Gels最新文献

{"title":"A pH-Responsive Hydrogel for the Oral Delivery of Ursolic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Phytochemical.","authors":"Carlos D Gutierrez, Rosana L Aranzábal, Ana M Lechuga, Carlos A Serrano, Flor Meza, Carlos Elvira, Alberto Gallardo, Michael A Ludeña","doi":"10.3390/gels10090602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, poly(HEMA-PEGxMEM-IA) hydrogels were prepared by radical copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGxMEM), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and itaconic acid (IA). The reaction was carried out in ethanolic solution using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (HCPK) as a photo-initiator. The poly(HEMA-PEGxMEM-IA) hydrogels (HGx) were evaluated as a delivery system for ursolic acid (UA), a phytochemical extracted from the plant <i>Clinopodium revolutum,</i> \"flor de arena\". The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling behavior was studied in buffer solutions from pH 2 to 10, specifically at pH 2.2 (gastric environment) and 7.4 (intestinal environment). It was found that the hydrogels studied showed sensitivity to pH. At pH 2.2, the degree of swelling for HG₅ and HG₉ hydrogels was 0.45 and 0.93 (g water/g hydrogel), respectively. At pH 7.4, the degree of swelling for HG₅ and HG₉ hydrogels was 1.97 and 2.64 (g water/g hydrogel), respectively. The SEM images show the variation in pore size as a function of pH, and the UA crystals in the pores of the hydrogels can also be observed. The in vitro UA release data best fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model and the diffusion exponent indicates that the release mechanism is governed by Fickian diffusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Biofouling Polyzwitterion-Poly(amidoxime) Composite Hydrogel for Highly Enhanced Uranium Extraction from Seawater.","authors":"Lang Yang, Ye Sun, Yue Sun, Jiawen Wang, Lin Chen, Xueliang Feng, Jinggang Wang, Ning Wang, Dong Zhang, Chunxin Ma","doi":"10.3390/gels10090603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amidoxime-functionalized hydrogels are one of most promising adsorbents for high-efficiency uranium (U) extraction from seawater, but bioadhesion on their surface seriously decreases their adsorption efficiency and largely shortens their service life. Herein, a semi-interpenetrating zwitterion-poly(amidoxime) (ZW-PAO) hydrogel was explored through introducing a PAO polymer into a poly [3-(dimethyl 4-vinylbenzyl amino) propyl sulfonate] (PDVBAP) polyzwitterionic (PZW) network via ultraviolet (UV) polymerization. Owing to the anti-polyelectrolyte effect of the PZW network, this ZW-PAO hydrogel can provide excellent super-hydrophilicity in seawater for high-efficiency U-adsorption from seawater. Furthermore, the ZW-PAO hydrogel had outstanding anti-biofouling performance for both highly enhanced U-adsorption and a relatively long working life in natural seawater. As a result, during only 25 days in seawater (without filtering bacteria), the U-uptake amount of this ZW-PAO hydrogel can reach 9.38 mg/g and its average rate can reach 0.375 mg/(g∙day), which is excellent among reported adsorbents. This work has explored a promising hydrogel for high-efficiency U-recovery from natural seawater and will inspire new strategy for U-adsorbing materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Solidified Controllable Resin System Suitable for Fracture Cavity Formation Plugging and Its Performance Characterization.","authors":"Shuanggui Li, Biao Qi, Qitao Zhang, Jingbin Yang","doi":"10.3390/gels10090599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermosetting resins have good temperature resistance and high strength and have been widely used as plugging agents in oil fields. However, the current resin materials have high costs, and unmodified thermosetting resins are brittle or have deteriorated properties such as flame retardancy after curing to form a crosslinked network structure. In this study, the resin was modified via physical blending. The curing strength and temperature resistance were used as the main indicators. The resin matrix, curing agent, rheology modifier, and filling materials were modified and formulated optimally to form a high-strength resin gel plugging system. The resin gel system exhibited good fluidity and pumpability. When the shear rate was 200 s^-1 at 25 °C, the initial viscosity was 300-400 mPa·s. The viscosity gradually decreased with increasing shear rate, and the apparent viscosity had good long-term stability at room temperature. A contamination test of different types of drilling fluids on the resin gel system showed that this system had good anti-contamination capability and could maintain a high curing strength even after being contaminated. At the same time, the system exhibited good plugging capability. A wedge-shaped fracture with an inlet size of 7 mm and an outlet size of 5 mm was plugged at 12.84 MPa for 10 min without leakage. A sand-filling pipe (with a diameter of 3.8 cm and pipe length of 30 cm) connected to the pipeline with a 6 mm outlet was subjected to a constant pressure of 11.29 MPa and plugged for 8 min before breaking through. Therefore, it exhibited good capability for plugging fissures and cavities. The resin gel leakage-plugging system has significant potential to realize effective plugging of the deep large-fracture leakage layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11430926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Culture of Human Dermal Fibroblasts on Novel Electrospun Polylactic Acid Fiber Scaffolds Loaded with Encapsulated Polyepicatechin Physical Gels.","authors":"Eliza Miranda-Buendia, Gertrudis H González-Gómez, Alfredo Maciel-Cerda, Maykel González-Torres","doi":"10.3390/gels10090601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyepicatechin (PEC) in a hydrogel has previously shown promise in enhancing physiological properties and scaffold preparation. However, it remains unclear whether PEC-based fibers can be applied in skin tissue engineering (STE). This study aimed to synthesize and characterize electrospun PEC physical gels and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds (PLA_loadedPEC_sub) for potential use as constructs with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). PEC was produced through enzymatic polymerization, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the feasibility of producing PLA_loadedPEC_sub by electrospinning. The metabolic activity and viability of HDFs cocultured with the scaffolds indicate that PLA_loadedPEC_sub is promising for the use of STE.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Dental Alginate with <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>, <i>Zingiber officinale</i> and Green Silver Nanoparticles: A Nature-Enhanced Approach for Superior Infection Control.","authors":"Lamia Singer, Leonie Beuter, Sabina Karacic, Gabriele Bierbaum, Jesenko Karacic, Christoph Bourauel","doi":"10.3390/gels10090600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The study addresses the challenge of cross-infection in dentistry, focusing on improving disinfection protocols for dental hydrocolloid gel materials. This research aimed to incorporate chlorhexidine, natural plant extracts, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into dental alginate to enhance safety and hygiene standards in dental practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conventional dental alginate served as the control, with experimental groups including alginate modified with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX-group) and alginate incorporating AgNPs synthesized from <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (<i>SA</i>) and <i>Zingiber officinale</i> (<i>ZO</i>) extracts (SA + AgNPs and ZO + AgNPs groups). Plant extracts were analyzed via GC/MS to confirm their composition. UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX characterized the synthesized AgNPs. Antimicrobial efficacy against <i>Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans</i>, and methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was evaluated using agar well diffusion assays. The dimensional accuracy of alginate impressions was assessed according to ISO 21563:2021 standards.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chemical analysis of <i>SA</i> and <i>ZO</i> extracts identified 60 and 43 active compounds, respectively, supporting their use in AgNP synthesis. UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs using <i>SA</i> and <i>ZO</i> extracts. Modified groups showed inhibitory activity against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MSSA), in contrast to the unmodified control. Both AgNP-modified groups demonstrated efficacy comparable to the CHX-group against MRSA and MSSA, with SA + AgNP showing superior performance against <i>C. albicans</i>. The dimensional accuracy of all groups was within clinically acceptable ranges as reported in the literature (0.027-0.083 mm).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CHX, silver nitrate, and green-synthesized AgNPs present promising options for developing self-disinfecting alginate impression materials. Utilizing plant extracts in AgNP synthesis offers a safe, efficient, and synergistic approach between metal ions and phytotherapeutic agents. This approach could potentially enhance disinfection efficacy without compromising material performance, improving dental safety and hygiene.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Designed and Optimized Liposomal Curcumin-Embedded Bifunctional Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Wound Healing.","authors":"Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong, Khin Cho Aye, Kwanputtha Arunprasert, Praneet Opanasopit, Prasopchai Patrojanasophon","doi":"10.3390/gels10090598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Curcumin (CUR) bifunctional cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels are presented as an efficient method for CUR delivery in wound healing. CUR-loaded liposomes (CUR-Ls) were optimized using the Box-Behnken design to augment particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and CUR concentration. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of CUR-Ls were assessed. Hyaluronic acid (HA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were optimized with a central composite design; then, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-itaconic acid) (PNVP-ITA) was synthesized to enrich the properties of the hydrogels. The drug release kinetics of the CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels were studied. Skin recovery was investigated in vivo on rat dorsal skin. The optimized CUR-Ls were constructed from 2.7% Tween^® 20, 0.04% oleic acid, and 8.1% CUR, yielding nano-CUR-L with a narrow size distribution, negative surface charge, and CUR content of 19.92 ± 0.54 µg/mg. CUR-Ls improved the antioxidant effects of CUR. The optimized hydrogel contained 5% HA and 10% PVA. PNVP-ITA improved the properties of the hydrogels via enhanced cross-linking. CUR-Ls exhibited a more rapid release than CUR, whereas the hydrogels enhanced CUR release via a diffusion-controlled mechanism. CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels improved the skin recovery rate compared to the commercial patch after 5 days. Therefore, the optimized CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels facilitated skin recovery and could be a promising nanocomposite for wound dressings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes in Gel Protect the Skin of Mice against Oxidative Stress from Photodamage Induced by UV Irradiation.","authors":"Yongli Zhang, Bin Sun, Lu Wang, Wang Shen, Si Shen, Xiaoman Cheng, Xuan Liu, Hongmei Xia","doi":"10.3390/gels10090596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can cause oxidative stress in the skin, accompanied by rapid immunosuppressive effects, resulting in a peroxidation reaction throughout the body. Curcumin (Cur), as the bioactive compound of turmeric, is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant properties but is often overlooked due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. In this study, curcumin-loaded liposomes in a sodium alginate gel complex preparation were designed to improve the bioavailability of curcumin and to study its preventive effect on photodamage. Cur-loaded liposomes (Cur-L), Cur-loaded gel (Cur-G) based on an alginate matrix, and curcumin-loaded liposomes in gel (Cur-LG) were prepared, and their antioxidant effects and drug diffusion abilities were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of Cur, Cur-L, Cur-G, and Cur-LG was also studied in a mouse model of photodamage. Cur had the highest antioxidant activity at about 4 mg/mL. Cur-LG at this concentration showed antioxidant effects during 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) and H₂O₂ experiments. During the UV light damage test, Cur-LG demonstrated the ability to effectively neutralize free radicals generated as a result of lipid peroxidation in the skin, serum, and liver, thereby enhancing the overall activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In conclusion, using Cur-LG may protect against epidermal and cellular abnormalities induced by UV irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate-Based Hydrogel Bead Reinforced with Montmorillonite Clay and Bacterial Cellulose-Activated Carbon as an Effective Adsorbent for Removing Dye from Aqueous Solution.","authors":"Muhammad Dody Isnaini, Bhawaranchat Vanichsetakul, Muenduen Phisalaphong","doi":"10.3390/gels10090597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to environmental concerns related to water pollution, this study aims to develop a novel hydrogel bead as a biocompatible and efficient adsorbent by integrating bacterial cellulose-activated carbon (BCAC) and montmorillonite (MT) in alginate hydrogel (ALG). The ionotropic gelation method was applied to the fabrication of BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel beads. The BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel bead exhibited significantly higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, and thermal stability, with ~1.4 times higher adsorption uptake of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution as compared to the pristine ALG bead. The textural properties, including specific surface area and porosity, were beneficial to accommodate the size of cationic MB as the target molecule. This resulted in a remarkable MB adsorption uptake of 678.2 mg/g at pH 7 and 30 °C. The adsorption isotherm showed the best fit for the nonlinear Redlich-Peterson isotherm model. Experimental adsorption data were well-described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, with <i>R</i>² values reaching 0.997. In addition, the adsorbent bead demonstrated easy regeneration with high reusability with approximately 75% of MB removal after being used for six cycles. Therefore, BCAC/MT/ALG bead represents an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal from water and could potentially be used for removal of a wide range of cationic dye pollutants from wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Impact of the Oil Phase on the Physicochemical Stability and Skin Permeability of Melatonin Gel Formulations.","authors":"Juan J Torrado, Brayan J Anaya, Aytug Kara, Baris Ongoren, Sofía Esteban-Ruiz, Almudena Laguna, Alicia Guillén, Miguel G Saro, Dolores R Serrano","doi":"10.3390/gels10090595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin's antioxidant properties make it a valuable component in anti-aging semisolid topical products. This study explores the role of Pemulen^®, an acrylic-based viscosifying agent, in stabilizing cream-gel formulations. Remarkably, even at low concentrations (0.4%), Pemulen^® successfully produced physicochemical stable topical formulations. In this work, the impact of the ratio of the oily phase-comprising olive oil and isopropyl myristate from 0 to 20%-was investigated to understand the internal microstructure effect on skin permeability, rheological properties, and stability. The formulations exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with a significant positive correlation (<i>p</i>-value < 0.1) between the oily phase ratio, viscosity, spreadability, skin adhesiveness, and permeability. Formulations without the oil phase exhibited greater skin permeability. However, higher oily phase content enhanced viscosity, spreadability, and skin adhesion. Given that melatonin primarily degrades through oxidation, incorporating antioxidant excipients in semisolid formulations is crucial for maintaining its chemical stability. A quality by design (QbD) approach was used to assess the impact of four excipients-(a) DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (0.05%), (b) ascorbic acid (0.1%), (c) ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (0.1%), and (d) sodium metabisulphite (0.5%)-on melatonin's stability. Our findings indicate that maintaining the physical stability of the formulation with a 20% oil phase is more critical for protecting melatonin from oxidation than merely adding antioxidant excipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogating Gel Iontronics: A Revolution in Biointerfaces and Ion Signal Transmission.","authors":"Zhixin Wu, Ziguang Zhao","doi":"10.3390/gels10090594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, existing iontronic systems are limited and struggle to process electronic-to-multi-ionic transport, resulting in interchange inefficiencies and incompatibilities between artificial ion devices and biological tissue interfaces. The development of heterogating gel iontronics offers a significant advancement in bridging this gap, drawing inspiration from the complex ionic transmission mechanisms found in biological synapses within neural networks. These heterogating gels utilize a biphasic architecture, where the heterointerface effect constructs ionic transfer energy barriers, enabling distinct signal transmission among different ions. In systems with multiple ion species, heterogating gel iontronics allow for precise control of ion transmission, realizing hierarchical and selective cross-stage signal transmission as a neuromorphic function. This perspective highlights the vast potential of heterogating iontronics in applications such as biosensing, neuroprosthetics, and ion separation technologies. Meanwhile, it also addresses the current challenges, including scaling production, ensuring biocompatibility, and integrating with existing technologies, which are crucial for future development. The advancement of heterogating gels is expected to promote the integration between abiotic and biotic systems, with broad implications for smart sensors, bioneural devices, and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}