which 30 are identified via 2D gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry (2D-GC-MS/O). Washed material exhibits flowery and soapy impressions, whereas unwashed PP is characterized by moldy notes. Hedonic ratings are lowest for UW, with statistically significant improvement observed in DW. Intensity ratings do not differ significantly across UW, RT, and DW, ranging from 7.5 to 5.5 on a 0–10 scale. These findings link chemo-sensory methods with odorant removal efficiency, advancing deodorization approaches for plastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12860398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clays for Low-Carbon Cements: Overview, Progress, and Challenges","authors":"Imane Koufany,&nbsp;Isabel Santacruz,&nbsp;Angeles G. De la Torre,&nbsp;María D. Rodríguez-Ruiz,&nbsp;Miguel A. G. Aranda","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500496","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.202500496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The replacement of Portland clinker with supplementary cementitious materials is a key approach to reducing the embodied carbon content of concretes. In this context, a widely studied family is the “limestone calcined clay cements, LC³.” Within this eco-friendly family of materials, one composition is gaining popularity, LC³-50, a blend of ~50% of Portland clinker, 30% of activated clay, 15% of limestone and 5% of gypsum. This interest is due to a ~40% reduction of CO₂ emissions compared to Portland clinker, together with high compressive strengths after 7 days and very good durability against chloride and sulfate attacks. However, limitations still exist, such as low strengths at 1 day, workability loss during the first 2 h and reduced carbonation resistance. These drawbacks are being overcome with tailored admixtures and curing approaches. Here, after introducing low-carbon cements, pozzolans, and pozzolanic reactions, as well as phyllosilicate minerals, attention is given to recent progress in thermal and mechanical, aka mechanochemical, activations. Then, general correlations are established to assist in predicting compressive strength. This work concludes by highlighting the challenges that must be overcome for the widespread adoption of these classic rocks processed to yield advanced materials with the highest possible pozzolanic reactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146092777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}