Global Challenges最新文献

{"title":"Correction to “Dual Saturation in Soil Carbon Sequestration: Biophysical Limits and the Operational Capacity of Farmers”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>M. von Cossel, “Dual Saturation in Soil Carbon Sequestration: Biophysical Limits and the Operational Capacity of Farmers,” <i>Global Challenges</i> <i>10</i>, no. 6, (2026): e70118, https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.70118.</p><p>In the abstract, the text “Global soils can store approximately 1500 Pg C in the upper meter and about 2344 Pg C within the upper 3 m, making soil organic carbon (SOC) the largest actively managed terrestrial carbon reservoir.” was incorrect. This should have read: “Global soils have been estimated to contain approximately 1500 Pg C in the upper meter and approximately 2344 Pg C within the upper 3 m, making SOC the largest terrestrial organic carbon reservoir substantially influenced by land management.”</p><p>In paragraph 2 of the “Introduction” section, the text “In contrast, terrestrial agricultural land currently covers approximately 40% of the global ice-free land surface, making agricultural soils one of the largest actively managed components of the terrestrial carbon cycle. This massive spatial footprint makes the global soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, which is estimated at 1500 Pg C in the top meter and 2344 Pg C down to 3 m (Figure 1) [5], the most significant “manageable” lever for climate mitigation.” was incorrect. This should have read: “The massive spatial footprint makes the global soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, which is estimated at 1500 Pg C in the top meter and 2344 Pg C down to 3 m (Figure 1) [5], the most significant “manageable” lever for climate mitigation.”</p><p>In paragraph 3 of the “Introduction” section, the text “Declining soil carbon stocks have been associated with reduced agricultural productivity, increased vulnerability to climate extremes, and degradation of ecosystem services [10, 12].” was incorrect. This should have read: “Declining SOC stocks have been associated with reduced agricultural productivity, increased vulnerability to climate extremes, and degradation of ecosystem services [10, 12].”</p><p>In paragraph 4 of the “Introduction” section, the text “Historical land use has already resulted in an estimated “carbon debt” representing the depletion of soil organic carbon relative to pre-agricultural conditions, conservatively estimated at 50–133 Pg C [13], though more recent assessments suggest this debt likely falls within the range of 133–186 Pg C [6].” was incorrect. This should have read: “Historical land use has already resulted in an estimated “carbon debt” representing the depletion of SOC relative to pre-agricultural conditions, conservatively estimated at 55–78 Pg C [13], with more recent data-driven modelling suggesting a global agricultural debt of approximately 116 Pg C for the upper 2 m of soil [6].”</p><p>Furthermore, in paragraph 4 of the “Introduction” section, the text “However, the success of this sequestration is not simply a matter of adding new carbon, but of stabilizing the approximately 2344 Pg C already stored in global soils, whose persistence depends on ","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent Plasmonic Bio-Holoelectrochemical Systems: A Testable Architecture for Light-Programmed Microbial Electrochemistry","authors":"Timoth Mkilima","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70160","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial electrochemical systems couple extracellular electron transfer with substrate oxidation or CO₂ reduction, but their performance is constrained by biofilm heterogeneity, transport gradients, electrode polarization, and community drift. This review examines intelligent plasmonic bio-holoelectrochemical systems (iPBHS) as an evidence-derived reference architecture integrating transparent bioelectrochemical reactors, optically addressable electrodes, structured-light delivery, spatial sensing, and model-predictive control. The synthesis focuses on four themes: plasmonic modulation of biomass-normalized electron transfer, spatial transfer of projected photon fields into electrochemical responses, feedback control under safety and conservation constraints, and electron-product carbon routing. Particular attention is given to mechanistic discrimination using resonant and off-resonant illumination, temperature-equivalent and structurally matched controls, spatially resolved measurements, and factorial interaction analysis. Evidence from microbial electrosynthesis, plasmonic photoelectrochemistry, optogenetic biofilms, digital twins, and reactor-scale engineering is critically compared, while incompatible component-level gains are not pooled. Carbon, electron, energy, and life-cycle accounting provide the basis for evaluating system performance and scalability. No complete iPBHS prototype has yet been demonstrated, making cumulative validation of its constituent mechanisms the central research priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148989310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supercritical Solution Impregnation: A Strategy to Prevent Prosthetic Infections","authors":"Andrea Salas,&nbsp;Sara Díaz,&nbsp;Eduardo Pérez,&nbsp;Helga K. Ruiz,&nbsp;Rama Hafian,&nbsp;Pablo Sanz,&nbsp;Lourdes Calvo,&nbsp;Albertina Cabañas","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most devastating and frustrating complications in orthopaedic surgery is infection. A project is underway in our laboratory to explore the use of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) as an impregnation medium for treating orthopaedic prostheses to prevent infections. We present our results on the incorporation of antibiotics into the polymeric part of prostheses (inserts) using scCO₂ as a green solvent capable of penetrating the inserts carrying the drug without altering their structural integrity. Experiments were performed using pieces of actual knee joint liners of cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cut into small pieces. Materials were impregnated with the antibiotic clindamycin dissolved in CO₂ at 35–55°C and 100–200 bar. Moderate loadings (0.13%–1.85% mass) were obtained due to the compact nature of the UHMWPE liners and the weak interaction between the drug and the support. Drug loading increased with the CO₂ density and the depressurization rate. The impregnated prosthesis pieces were free of solvent residues and exhibited antibacterial activity against <i>S. epidermidis</i>, evidenced by the formation of inhibition halos, confirming the effectiveness of this approach in preventing bacterial colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.70148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-Driven Shifts in Wind Energy Potential Across Central Asia Based on a Multi-Model Ensemble and Tier-Based Assessment","authors":"Parya Broomandi,&nbsp;Mehdi Bagheri,&nbsp;Sonny Irawan,&nbsp;Aram Fathian,&nbsp;Ali Mozhdehi Fard,&nbsp;Dorna Gholamzade Ledari,&nbsp;Michael Leuchner,&nbsp;Jong Ryeol Kim","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202500503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable assessment of future wind energy resources is crucial forsustainable energy planning in Central Asia (CA), where wind patterns arehighly sensitive to climate change. This study assesses historical andprojected 100 m wind speed during 1992–2100 using multi-ensemble outputs fromthe Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under SharedSocioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), bias-corrected using EuropeanCentre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis. We developeda novel ranking framework integrating seasonal variability, Weibull-based windcharacterization, and exceedance probabilities, while accounting for scenariosensitivity. Historically, seasonal wind speeds increased during spring andsummer, particularly in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan; however, SSP5-8.5projections indicate widespread declines, especially in fall. Seasonal shiftsalso emerge, with peak wind months moving from spring to winter or summer.These changes produce clear differences in site stability: Kazakhstan hosts∼23% of Tier 1 sites, Kyrgyzstan 〈2%, while Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan aredominated by Tier 5 sites requiring case-specific evaluation. Overall, the results highlight strong spatial contrasts in windenergy potential across CA and provide a robust basis for prioritizinginvestments, reducing climate-related planning uncertainty, and supportingresilient, climate-adaptive wind energy strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.202500503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threats and Shifts in Microbial Communities of Salars Associated With Direct Lithium Extraction and Brine Reinjection","authors":"Carolina F. Cubillos,&nbsp;Pablo Aguilar,&nbsp;Cristina Dorador","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium is a much in-demand element that is critical for the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. Beyond hard-rock mining, large quantities of lithium are extracted from brines of high-Andean salars (<i>salares</i>). The functioning of these microbial ecosystems depends on a delicate equilibrium between mineralogy, water, physical conditions, and microbial life. They are polyextreme environments where life thrives under limiting conditions. In the Salar de Atacama, Chile, lithium is generally extracted through sequential brine evaporation, where lithium is enriched from ∼0.2 to ∼6% w/w. This process has been associated with significant environmental and social consequences, leading to growing interest in implementing new processes, such as direct lithium extraction (DLE), promoted as ‘environmentally friendly’ alternatives. However, this involves the use of chemical reagents and the reinjection of treated brines into the salar, which may have ecological implications that have not yet been fully evaluated. Here, we analyse the main DLE techniques and their potential consequences for microorganisms at community and cellular levels. We argue that DLE technologies, though presented as sustainable alternatives, could potentially have environmental impacts and that current lithium extraction practices continue to conflict with several Sustainable Development Goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reusable Lignin-Derived Free-Standing Carbon Nanofiber Sulfur Hosts via Carbonization Engineering for Sustainable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries","authors":"Kshitij Mahesh Kakad,&nbsp;Qingping Wu,&nbsp;Seyedrashid Mirmasoomi,&nbsp;Sijia Cao,&nbsp;Johannes Schenk,&nbsp;Marius Hermesdorf,&nbsp;Vikram Raghuraman,&nbsp;Liqiang Lu,&nbsp;Martin Oschatz,&nbsp;Yan Lu","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70157","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As an abundant bio-based resource, lignin can be converted to functional carbon materials, thereby providing a sustainable pathway toward free-standing sulfur cathode design. However, rational carbonization engineering remains essential for optimizing sulfur utilization and polysulfide conversion behavior in lithium–sulfur batteries. In this work, lignin valorization and free-standing electrode design are integrated through electrospinning-assisted fabrication of nanofibers, followed by high temperature carbonization to produce flexible and reusable sulfur hosts. The interconnected fibrous architecture facilitates homogeneous sulfur distribution, while promoting polysulfide confinement and electrochemical stability under high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte. At a sulfur loading of 3.3 mg cm⁻², the electrode affords a high initial capacity of 1300 mAh g⁻¹. At an electrolyte content of 5.5 µL_E mg_S⁻¹, the coin cells are shown to cycle steadily with capacity retentions of 82.9% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Furthermore, the reusability of these electrodes is confirmed via successful recovery, with the recovered electrode demonstrating stable cycling at 1 C, while retaining 79.3% of its initial capacity after 150 cycles. This research thus confirms the potential of lignin-derived, green, and cost-effective approach of synthesizing free-standing electrodes as efficient sulfur host materials with reliable and steady battery cycling performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Strain Engineering via Meta-Material Substrates for Flexible Sensors With Simultaneously Enhanced Sensitivity and Wide Sensing Range","authors":"Gyeongyeol Lee,&nbsp;Sung-Wook Kim,&nbsp;Yong Whan Choi","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70154","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gch2.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flexible strain sensors face an unresolved trade-off between sensitivity and sensing range. We present a meta-material-based sensor platform (meta-sensor) that overcomes this by engineering local strain input to the sensing element. A strain-stiffening curved spiral structure and a uniform-stiffness kirigami-patterned structure connected in series produce nonlinear strain partitioning: before mechanical transition, global strain concentrates at the sensor interface to amplify sensitivity; after transition, strain redistributes to extend sensing range. Integrating a kirigami crack-based sensor (maximum applied strain range of 50%) onto this composite substrate extends the operational range to 125% applied strain-a 2.5× range extension (from 50% to 125%) — while raising the mid-range response to ≈3.5× that of a wide-range reference sensor. The platform is validated in respiratory monitoring across rest and vigorous exercise, and knee rehabilitation tracking from early to late recovery. This meta-material substrate approach offers a generalizable, material-independent strategy for simultaneously achieving high sensitivity and wide sensing range.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium and Water: Why Hydrological Limits Will Define a Just Energy Transition","authors":"Ricardo O. Barra,&nbsp;Fernanda Álvarez-Amado,&nbsp;Víctor Parra,&nbsp;Marcela Salgado,&nbsp;Susana Alvarez,&nbsp;Amaya Alvez,&nbsp;Leopoldo Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium is widely portrayed as a cornerstone of the global energy transition. Yet prevailing narratives conceptualize lithium primarily as a mineral resource while treating water impacts as secondary externalities. This Perspective argues that in arid and hyper-arid salt-flat systems, lithium extraction is fundamentally constrained by hydrological boundaries rather than by mineral availability or technological efficiency. Using the Salar de Atacama in northern Chile as an emblematic global case, we contend that brine-based lithium extraction constitutes a large-scale intervention in coupled hydrosocial systems, directly implicating a boundary for freshwater. We challenge techno-optimistic expectations surrounding efficiency improvements and emerging technologies such as direct lithium extraction, emphasizing instead cumulative impacts, persistent uncertainty, and uneven distributions of risk and benefit. Building on the water boundaries framework, we propose a shift toward water-bounded lithium governance grounded in basin-scale extraction limits, precaution under uncertainty, legal recognition of brines as water, and meaningful indigenous participation linked to extraction thresholds. Without re-centering water as the defining constraint, the energy transition risks reproducing environmental degradation and social injustice under the guise of sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.70151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Evaluation of Reaction Phase Effects on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Cu-Doped SrTiO3","authors":"Mohammed A. M. Bajiri,&nbsp;Niqab Khan,&nbsp;Julio Cesar Camilo Albornoz Diaz,&nbsp;Gabriel Natulini Vieira,&nbsp;Yara Jaqueline Kerber Araújo,&nbsp;Lucas D. Paquini,&nbsp;Abdo Hezam,&nbsp;Fabio H. B. Lima,&nbsp;Heberton Wender,&nbsp;Renato V. Gonçalves","doi":"10.1002/gch2.70145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon dioxide conversion into value-added products offers a promising strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while enabling sustainable fuel production. Among the available approaches, photocatalytic CO₂ reduction has attracted significant attention, particularly when combined with advanced catalyst design and reaction engineering. In this work, Cu-doped SrTiO₃ is employed as a model photocatalyst to systematically investigate the influence of reaction phase on CO₂ reduction performance across three distinct reaction configurations: solid–liquid (SL), solid–gas (SG), and pressurized solid–gas (PSG). The results demonstrate that the reaction phase strongly affects both activity and product selectivity. The SG configuration exhibits the highest performance, reaching accumulated yields of 11.13 µmol g⁻¹ of CH₄ and 2.32 µmol g⁻¹ of CO after 4 h of reaction, owing to enhanced reactant accessibility and reduced mass-transfer limitations. In contrast, the SL configuration shows the lowest gaseous-product activity due to limited CO₂ solubility and accumulation of dissolved intermediates, while favoring the formation of oxygenated liquid products such as methanol and ethanol. The PSG system displays intermediate performance, where increased CO₂ availability is partially offset by hindered product desorption. These findings highlight reaction-phase engineering as a key factor governing photocatalytic CO₂ conversion efficiency and selectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.70145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Powered One Health: A Predictive Framework for Managing Persistent Chemical Threats across Human, Animal, and Environmental Systems","authors":"Jose L. Domingo","doi":"10.1002/gch2.202500607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202500607","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing burden of persistent organic pollutants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants represents a global threat to human, animal, and ecosystem health. Current management strategies remain fragmented and reactive, limiting the effectiveness of the One Health paradigm. This review introduces an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered One Health framework designed to transition from surveillance to predictive prevention. Using a literature review across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (up to October 2025), recent advances in machine learning, deep learning, geospatial AI, and physics-informed models for chemical risk assessment are synthesized. The proposed framework integrates four core capabilities: (1) geospatial AI for real-time source tracking and fate modeling, (2) multispecies exposome reconstruction for unified exposure assessment, (3) predictive toxicology engines enabling cross-species risk extrapolation, and (4) AI-driven optimization of remediation and policy scenarios. Ethical and governance challenges, including algorithmic bias, transparency, and environmental justice, are critically examined. By integrating the holistic vision of One Health with the predictive capabilities of AI, this framework advances the concept of “Precision Environmental Health”, supporting anticipatory governance and promoting equitable interventions at a global scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":12646,"journal":{"name":"Global Challenges","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gch2.202500607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}