General and comparative endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Ovarian expression and function of neuropeptide systems in teleosts and anurans","authors":"P. Figueroa,&nbsp;B.H. Raven,&nbsp;D.C. Rajapaksha,&nbsp;W.K.C.U. Erandani,&nbsp;M. Spitz,&nbsp;V.L. Trudeau,&nbsp;J.A. Mennigen","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates reproduction, sexual maturation, and spawning behaviours. Its evolutionary origins trace back to primitive jawless fish and has been well characterized in teleosts. Recent advances in multi-species genome sequencing, annotation, and experimental approaches for identifying and characterizing key regulators have advanced understanding of neuroendocrine regulation in teleost reproduction, reshaping existing models. Early studies in amphibians established that steroids are critical regulators of final oocyte maturation. Subsequent work in anurans revealed complex interactions among theca cells, follicular cells, and oocytes, supporting a three-cell model in which oocytes contribute to their own steroidogenic environment, challenging the traditional two-cell view of ovarian steroidogenesis. In teleosts, however, direct evidence that oocytes support steroid precursor delivery to theca and follicular cells is limited, and whether a comparable three-cell model applies remains an open hypothesis. Across both taxa, the roles of locally produced neuropeptides in coordinating interactions among theca cells, follicular cells, and oocytes remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we provide a short review of the localization and potential autocrine/paracrine functions of neuropeptides in teleost and amphibian ovaries and discuss existing knowledge gaps. We identify opportunities to leverage detailed localization studies that map neuropeptides to specific ovarian cell types and developmental stages, and discuss how integrating traditional and emerging experimental approaches can advance comparative studies in ovarian endocrinology. This work will improve our understanding of reproductive regulation in fishes and frogs, with applications in captive breeding, aquaculture, and endocrine disruption research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 115012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term thermal challenge increases cortisol accumulation and enhances negative feedback regulation of the HPI axis in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","authors":"Elisa Sniecinski,&nbsp;Oswaldo Tovar-Bohórquez,&nbsp;Marie-Odile Blanc,&nbsp;Anthony Maire,&nbsp;David J. McKenzie,&nbsp;Marie-Laure Bégout,&nbsp;Benjamin Geffroy","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As ectotherms, fishes are particularly sensitive to rising temperatures, which can alter physiological regulation, including stress responses. Previous studies have shown that temperature can modulate multiple molecular components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis, which regulates cortisol production, the primary stress hormone in fishes. In this study, we investigated how long-term rearing under a control or a warm seasonal thermal regime modulated both the basal activity of the HPI axis throughout development, and its responsiveness to acute stress at a specific life stage in the European seabass (<em>Dicentrarchus labrax</em>). HPI-related gene expressions were developmentally structured and their thermal regulation occurred even at early life stage (i.e. all-fins). At later life stages (one- and two-year-old fish), an overall pattern emerged, indicating a general downregulation of key genes expression, espacially <em>mr</em>, in the warm regime, consistent with a negative feedback regulation of the HPI axis under prolonged thermal exposure. Fish reared in the warm regime also exhibited higher cortisol levels in scales mainly at two years of age, indicating sustained glucocorticoid exposures under this condition. Finally, following an acute confinement stress exposure, one-year-old fish reared in the warm regime exhibited an amplified cortisol response, suggesting exacerbated HPI-axis reactivity at elevated temperatures. Our findings provide new insights into how warming shapes molecular regulation and stress responsiveness of the stress physiology in ectotherms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 115013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-invasive hormone monitoring in free-ranging Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii): a tool for remote population assessment","authors":"John van den Hoff,&nbsp;Margie Morrice,&nbsp;Melanie D. Borup,&nbsp;Kerry V. Fanson","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence and the activities of humans can have negative effects on other species, the impacts of which can be seen as changes in biomarkers such as steroid hormones. However, a detailed understanding of endocrine function is lacking in many species, especially wild populations living in remote localities. We provide the first evidence of concurrent and progressive hormone changes from the winter pre-breeding to the summer breeding period for Weddell seals (<em>Leptonychotes weddellii</em>) in East Antarctica. To do so we validated a non-invasive approach to quantify faecal metabolites of testosterone (fTM), progesterone (fPM), and estradiol (fEM). Minimum fTM concentrations were at least four times higher in samples from adult males than from a male pup, and female fPM concentrations were significantly higher when pregnant females were present, indicating that the assays can detect biologically relevant changes in circulating hormones. There were clear seasonal patterns for both sexes. In females, fEM and fPM levels increased during the pupping period and declined to baseline after the last female gave birth. In males, fTM increased during the breeding season while they were defending territories and mating with females. Our results suggest faecal hormone analysis can be a useful monitoring tool for Weddell seals and provide baseline information about temporal changes in hormone expression. In the future, this may be a useful tool for monitoring the effects of increased human activity on Weddell seal populations and applicable to other species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 115023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Involvement of PI3 kinase and MAP kinase in IGF-I and insulin-induced ovarian steroidogenesis in common carp Cyprinus carpio” [Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 181 (2013) 98–106]","authors":"Sudipta Paul,&nbsp;Kousik Pramanick,&nbsp;Sourav Kundu,&nbsp;Sujata Roy Moulik,&nbsp;Puja Pal,&nbsp;Dilip Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 114986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and functional characterisation of the relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide receptor in sea cucumbers","authors":"Paul A. Wright,&nbsp;Ross A.D. Bathgate,&nbsp;Masatoshi Mita,&nbsp;Abigail Elizur,&nbsp;Scott F. Cummins","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide (RGP) regulates final gamete maturation and spawning in starfish through a specific gonadal receptor, the RGP receptor (RGPR). Homologous RGPs have since been identified in sea cucumbers and shown to induce spawning, supporting a conserved reproductive role across echinoderms. However, the molecular basis of RGP-RGPR signalling in sea cucumbers remained unknown, as the sea cucumber RGPR had not previously been identified. Therefore, we systematically searched for G protein-coupled receptors similar to starfish RGPRs using comparative sequence analysis and identified candidate RGPRs in five sea cucumber species: <em>Holothuria leucospilota</em>, <em>Holothuria glaberrima</em>, <em>Holothuria scabra</em>, <em>Apostichopus japonicus</em>, and <em>Isostichopus badionotus</em>. Receptor sequences from <em>Holothuria</em> species shared 77 to 85% identity, while similarity to <em>Apostichopus</em> and <em>Isostichopus</em> sequences was lower, at about 60%. Structural modelling revealed the expected features of relaxin family peptide receptors, including seven transmembrane helices, a large extracellular domain with multiple leucine-rich repeats, and an N-terminal LDLa module. Functional cell-based assays demonstrated that the candidate <em>H. scabra</em> RGPR responded specifically and dose-dependently to recombinant <em>H. scabra</em> RGP, but not to human H2 relaxin, providing the first functional evidence of an RGP receptor in a sea cucumber. An RGPR homologue was detected in the <em>H. leucospilota</em> ovary across all reproductive stages, although expression did not differ significantly among stages. Together, these findings support the conservation of relaxin-like reproductive signalling in echinoderms, while direct functional characterisation of the <em>H. leucospilota</em> RGP-RGPR pair remains necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 114987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148619657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic analyses of limbic structures across photoperiodic phenotypes in the Siberian hamster and Japanese quail brains","authors":"Timothy A. Liddle,&nbsp;Calum Stewart,&nbsp;Jonathan H. Pérez,&nbsp;Simone L. Meddle,&nbsp;Tyler J. Stevenson","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal morphological brain plasticity plays a key role in driving adaptive behavioural responses. Structural changes in the brain including the hippocampus and amygdala (nucleus taeniae in birds), across photoperiods are thought to underlie seasonal shifts in emotional state. For humans, this includes manifestations of short photoperiod seasonal affective disorder (SAD). While morphological brain changes are well documented, the associated transcriptomic dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the transcriptomes of the hippocampus and amygdala or nucleus taeniae in two highly photoperiodic species, the Siberian hamster (<em>Phodopus sungorus</em>) and the Japanese quail (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>), to identify transcriptomic changes which could underpin seasonal shifts in emotional state. Hamsters and quail exhibited robust physiological changes between long and short photoperiod treatment. Under short photoperiod, hamsters displayed anxiety-like behaviour (increased grooming) in the open field test. Transcriptomic analysis of the amygdala in hamsters identified 76 significantly differentially expressed (DE) transcripts (including transthyretin, <em>TTR</em>) and prolactin receptor, <em>PRLR</em> as differentially expressed, but not significantly. In the quail nucleus taeniae, we found 54 DE transcripts (including tenascin-C, <em>TNC</em>). In the hamster hippocampus, 14 DE transcripts were found, including mahogunin ring finger-1 (<em>MGRN1</em>), and 31 in the quail hippocampus, including eyes absent-2 (<em>Eya2</em>). These findings provide novel insights into the transcriptomic mechanisms underpinning seasonal affective states and suggest potential conserved roles for prolactin and thyroid hormone signalling in mediating seasonal changes in physiology and affective behaviour, particularly in the Siberian hamster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"384 ","pages":"Article 115000"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148791658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic profiling of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Javier Alvarado-Mesén,&nbsp;Rodolfo Umaña-Castro,&nbsp;Julián Fernández,&nbsp;Bruno Lomonte,&nbsp;Carlos Álvarez,&nbsp;Jorge Alfaro-Montoya","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.115001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The antennal gland (AnG) of decapod crustaceans has been proposed as a potential source of bioactive molecules involved in chemical communication; however, its protein composition remains largely unexplored. Here, we present the first reference proteomic map of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>. Protein extracts from immature and mature females were analyzed using an integrated workflow combining one-dimensional SDS–PAGE, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP–HPLC), and nanoLC–tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity between reproductive stages. SDS–PAGE resolved six major protein bands (∼227, 166, 77, 42, 35, and 17 kDa), most comprising multiple co-migrating proteins as revealed by LC–MS/MS. Hemocyanin was identified as the predominant protein and was detected across several electrophoretic bands. Additional proteins were associated with innate immunity, including β-1,3-glucan-binding protein and coagulable hemolymph protein; reproductive processes, including vitellogenin, spermatogonial stem-cell renewal factor, farnesoic acid <em>O</em>-methyltransferase, estrogen sulfotransferase, and prostaglandin reductase 1; as well as energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular trafficking. Because several identified proteins are widely distributed or known hemolymph components, their detection cannot be assumed to reflect AnG-specific expression or function. Collectively, these findings establish a molecular reference for the <em>L</em>. <em>vannamei</em> AnG and reveal protein components associated with multiple physiological processes. This dataset provides a proteomic framework for future comparative and functional studies aimed at elucidating antennal gland physiology and experimentally evaluating the potential involvement of proteinaceous or peptide-based molecules in chemical communication in decapod crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"384 ","pages":"Article 115001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medaka as a model for seasonal adaptation: molecular insights across multiple biological systems","authors":"Tomoya Nakayama,&nbsp;Takashi Yoshimura","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animals in temperate zones have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to synchronize their physiology and behavior with the seasons. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these seasonal adaptations have long remained poorly understood. Here, we highlight medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>) as a powerful vertebrate model for studying seasonal adaptation, owing to its robust and experimentally tractable seasonal responses. Recent studies using medaka have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying several of these phenomena, such as seasonal reproduction, seasonal changes in feeding behavior, seasonal changes in color perception, stress-related defensive behavior, winter depression-like behavior, gut-length plasticity, and photoperiod-dependent metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, medaka has enabled the first molecular-level investigation of the circannual clock, providing evidence for a tissue remodeling-based mechanism that drives endogenous annual rhythms. Together, these findings establish medaka as an invaluable model organism for deciphering the molecular architecture of seasonal adaptation in vertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 114967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estrogen signaling counteracts androgen/Ar-mediated suppression of foxl2 expression and ovarian differentiation during sexual fate determination in zebrafish","authors":"Jinli Xu,&nbsp;Xuehui Li,&nbsp;Qiyong Lou,&nbsp;Xia Jin,&nbsp;Jiangyan He,&nbsp;Gang Zhai,&nbsp;Yonglin Ruan,&nbsp;Zhan Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In teleosts, gonadal differentiation is a complex and precisely controlled process that requires a proper balance of androgen and estrogen signaling activities. However, the interaction between these steroid signals remains unclear, particularly during the critical stage that determines the sexual fate of the bipotential gonad in zebrafish. In the present study, we investigated the expression of <em>cyp19a1a</em> and <em>foxl2</em>, the amount of primordial germ cells (PGCs), and the status of ovarian differentiation, in response to 17β-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) using the <em>Tg</em>(<em>piwil1</em>:EGFP-<em>nanos3</em>’UTR) zebrafish line. The expression of <em>cyp19a1a</em>, <em>foxl2a</em>, <em>foxl2b</em> and <em>foxl2l</em> was significantly higher in the PGC-rich group reared in control medium (CM) at 23 days post-fertilization (dpf) than in the PGC-less group. Treatment with E2 promoted ovarian differentiation in 83% of individuals and increased <em>foxl2</em> expression. Conversely, 11-KT treatment caused testis-biased differentiation in 86% of individuals and decreased <em>foxl2</em> and <em>cyp19a1a</em> expression at the same stage. Significant differences were observed when the number of PGCs labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in E2- and 11-KT-treated fish were compared. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of 11-KT on the expression of <em>foxl2</em> and ovarian differentiation, which was Androgen receptor (Ar)-dependent, could be completely counteracted in wild-type (WT) fish when E2 was co-administered. In summary, our results showed that estrogen signaling is sufficient to counteract the effect of androgen/Ar signaling on upregulating <em>foxl2</em> expression and promoting ovarian development and differentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 114977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation and plasticity in avian prepro-GnRH-I reflect a modular evolutionary architecture","authors":"María Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia,&nbsp;Teresa I. Fortoul,&nbsp;Adriana Elizabeth González-Villalva,&nbsp;Marcela Rojas-Lemus,&nbsp;Nelly López-Valdez,&nbsp;Fernando Chávez-Maya","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2026.114998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone type I (GnRH-I) is produced from the GNRH1-encoded prepro-GnRH-I precursor, which comprises a signal peptide (SP), the GnRH-I decapeptide, the Gly-Lys-Arg (GKR) processing motif, and the GnRH-associated peptide (GAP). Here, we evaluated conservation and plasticity across avian prepro-GnRH-I using 61 mRNA sequences representing 32 avian orders through multiple alignment, site-specific conservation, locus-based phylogenetic inference, hydropathy profiling, secondary- and tertiary-structure prediction, and phosphorylation-site prediction. Comparisons were performed against a study-specific avian consensus sequence generated from the analyzed alignment. The GnRH-I decapeptide and GKR motif were highly conserved, whereas sequence variability was concentrated mainly in SP and GAP. Nucleotide identity relative to the consensus varied among orders, with higher similarity in Accipitriformes and Cariamiformes, lower similarity in Passeriformes, and intermediate values in Anseriformes and Galliformes. Rare predicted amino acid substitutions were detected within the decapeptide. Hydropathy analysis supported a modular secretory architecture, with a hydrophobic SP and predominantly hydrophilic GnRH-I, GKR, and GAP regions. Secondary-structure prediction indicated substantial α-helical content in SP and GAP, whereas GnRH-I was predicted to adopt a predominantly coil-like/flexible conformation. Homology modeling positioned GAP within a helix–loop–helix-like organization, and predicted phosphorylation sites were concentrated mainly in GAP. These computational findings support a modular evolutionary framework for avian prepro-GnRH-I and identify GAP as a structurally coherent, evolutionarily plastic candidate module requiring experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12582,"journal":{"name":"General and comparative endocrinology","volume":"384 ","pages":"Article 114998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148779309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}