General and comparative endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Conserved function of WNT4 in reptilian granulosa cell proliferation: insights from the Chinese soft-shelled turtle","authors":"Yanyan Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Jiequn Tang,&nbsp;Xinqi Han,&nbsp;Ling Xiao,&nbsp;Chutian Ge,&nbsp;Yin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The continuous process of folliculogenesis involves precise coordination between the oocyte and surrounding somatic cells, especially the granulosa cells. However, the roles of granulosa cells and associated gene expression changes during vitellogenesis remain poorly understood. In the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, our study found that granulosa cells undergo a morphological change from flattened to dense cuboidal during the white-to-yellow follicle transition, accompanied by increased relative expression of <em>WNT4</em>, as a WNT ligand, as confirmed through RNA-seq analysis and RT-qPCR. Notably, in situ hybridization revealed that <em>WNT4</em> was expressed in granulosa cells, as further demonstrated by its co-localization with FOXL2 immunofluorescence signaling, a granulosa cell-specific transcription factor. Furthermore, we successfully established a functional primary culture of granulosa cell, characterized by the expression of key markers FOXL2 and CYP19A1 (aromatase). Treatment with IWP-2, a specific inhibitor of WNT4, significantly reduced both EdU signal and the phosphorylation level of JNK in cultured granulosa cells. Together, these results shed light on the regulation of granulosa cell proliferation, and highlight a conserved role for <em>WNT4</em> in this process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 114958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148210907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of concern to \"Molecular mechanism of mercury-induced reproductive impairments in banded gourami, Trichogaster fasciata\" [General Comparat. Endocrinol. 255 (2018) 40-48].","authors":"Rajkumar Guchhait, Ankit Chatterjee, Shreyasi Gupta, Manashi Debnath, Dilip Mukherjee, Kousik Pramanick","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"382 ","pages":"114963"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosteroids modulate bovine oocyte maturation through mineralocorticoid receptor","authors":"Ryohdai Kunori ,&nbsp;Ami Kashima ,&nbsp;Chiaki Sakuma,&nbsp;Naoki Tani,&nbsp;Masafumi Tetsuka","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ovary is continuously exposed to circulating corticosteroids, yet their physiological roles in oocyte physiology remain unclear. This study investigated how mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids regulate nuclear maturation in bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). COCs collected from 2 to 5 mm small antral follicles were subjected to 21 h of in vitro maturation (IVM). Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) were predominantly expressed in oocytes, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was restricted to cumulus cells, specialized granulosa cells that surround and nourish the oocyte. Aldosterone increased the metaphase II (MII) rate at 50 nM but reduced it at 500 nM, with both effects abolished by the MR antagonist eplerenone. Cortisol at pharmacological levels (10 μM) similarly decreased MII%, and this inhibition was also reversed by eplerenone. To assess the protective role of HSD11B2, COCs were exposed to the HSD11B2 inhibitor 11-ketoprogesterone (11-kp) with or without cortisol (1 μM). Neither treatment alone altered MII%, whereas the combination significantly reduced MII%. These findings demonstrate that bovine oocytes are direct targets of mineralocorticoids and that both aldosterone and cortisol modulate nuclear maturation through MR. Moreover, HSD11B2 functions as a key protective mechanism preventing nonspecific MR activation by cortisol under physiological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 114957"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148198651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ectoparasite presence is associated with alterations in immune function after an acute stressor in cane toads (Rhinella marina)","authors":"Felipe R. Floreste ,&nbsp;Braz Titon Jr. ,&nbsp;Fernando R. Gomes ,&nbsp;Chelsea K. Ward ,&nbsp;Mary T. Mendonça ,&nbsp;Vania R. Assis","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasites can alter host fitness and physiology in multiple ways, including chronic activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis, resulting in prolonged glucocorticoid release. Such chronic effects may also disrupt the acute stress response mediated by the HPA/I axis, with consequences for immune function. In this study, we investigated if ectoparasites (ticks) are associated with alterations in stress biomarkers and immune function in Florida invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>). We measured corticosterone (CORT) plasma levels and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), two common stress indicators, as well as the bacterial killing ability (BKA), a protein-mediated innate immunity trait, at baseline and after a short-term stressor (24 h restraint). Parasitized toads had higher baseline CORT levels than non-parasitized individuals, although restraint increased CORT and NLR similarly in both groups. Interestingly, only toads with ticks had increased BKA post-restraint. In addition, baseline CORT was negatively correlated with body index (BI) in parasitized toads, suggesting a possible association between tick presence and increased energetic demands. Together, these results indicate that ectoparasites modulate the interplay between stress physiology and immunity in invasive cane toads. Future work should experimentally manipulate tick infection and broaden immune measures to clarify mechanisms underlying parasite–host stress–immune interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 114956"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148154083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of the FAM237-derived small proteins in energy homeostasis: a comparative perspective of neurosecretory protein GL and GM across vertebrates","authors":"Yuki Narimatsu,&nbsp;Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena,&nbsp;Kazuyoshi Ukena","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neural circuits integrate peripheral signals, nutrient demand, and environmental cues to orchestrate energy homeostasis in vertebrates. Neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM) are hypothalamic small secretory proteins encoded by paralogous genes of the <em>FAM237</em> family. These genes were initially identified in birds, but database search showed evolutionary conservation across vertebrates, suggesting conserved physiological roles for NPGL and NPGM. Previous studies on NPGL have demonstrated that NPGL stimulates overeating and fat accumulation in a diet- and strain-dependent manner in both mammals and birds. Accumulating evidence suggests that NPGM may also be involved in hyperphagia and adiposity. Notably, recent progress in transcriptomics and histological analyses has revealed expression of <em>Npgl</em> and <em>Npgm</em> in specific hypothalamic neuronal subpopulations involved in energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize recent progress in understanding the metabolic actions of NPGL and NPGM. We then focus on the cellular identity of <em>Npgl</em>- and <em>Npgm</em>-expressing neurons. Finally, we discuss future directions and potential molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation by NPGL and NPGM. Investigating the NPGL/NPGM system, which regulates energy metabolism, will contribute to understanding both conserved and species-specific mechanisms of energy homeostasis across vertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"382 ","pages":"Article 114962"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148250975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of differentially expressed miRNA in the proliferation and differentiation of bovine intramuscular fat preadipocytes","authors":"Diba Dedacha Jilo ,&nbsp;Belete Kuraz Abebe ,&nbsp;Juntao Guo ,&nbsp;Jianfang Wang ,&nbsp;Haobin Ma ,&nbsp;Zhimei Yang ,&nbsp;Haibing Liu ,&nbsp;Gong Cheng ,&nbsp;Anning Li ,&nbsp;Linsen Zan","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meat quality characteristics such as juiciness, tenderness, and flavor are greatly enhanced by intramuscular fat (IMF). Improving intramuscular adipose tissue accumulation while maintaining stable lipid levels in fat depots has become a critical priority in the beef sector. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving intramuscular fat deposition is critical because it can enable the utilization of genetic selection to produce high-quality beef. Emerging research suggests that miRNAs play essential roles in regulating IMF deposition, particularly through regulating preadipocyte dynamics such as proliferation and differentiation. Our study aimed to screen and explore the function of potential miRNA in bovine intramuscular preadipocytes and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms governing cell proliferation and differentiation. Through time series cluster analysis following by experimental validation by qPCR and Agarose gel PCR identified that bta-miR-380-3p was potential miRNA that highly related with intramuscular preadipocyes differentiation in beef cattle. Bta-miR-380-3p enhanced the proliferation of intramuscular pre-adipocytes by increasing the cell cycle progression and show dynamic time dependent regulation during proliferation and differentiation. It also boosted the formation of lipid droplets in intramuscular pre-adipocytes. The qPCR results revealed that bta-miR-380-3p mimic boosted the expression of PPARγ, FASN, FABP4, SREBP1, and DGAT2 differentiation marker genes. These results provide new insight on the regulatory processes of intramuscular adipogenesis and identify bta-miR-380-3p as a potential target for increasing beef quality through directional selection and molecular breeding. This finding provides a theoretical framework and molecular targets for increasing IMF content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 114935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147768964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoperiod effects on the expression of deep brain photoreceptors and gonadotrophin genes are sex- and age-dependent in Pekin ducks","authors":"E.M. Oluwagbenga,&nbsp;Nina Wilson,&nbsp;G.S. Fraley","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Birds rely on a specialized set of photoreceptive neurons called deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs) for the detection of light signals which are then integrated to modulate the expression of gonadotropin hormones. Therefore, we want to investigate DBPs expression, melanopsin (OPN 4), neuropsin (OPN5), and vertebrate ancient opsin (VAOpn), and their regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) genes in regards to sex and age in Pekin ducks. 460 hatchlings were randomly allocated to 4 rooms and exposed to 24 h light (LL) or photostimulation (PS; n = 30 hens and 7 drakes/pen; 4 pens/treatment) for 19 weeks. Ducks were euthanized via an intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital (Fatal Plus; 396 mg/mL/kg body weight) at weeks 0, 5, 10, and 19 (n = 6/sex/treatment/timepoint) for brain sample collection which was further hemisected into diencephalon. Gene expressions of OPN 4, OPN5, and VAOpn, GnRH, and GnIH were quantified using qRT-PCR. In the hens, OPN4 expression was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in LL compared to PS at week 0, suggesting a rapid transcriptional response to continuous light but no difference in OPN5 expression. VAOpn expression was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in PS compared to LL at week 10 in the hens. In parallel, GnRH expression was higher (p &lt; 0.05) under LL compared to PS at week 19, peaked at week 0 in both treatments and declined (p &lt; 0.05) thereafter in the hens. In contrast, GnIH expression increased (p &lt; 0.01) with age in both sexes, and was lower in the PS hens compared to LL hens at week 10. These findings demonstrate photoperiod-dependent variation in DBPs alongside GnRH and GnIH transcription which is consistent with a possible involvement in sex-specific reproductive development in ducks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 114928"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147652962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic analyses show frog metamorphosis requires thyroid hormone signaling increased by glucocorticoid receptor signaling","authors":"Brett M. Culbert,&nbsp;Mindy S. Chen,&nbsp;Chamiska Hewa Uluwaduge,&nbsp;Lauren E. Heininger,&nbsp;Hoang Anh Nguyen,&nbsp;Daniel R. Buchholz","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtually all vertebrates experience a post-embryonic developmental transition dependent on thyroid and corticosteroid hormones. Molecular and developmental actions of these hormones are highly conserved among vertebrates, but the significance and nature of hormone interaction regulating the process has not been well understood. Frog metamorphosis is an excellent model for hormones in development due to the dramatic, sensitive, and readily manipulable changes occurring during the 2-week transition. In frogs, thyroid hormone initiates metamorphosis, and corticosteroid hormones accelerate thyroid hormone-induced changes. Sorting out precise roles of corticosteroid hormones and receptors has been challenging due to lack of genetic models. Here, we review results from four genetic frog models affecting corticosteroid signaling. Tadpoles with adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoid receptor mutations have low to no corticosteroid signaling and die during metamorphosis, but exogenous thyroid hormone allows them to complete metamorphosis. Tadpoles with 21-hydroxylase mutations survive through metamorphosis, despite lack of 21-hydroxyated corticosteroids, via corticosteroid signaling from high levels of low affinity steroid biosynthesis intermediates. Tadpoles with mineralocorticoid receptor mutations have no apparent metamorphic phenotype. These results indicate that survival through metamorphosis requires activation of the glucocorticoid receptor with no requirement for mineralocorticoid receptor activation. Further, these results show that the only vital role of corticosterone signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor is increasing tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone thereby enabling endogenous thyroid hormone levels to accomplish metamorphic completion. These hormone interactions observed in frogs will inform similar examinations in other groups where developmental transitions may be highly influenced by such interactions but remain uncharacterized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 114937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147813620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery and pleiotropic effects of a “Feeding Circuit-Activating Peptide”-type neuropeptide in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis","authors":"Tomohiro Osugi ,&nbsp;Anna Szántó ,&nbsp;Réka Svigruha ,&nbsp;Tamara Lena Tacey ,&nbsp;Zsolt Bozsó ,&nbsp;Gábor K. Tóth ,&nbsp;Shin Matsubara ,&nbsp;Honoo Satake ,&nbsp;István Fodor ,&nbsp;Zsolt Pirger","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuropeptides play a central role in the regulation of animal physiology and behavior. Mollusks have been pivotal in the discovery of neuropeptide signaling, yet the diversity and functional roles of neuropeptides remain incompletely understood across the phylum. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel Feeding Circuit-Activating Peptide (FCAP)-type neuropeptide in the widely used molluscan model, the great pond snail (<em>Lymnaea stagnalis</em>). Using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), we detected a new peptide, ALDLSGGFNVHGW, which differs by a single amino acid from FCAPb (ALDLSGGFQVHGW) of <em>Aplysia californica</em>. Sequence analysis revealed that the FCAP precursor of <em>L. stagnalis</em> contains 20 copies of ALDLSGGFNVHGW and one copy of an active peptide identical to Ap-FCAPb. Subsequent MSI analysis indicated that ALDSLGGFNVHGW is the main active FCAP-type peptide, predominantly localized in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion and sparsely in the buccal ganglia. Furthermore, ALDLSGGFNVHGW co-localized with APGWamide, but not with FMRFamide or cardioexcitatory peptide. Behavioral assays demonstrated dose-dependent, pleiotropic effects of ALDLSGGFNVHGW: transient suppression of feeding, delayed enhancement of locomotor activity, and robust stimulation of egg-laying. Together, these anatomical, molecular, and behavioral data support the view that peptides of the FCAP family are not restricted to feeding modulation but instead act as multifunctional regulators. Future studies, including identification of the receptor(s) that mediate the effects of FCAP-type peptides, are required to deepen our understanding of their functions and evolutionary relationships with neuropeptides in other phyla.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 114925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of specific ELISAs for luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the commercially important cyprinid fish","authors":"Jiying Chen ,&nbsp;Yu Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xiangtong Zeng ,&nbsp;Huijie Cao ,&nbsp;Xuetao Shi ,&nbsp;Tingting Shu ,&nbsp;Changqing Han ,&nbsp;Liang Ke ,&nbsp;Wenhao Hu ,&nbsp;Xiangjiang Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Guangfu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>) is an important aquaculture species, yet no specific immunoassay is available for quantifying its pituitary gonadotropins—luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)—which are key regulators of reproduction in vertebrates. Here, we developed and validated competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for grass carp LH and FSH using recombinant proteins and specific polyclonal antibodies. The recombinant proteins were expressed in <em>E. coli</em> based on the native hormone sequences, and polyclonal antibodies were generated in rabbits. Antibody specificity was validated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, which confirmed that LH and FSH are produced by distinct cell populations in the grass carp pituitary, consistent with the organizational pattern observed in other teleosts. The standard curves showed excellent correlation (mean R² = 0.994). Assay sensitivities were 1.27 ng/mL for LH and 1.18 ng/mL for FSH, with IC₅₀ values of 9.19 ng/mL and 9.29 ng/mL, respectively. Intra-assay CVs ranged from 0.68% to 4.10% (LH) and 0.44% to 4.27% (FSH), while inter-assay CVs averaged 5.43% and 1.92%, demonstrating good reproducibility. Using this assay, we quantified LH and FSH levels in grass carp across different developmental stages, revealing distinct age- and sex-specific secretion patterns that provide insights into the differential regulation of gonadotropins during sexual maturation in cyprinids. The assay also successfully detected hormone responses to salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) stimulation both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. This ELISA system provides a reliable tool for investigating gonadotropin dynamics in grass carp and offers a methodological foundation for comparative studies on the endocrine regulation of reproduction in teleost fishes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 114947"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147928402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}