General and comparative endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of blocking transforming growth factor-β/Activin-Myostatin signaling on the expression of ecdysteroid metabolism and responsive genes in the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ)","authors":"Samiha A.M. Benrabaa ,&nbsp;Donald L. Mykles","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molting in decapod crustaceans is controlled by ecdysteroids synthesized and secreted by the molting gland, or Y-organ (YO). The YO undergoes phenotypic changes in ecdysteroid production that drive molt cycle stage transitions; these are the basal, activated, committed, and repressed states in the intermolt, early premolt, mid- and late premolt, and postmolt stages, respectively. Reduced secretion of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) by a neurosecretory center in the eyestalk ganglia activates the YO and the animal transitions to early premolt. During premolt, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Myostatin (Mstn) signaling mediates the transition of the YO from the activated to the committed state, as SB431542 blocks this transition. In the blackback land crab, <em>Gecarcinus lateralis</em>, the YO expresses genes involved in ecdysteroid synthesis (<em>Gl-NADK</em>, <em>Gl-ALAS</em> and Halloween genes <em>Gl-Nvd</em>, <em>Gl-Spo</em>, <em>Gl-Phm</em>, <em>Gl-Dib</em>, and <em>Gl-Sad</em>) and catabolism (<em>Gl-CYP18a1</em>); ecdysteroid signaling (ecdysteroid responsive genes <em>Gl-EcR</em>, <em>Gl-RXR</em>, <em>Gl-Br-C</em>, <em>Gl-HR3</em>, <em>Gl-HR4</em>, <em>Gl-E74</em>, <em>Gl-E75</em>, and <em>Gl-Ftz-f1</em>); and <em>Gl-FOXO</em>. Intermolt adult <em>G. lateralis</em> were induced to molt by eyestalk ablation (ESA) and injected with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle (control) or SB431542 in DMSO (experimental) at Day 0. ESA increased hemolymph ecdysteroid titer at 1, 3, and 5 days post-ESA in both control and experimental groups, indicating that SB431542 had no effect on YO activation. Ecdysteroid titer did not increase further in the experimental group at 7 and 14 days post-ESA, indicating that SB431542 prevented transition of the YO to the committed state. ESA with or without SB431542 had no effect on the mRNA levels of the eight ecdysteroid metabolism genes, seven of the eight ecdysteroid responsive genes (the only exception was <em>Gl-E74</em> at 1 day post-ESA), and <em>Gl-FOXO</em> at 1, 3, and 5 days post-ESA. Compared to the control group, SB431542 lowered the mRNA level of <em>Gl-Nvd</em> at 7 and 14 days post-ESA and mRNA levels of <em>Gl-Spo</em>, <em>Gl-Phm</em>, <em>Gl-Dib</em>, <em>Gl-Sad, Gl-CYP18a1, Gl-ALAS</em>, <em>Gl-NADK, Gl-EcR</em>, <em>Gl-RXR</em>, <em>Gl-Br-C</em>, and <em>Gl-FOXO</em> at 14 days post-ESA. SB431542 had no effect on the mRNA levels of <em>Gl-HR3 Gl-HR4, Gl-E74, Gl-E75</em> and <em>Gl-Ftz-f1</em>. These results suggest that TGFβ/Activin-Mstn signaling maintains the mRNA levels of genes needed for increased ecdysteroid synthesis and signaling in the committed YO during mid- and late premolt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An insight into the molecular mechanisms of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) mediated dysregulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in Heteropneustes fossilis","authors":"Shubhendu Shekhar Ray,&nbsp;Archisman Mahapatra,&nbsp;Priya Gupta,&nbsp;Anjali Suman,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study emphasises how ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are and how terrible they are for the environment, specifically because of their tendency to build up in living things and cause a variety of health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Due to POPs affinity for lipid-rich tissues, they accumulate in a variety of organs, where they cause metabolic disruption and initiate various anabolic pathways. Studies that use fish as a model organism clarify the metabolic effects of POPs, demonstrating non-adipose lipid accumulation and abnormal glucose homeostasis. Further research on molecular mechanisms shows that POPs interact with gluconeogenic enzymes, causing blood glucose levels to rise. These results are supported by histological and biochemical examinations of fish exposed to POPs, which show changes in lipid composition and cause cellular damage. Molecular docking computational studies demonstrate POPs propensity for binding to gluconeogenic enzymes, providing insight into their potential to promote hyperglycaemia. This study provides a thorough summary of POPs harmful effects on organisms, highlighting their molecular and toxicological, impacts while arguing for better knowledge of their toxicity to vertebrates’ developing embryos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological function of melanocortin-3 receptor in goldfish (Carassius auratus)","authors":"Ming-Xing Yao ,&nbsp;Yu-You Du ,&nbsp;Hao-Lin Mo ,&nbsp;Yasmeen Gul ,&nbsp;Qing-Chuan Song ,&nbsp;Hui-Xia Yu ,&nbsp;Ke-Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) was recognized for its critical role in energy metabolism and inflammatory responses in mammals; however, its functions in fish remain poorly understood. This study characterized the <em>mc3r</em> gene in goldfish, investigating its sequence, tissue distribution, and pharmacological responses. The coding sequence of goldfish <em>mc3r</em> was 975 bp, translating to a 325-amino-acid protein typical of G protein-coupled receptors, with notable conservation across cyprinids. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed high expression levels in the brain. Luciferase assays demonstrated that various agonists, particularly NDP-MSH and ACTH (1–24), effectively activated the cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Furthermore, all agonists tested (α-MSH, β-MSH, ACTH (1–24), and NDP-MSH) significantly inhibited NF-κB signaling, correlating with their activation of cAMP. These findings enhanced our understanding of the melanocortin system’s role in regulating energy metabolism and inflammatory processes in teleost fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142964485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and expression analysis of three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus)","authors":"Zijian Lu ,&nbsp;Shiming Wan ,&nbsp;Qiang Lin ,&nbsp;Huixian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive behavior in vertebrates through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. Seahorses exhibit unique male pregnancy behavior, making them an interesting subject for investigating the regulatory mechanisms behind this behavior. In this study, we focused on the lined seahorse (<em>Hippocampus erectus</em>) and obtained the full-length cDNA sequences of three <em>GnRH</em> genes: <em>GnRH1</em>, <em>GnRH2</em>, and <em>GnRH3</em>. Notably, we newly identified <em>GnRH1</em>, filling a gap in previous research that had overlooked this subtype. Through a homologous analysis, we found that the core peptide of GnRH1 in lined seahorses is not common in teleosts, while the core peptides of GnRH2 and GnRH3 are conserved. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the tissue expression patterns of these <em>GnRH</em> genes. Our results showed that all three genes were predominantly expressed in the brain, albeit in different regions. Specifically, <em>GnRH1</em> was mainly expressed in the hypothalamus, <em>GnRH2</em> in the optic tectum, and <em>GnRH3</em> in the telencephalon. Expression dynamics indicated a progressive decrease in <em>GnRH2</em> and a significant surge in <em>GnRH3</em> during gonadal development, hinting at an alternating regulatory function. Moreover, <em>GnRH1</em> and <em>GnRH3</em> expression levels were considerably higher during pregnancy compared to those in pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy stages, underscoring their critical role in modulating male pregnancy behavior in lined seahorses. Our findings provide insights into the complex interplay of GnRH subtypes in regulating reproductive processes, particularly in the context of male pregnancy behavior in seahorses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the opioid peptide dynorphin during the seasonal and gonadotropin-induced ovarian recrudescence in the gecko","authors":"Ananya Ganeyan,&nbsp;C.B. Ganesh","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the current investigation was to elucidate the influence of the opioid peptide dynorphin-A (DYN) on the reproductive axis during breeding and non-breeding phases of the ovarian cycle in the gecko <em>Hemidactylus frenatus.</em> During the recrudescence phase, administration of a high dose of DYN (10 µg/0.1 ml saline) caused a significant reduction in the numbers of oogonia and primary oocytes in the germinal bed, compared to those of the initial controls or experimental controls. Administration of a low (2 µg DYN/0.1 ml saline) or high dose of DYN did not affect the follicular development up to stage IV, but there were no stage V (vitellogenic) follicles in the ovary in contrast to their presence in the experimental controls. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) content in the median eminence (ME) and pars distalis of the pituitary gland (PD) in low or high doses of DYN-treated lizards. During the regression phase, treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) resulted in the appearance of stage IV and V follicles, in contrast to their absence in initial controls and treatment controls. However, treatment with 10 µg DYN + FSH did not promote the development of these follicles. In addition, <em>in vitro</em> treatment of DYN significantly inhibited ovarian levels of estradiol. Collectively, these findings reveal an inhibitory influence of DYN on the seasonal ovarian recrudescence, possibly mediated through the suppression of GnRH release into the ME and PD and directly at the level of the ovary by impairment in steroidogenesis and vitellogenic follicular growth in the gecko.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 114684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The S6 kinase gene in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is essential for metabolic regulation","authors":"Jéssica Paloma Álvarez-Rendón ,&nbsp;Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The S6 kinase (S6K) enzyme phosphorylates the S6 ribosomal protein, promoting protein translation and growth. Here we investigated in flies whether hypomorphic conditions in S6K affect intermediate metabolism and oxidative homeostasis, besides carbohydrates and growth. We also employed partial activation of the nuclear factor 2 erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf2) in a S6K hypomorphic background and controls. S6K is activated by the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase, a key kinase regulating metabolism, downstream of the insulin receptor in flies. The insulin pathway is a general anabolic pathway, and key regulator of glucose homeostasis. The Nrf2 counters pro-oxidative conditions, also involved in inflammatory responses and metabolism. The Nrf2 fly homolog is Cap’n’collar C (CncC). We quantified glucose, glycogen, and total lipids in control and different pro-oxidative conditions. We corroborated an accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates in the mutants, and document sexual differences. We document also metabolic and survival differences in the responses to “mild” pro-oxidative conditions in young flies (seven days old), with females being most affected. We compare 10 mM paraquat survival of virgin flies to mated mixed-sex flies housed together. We used females to study transcriptomic differences between wild type and <em>S6k</em> hypomorphs. Results highlight dysregulation of lipid and antioxidant enzymes and genes, in agreement with lipid and oxidative metabolism data. Our results are consistent with the insulin/TOR pathway acting as an integrator of intermediate metabolism and oxidative homeostasis (this last together with the CncC pathway).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of season, capture method, sample age and extraction protocols on the scale cortisol concentrations of three species of freshwater fish","authors":"Ahmad Ghazal ,&nbsp;Richard Paul ,&nbsp;A. Serhan Tarkan ,&nbsp;J. Robert Britton","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scale cortisol concentration (SCC) is increasingly applied as a biomarker of chronic stress in fish, but knowledge gaps remain on how SCC is affected by the sampling season and method of fish capture, the time since sample collection, and the cortisol extraction protocol. Here, working with three freshwater fishes (common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>, European chub <em>Squalius cephalus</em> and Northern pike <em>Esox lucius</em>), a robust extraction protocol was developed and then applied to identifying how scale cortisol levels can vary in fish populations according to aspects of the fish capture events. Across five scale cortisol extraction protocols, three provided relatively low yields, so their application would result in erroneously low SCC. Application of the extraction protocol providing the highest yields to scale samples indicated that fish sampled in winter have significantly lower SCC than those collected in spring and summer, while fish captured by angling have significantly lower SCC than fish collected from the same population by electric fishing. There were no significant differences in SCC measured from populations across 40 years, suggesting that archived scales potentially provide a valuable resource for measuring temporal changes in SCC. Future studies based on using scale cortisol for analyses of fish chronic stress should consider these issues in their study designs and evaluations to ensure measured differences in cortisol across time and space are due to differences in how the fish are responding to their environment rather than being an artefact of study design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of recombinant masu salmon insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2b1 and its action on pituitary cells","authors":"Takuto Miura ,&nbsp;Sota Watanabe ,&nbsp;Ryousuke Kizaki ,&nbsp;Ryuya Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Taiga Isozaki ,&nbsp;Munetaka Shimizu","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (Igfbp)-2b is believed to be a major carrier of circulating Igf-1 in salmonids. We cloned cDNAs of two paralogs of <em>igfbp-2b</em> from the liver of masu salmon and produced recombinant Igfbp-2b1 corresponding to the circulating form using a bacterial expression system. The deduced amino acid sequence of masu salmon <em>igfbp-2b1</em> had a 75.2 % sequence identity with that of masu salmon <em>igfbp-2b2</em>, and 88.7 % and 96.5 % with those of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout <em>igfbp-2b1</em>, respectively. The coding region of masu salmon <em>igfbp-2b1</em> cDNA was subcloned into the pET-16b or pET-32a vector and expressed using either a histidine (His)-tag or a thioredoxin (Trx) and His-tag. Recombinant masu salmon (rs) Igfbp-2b1 with the fusion partner was fractionated in the precipitate, solubilized, and isolated using Ni-affinity chromatography. His.rsIgfbp-2b1 and Trx.His.rsIgfbp-2b1 were treated with Factor Xa and enterokinase K, respectively, to remove the fusion partner; only the digestion with enterokinase was successful. After enzymatic digestion, rsIgfbp-2b1 was purified employing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified rsIgfbp-2b1 was added to a primary culture of masu salmon pituitary cells with or without human (h) IGF-1 to assess its effect on the release of growth hormone (Gh). Although addition of hIGF-1 alone had no effect on Gh release, co-incubation with varying amounts of rsIgfbp-2b1 increased Gh release in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rsIgfbp-2b1 in the absence of hIGF-1 showed a positive effect on Gh release from salmon pituitary cells. These results suggest that rsIgfbp-2b1 may either have Igf-1–independent action on Gh release or inhibits the suppressive effect of local pituitary Igf-1 on Gh release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 114674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced expression of Cyp17a1 and production of DHEA-S in the liver of late-pregnant rats","authors":"Yuya Ohtsuki ,&nbsp;Jumpei Fujiki ,&nbsp;Naoyuki Maeda ,&nbsp;Hidetomo Iwano","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyzes two enzymatic reactions in the biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from pregnenolone. In pregnant humans, the adrenal gland is responsible for DHEA biosynthesis, which is then sulfated by SULT2A1 and released into the bloodstream. This sulfated DHEA is subsequently taken up by the placenta and deconjugated to serve as a precursor for estrogen biosynthesis. The expression of <em>Cyp17a1</em> is regulated by methylation, typically showing marked interspecies differences, including repression of <em>Cyp17a1</em> expression in the adrenal gland of rodents. This study focused on the liver, an extragonadal steroidogenic organ showing active sulfate conjugation, as a site for DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S) biosynthesis during pregnancy in rodents, rather than the adrenal glands. <em>Cyp17a1</em> expression in rat liver was significantly lower than in the testis, with no differences between sexes. However, <em>Cyp17a1</em> expression increased significantly before parturition (gestational days [GD] 19–21) compared to late pregnancy (GD 15–18). The <em>Sult2a</em> family were expressed in the livers of both pregnant and non-pregnant rats. We also observed increased DHEA and DHEA-S levels in the liver of pregnant rats before parturition compared to non-pregnant rats, with DHEA-S concentrations being significantly higher at GD 19–21 than at days 15–18. These findings suggest that increased expression of <em>Cyp17a1</em> in the last trimester enhances DHEA synthesis in the liver, and that DHEA is quickly conjugated by Sult2a. In rodents, the liver may be involved in DHEA-S biosynthesis before parturition, compensating for the repression of <em>Cyp17a1</em> in the adrenal glands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"362 ","pages":"Article 114661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142962036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonology: A kaleidoscopic tale of dedication, serendipity, and ingenuity","authors":"Aaron J.W. Hsueh ,&nbsp;Jianzhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2025.114676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article delves into stories of hormone discovery, characterization, clinical application, and the scientists themselves. Our journey begins with Arnold Berthod’s rooster castration experiments, laying the groundwork for understanding testosterone, and Ernest Starling’s 1902 revelation that secretin wasn’t neuron-released. We’ll explore the origins of kisspeptin and its role in Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile secretion by KNDY neurons. Discussions will then include the isolation of Growth hormone-releasing hormone from pancreatic tumors and growth hormone therapy’s surprising link to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We’ll also delve into the design of long-acting follicle stimulating hormone for infertility treatment, alongside discoveries of five inhibin and activin hormones. Further, we’ll uncover the discovery of receptors for relaxin family ligands and diverse chemokines, highlighting scientists’ use of evolutionary genomics. We’ll touch on parabiotic animal experiments leading to leptin’s discovery and polarized ligand-receptor expression for receptor activation. The narrative will include instances such as a Nobel laureate who presented a rejection letter received prior to their award ceremony and a researcher pursuing receptor structure despite funding setbacks, both eventually rewarded. Through the diligent efforts of researchers and unexpected discoveries, the mechanisms of more than a hundred hormones have been elucidated. The endocrinological research domain is currently embracing the application of artificial intelligence to analyze extensive genomic and protein structure databases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 114676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}