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Stimuli-Responsive Starch-Based Biopolymer Coatings for Smart and Sustainable Fertilizers. 智能和可持续肥料的刺激响应淀粉基生物聚合物涂层。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090681
Babar Azeem
{"title":"Stimuli-Responsive Starch-Based Biopolymer Coatings for Smart and Sustainable Fertilizers.","authors":"Babar Azeem","doi":"10.3390/gels11090681","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The quest for sustainable agriculture demands nutrient delivery systems that align productivity with environmental responsibility. This review critically evaluates stimuli-responsive starch-based biopolymer coatings for controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), highlighting their structure, functionality, and agronomic relevance. Starch, an abundant and biodegradable polysaccharide, offers intrinsic advantages such as modifiability, film-forming ability, and compatibility with green chemistry. The paper discusses starch's physicochemical characteristics, its functionalization to achieve responsiveness to environmental triggers (pH, moisture, temperature, ionic strength), and coating strategies like in situ polymerization, grafting, and nanocomposite integration. A comprehensive analysis of release kinetics, swelling behavior, biodegradability, and water retention is provided, followed by evaluations under simulated field conditions, encompassing various soil types, environmental stressors, and crop responses. Comparative insights with other smart biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, and cellulose underscore starch's unique position in CRF technology. Despite promising developments, the review identifies critical research gaps, including limitations in scalability, coordination of multi-stimuli responses, and the need for extensive field validation. This work serves as a consolidated platform for researchers, policy makers, and agro-industrial stakeholders aiming to design smart, eco-friendly fertilizers that address global food security while minimizing ecological footprints.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Advanced Adhesive Electrolyte Hydrogel Intended for Iontophoresis Enhances the Effective Delivery of Glycolic Acid Via Microbeads. 一种用于离子导入的高级粘合剂电解质水凝胶增强了通过微珠的乙醇酸的有效递送。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090682
Mariia Kazharskaia, Yu Yu, Chenguang Liu
{"title":"An Advanced Adhesive Electrolyte Hydrogel Intended for Iontophoresis Enhances the Effective Delivery of Glycolic Acid Via Microbeads.","authors":"Mariia Kazharskaia, Yu Yu, Chenguang Liu","doi":"10.3390/gels11090682","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents an innovative iontophoretic delivery system for glycolic acid (GA) based on polysaccharide microbeads embedded within an electrolyte hydrogel. The mi-crobeads, fabricated using a peristaltic pump, exhibited a uniform morphology with an average diameter of 1078 ± 140.38 μm and were successfully integrated into a hydrogel matrix (thickness: 4542.55 ± 337.24 μm). Comprehensive physicochemical characterization (FT-IR, XRD, SEM) confirmed effective component integration. The hydrogel demonstrated optimal mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 0.02 ± 0.003 MPa and reliable adhesion to various substrates, while maintaining excellent self-healing capabili-ties-post-repair conductivity remained sufficient to power an LED indicator. The material demonstrated favorable conductivity under various storage conditions while maintaining non-cytotoxic properties. Notably, microbead incorporation preserved electrochemical performance, as demonstrated by stable behavior in cyclic voltammetry using an Ag/AgCl reference system. Iontophoretic testing revealed significantly enhanced glycolic acid delivery at -1.0 V com-pared to passive diffusion. The system, combining PVA, PAA, alginate, [Bmim]BF<sub>4</sub>, and E. prolifera polysaccharides with gellan gum, shows strong potential for advanced cosmetic dermatology applications requiring precise active ingredient delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rheological and Physicochemical Characterization of Structured Chia Oil: A Novel Approach Using a Low-Content Shellac Wax/Beeswax Blend as Oleogelant. 结构奇亚油的流变学和物理化学表征:一种使用低含量紫蜡/蜂蜡混合物作为油凝胶剂的新方法。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090680
Eduardo Morales, Katerine Marilaf, Mónica Rubilar, Ingrid Contardo, Marcela Quilaqueo, Sonia Millao, Mariela Bustamante, César Burgos-Díaz, Karla Garrido-Miranda
{"title":"Rheological and Physicochemical Characterization of Structured Chia Oil: A Novel Approach Using a Low-Content Shellac Wax/Beeswax Blend as Oleogelant.","authors":"Eduardo Morales, Katerine Marilaf, Mónica Rubilar, Ingrid Contardo, Marcela Quilaqueo, Sonia Millao, Mariela Bustamante, César Burgos-Díaz, Karla Garrido-Miranda","doi":"10.3390/gels11090680","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vegetable oils structured with natural wax blends have attracted increasing interest due to their tunable crystallization and gelling behavior. This study evaluated the structuring of chia oil (ChO) using low concentrations (1-5%) of a shellac wax (SW) and beeswax (BW) blend in a 1:1 ratio, focusing on physicochemical, viscoelastic, and thixotropic properties. ChO structured with 1% SW/BW formed a weak network with high oil loss, whereas concentrations of 3-5% formed denser networks, resulting in OBC values of 75.6-88.4% and firmness values of 16.9-55.1 g. Structuring with 5% SW/BW significantly reduced peroxide values (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating a reduction in oxidative deterioration after oleogelation, while concentrations of 1-3% had no significant effect (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Although induction periods were slightly extended in structured samples, differences across oleogelant concentrations were not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Rheological analysis revealed that 3-5% SW/BW-structured ChO exhibited semisolid gel behavior, characterized by enhanced deformation resistance and thermal stability. Thixotropic recovery tests revealed that structural recovery improved as the deformation amplitude decreased within the linear viscoelastic range, suggesting that thixotropic behavior was influenced by oleogelant concentration. These findings demonstrate the potential of SW/BW-structured ChO as fat alternatives in lipid-based foods that require mechanical resilience, structural recovery, and enhanced oxidative stability, even at low wax levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
pH-Responsive Chitosan Films Enriched with NADES-Extracted Wine Lees Anthocyanins for In Situ Food Monitoring. 富含nades提取酒酒花青素的ph响应壳聚糖膜用于食品原位监测。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090676
Panagiotis E Athanasiou, Michaela Patila, Renia Fotiadou, Iro Giotopoulou, Nektaria-Marianthi Barkoula, Epaminondas Voutsas, Haralambos Stamatis
{"title":"pH-Responsive Chitosan Films Enriched with NADES-Extracted Wine Lees Anthocyanins for In Situ Food Monitoring.","authors":"Panagiotis E Athanasiou, Michaela Patila, Renia Fotiadou, Iro Giotopoulou, Nektaria-Marianthi Barkoula, Epaminondas Voutsas, Haralambos Stamatis","doi":"10.3390/gels11090676","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the prevalence of plastic-packaged foods, as well as the need for real-time food monitoring by consumers, reducing plastic pollution is essential for a healthier environment and nutrition. For these reasons, in this work, biodegradable pH-responsive chitosan films enriched with wine lees-derived anthocyanins were produced, and their pH sensitivity was thoroughly evaluated. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethanol/water mixtures as conventional solvents was conducted and the optimal conditions (regarding total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity) were used to perform a screening of extraction with 16 different Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Among them, choline chloride: butylene glycol (1:4), at a concentration of 50% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i> in water, demonstrated the highest anthocyanin recovery and was selected for the preparation of the films. The resulting films exhibited an excellent colorimetric response to pH changes, with a color difference (ΔE) exceeding 6.8 at all tested pH values, improved mechanical properties, nearly zero UV permeability, and their antioxidant activity increased by up to 6.1-fold compared to pure chitosan film. Finally, the film was applied in detecting the freshness of pork meat, exhibiting a ΔE of 15.3. The results demonstrate that the developed film is a promising alternative for intelligent, bioactive, and biodegradable food packaging for food applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Flaxseed Fiber-Structured Nanoemulgels for Salad Dressing Applications: Processing and Stability. 用于沙拉酱的亚麻籽纤维结构纳米乳液:加工和稳定性。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090678
María-Carmen Alfaro-Rodríguez, Fátima Vela, María-Carmen García-González, José Muñoz
{"title":"Flaxseed Fiber-Structured Nanoemulgels for Salad Dressing Applications: Processing and Stability.","authors":"María-Carmen Alfaro-Rodríguez, Fátima Vela, María-Carmen García-González, José Muñoz","doi":"10.3390/gels11090678","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the production of nanoemulgels structured with flaxseed fiber, designed to simulate salad dressings. For this purpose, the influence of microfluidizer passes (from one to four) on physicochemical and rheological properties was determined, followed by an assessment of thermal behavior. Rotor-stator homogenization followed by microfluidization were employed to produce nanoemulgels, which were characterized using laser diffraction, multiple light scattering, and rheological measurements. The resulting systems exhibited monomodal particle size distributions with mean diameters below 220 nm. Increasing the number of microfluidizer passes from one to four led to slight reductions in particle size, although they were not statistically significant. The formulation with two passes demonstrated superior physical stability during aging studies. Rheological evaluation indicated enhanced gel-like behavior with up to three passes, whereas excessive energy input (four passes) slightly compromised structural integrity. The linear viscoelastic region decreased notably after the first pass but remained relatively stable thereafter. The two-pass nanoemulgel, identified as the optimal formulation, was further tested for thermal stability. Temperature increases (5-20 °C) led to minor decreases in viscosity and firmness, yet the structure remained thermally stable. These findings support microfluidization as an effective strategy for developing stable flaxseed fiber-based nanoemulgels, with potential applications in functional food systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of Laponite Nanogel with Curcumin Incorporation: A Quality by Design Approach. 用设计法优化含姜黄素的拉脱土纳米凝胶的质量。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090677
Jing Li, Xiangfeng Kong, Hongxia Chen, Mengqiu Lu, Xiaochang Liu, Lijie Wang
{"title":"Optimization of Laponite Nanogel with Curcumin Incorporation: A Quality by Design Approach.","authors":"Jing Li, Xiangfeng Kong, Hongxia Chen, Mengqiu Lu, Xiaochang Liu, Lijie Wang","doi":"10.3390/gels11090677","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanogel is administered via various routes to overcome physiological barriers and achieve the desired therapeutic effect in vivo. However, developing a stable nanogel system is required to retain its therapeutic efficacy after storage. Therefore, a nanogel system composed of inorganic material (Laponite) was developed using Quality by Design (QbD) and Design of Experiments (DoE), using curcumin (CUR) as a model drug. Through a comprehensive literature review, single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) experiments, we identified the CQAs and critical process parameters (CPPs), ultimately obtaining the optimal formulation. The DL, EE, Ps and PDI were determined as the CQAs and the optimal formulation was successfully prepared (LAP:CUR:TPGS = 6:2:36.6; mg;10 mL). FTIR, DSC and TEM analyses confirmed the successful loading of CUR, with a Ps in100nm, exhibiting biphasic drug release characteristics and maintaining stability for 28 days at 4 °C. QbD combined with DOE successfully facilitated stable CUR-TPGS-LAP nanogels. This study helps to better understand the critical factors in the development of nanogels and lays the foundation for the future integration of AI technology to promote a \"first-time-right\" drug formulation for future AI-promoted 'one-stop' drug formulation development model.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tailoring Therapy: Hydrogels as Tunable Platforms for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Intervention. 定制疗法:水凝胶作为再生医学和癌症干预的可调平台。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090679
Camelia Munteanu, Eftimia Prifti, Adrian Surd, Sorin Marian Mârza
{"title":"Tailoring Therapy: Hydrogels as Tunable Platforms for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Intervention.","authors":"Camelia Munteanu, Eftimia Prifti, Adrian Surd, Sorin Marian Mârza","doi":"10.3390/gels11090679","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels are water-rich polymeric networks mimicking the body's extracellular matrix, making them highly biocompatible and ideal for precision medicine. Their \"tunable\" and \"smart\" properties enable the precise adjustment of mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics, allowing responses to specific stimuli such as pH or temperature. These versatile materials offer significant advantages over traditional drug delivery by facilitating targeted, localized, and on-demand therapies. Applications range from diagnostics and wound healing to tissue engineering and, notably, cancer therapy, where they deliver anti-cancer agents directly to tumors, minimizing systemic toxicity. Hydrogels' design involves careful material selection and crosslinking techniques, which dictate properties like swelling, degradation, and porosity-all crucial for their effectiveness. The development of self-healing, tough, and bio-functional hydrogels represents a significant step forward, promising advanced biomaterials that can actively sense, react to, and engage in complex biological processes for a tailored therapeutic approach. Beyond their mechanical resilience and adaptability, these hydrogels open avenues for next-generation therapies, such as dynamic wound dressings that adapt to healing stages, injectable scaffolds that remodel with growing tissue, or smart drug delivery systems that respond to real-time biochemical cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CMC-Based Injectable Hydrogels Crosslinked by Diels-Alder Chemistry for Wound Healing Applications. 用Diels-Alder化学交联的cmc基可注射水凝胶用于伤口愈合。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090674
Israr Ali, Urwa Shahid, Seon-Hwa Kim, Suganthy Ramamoorthy, Won Han, Minseon Kim, Vishal Gavande, Won-Ki Lee, Joong Ho Shin, Sang-Hyug Park, Kwon Taek Lim
{"title":"CMC-Based Injectable Hydrogels Crosslinked by Diels-Alder Chemistry for Wound Healing Applications.","authors":"Israr Ali, Urwa Shahid, Seon-Hwa Kim, Suganthy Ramamoorthy, Won Han, Minseon Kim, Vishal Gavande, Won-Ki Lee, Joong Ho Shin, Sang-Hyug Park, Kwon Taek Lim","doi":"10.3390/gels11090674","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic wounds disrupt natural healing and tissue regeneration, posing a major challenge in healthcare. Conventional wound care often lacks effective drug delivery, tissue integration, infection control, and patient comfort. However, injectable hydrogels offer localized, minimally invasive treatment and conform to irregular wound shapes. This study presents carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based injectable hydrogels, prepared via Diels-Alder click chemistry using highly furan functionalized CMC (45%) and a bismaleimide crosslinker. The hydrogels showed a rapid gelation time (<490 s) under physiological conditions. The hydrogel exhibited favorable physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as sustained curcumin release (∼80% in 5 days). In vitro studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblasts and notable antibacterial activity against <i>E. coli</i>, supporting its potential for wound healing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery: Current Developments and Future Directions. 用于治疗的水凝胶:目前的发展和未来的方向。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/gels11090675
Michael Arkas, Georgia Kythreoti
{"title":"Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery: Current Developments and Future Directions.","authors":"Michael Arkas, Georgia Kythreoti","doi":"10.3390/gels11090675","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11090675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical gels, in general, are regarded as promising platforms appropriate for a diversity of applications, including regenerative medicine (tissue engineering, wound healing) [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Controlled Fabrication of pH-Visualised Silk Fibroin-Sericin Dual-Network Hydrogels for Urine Detection in Diapers. 尿不湿尿液检测用ph可视化丝素-丝胶双网水凝胶的控制制备。
IF 5.3 3区 化学
Gels Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.3390/gels11080671
Yuxi Liu, Kejing Zhan, Jiacheng Chen, Yu Dong, Tao Yan, Xin Zhang, Zhijuan Pan
{"title":"Controlled Fabrication of pH-Visualised Silk Fibroin-Sericin Dual-Network Hydrogels for Urine Detection in Diapers.","authors":"Yuxi Liu, Kejing Zhan, Jiacheng Chen, Yu Dong, Tao Yan, Xin Zhang, Zhijuan Pan","doi":"10.3390/gels11080671","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11080671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urine pH serves as an indicator of systemic acid-base balance and helps detect early-stage urinary and renal disorders. However, conventional monitoring methods rely on instruments or manual procedures, limiting their use among vulnerable groups such as infants and bedridden elderly individuals. In this study, a pH-responsive smart hydrogel was developed and integrated into diapers to enable real-time, equipment-free, and visually interpretable urine pH monitoring. An optimised degumming process enabled one-step preparation of a silk fibroin-sericin aqueous solution. We employed a visible light-induced photo-crosslinking strategy to fabricate a dual-network hydrogel with enhanced strength and stability. Increasing sericin content accelerated gelation (≤15 min) and improved performance, achieving a maximum stress of 54 kPa, strain of 168%, and water absorption of 566%. We incorporated natural anthocyanins and fine-tuned them to produce four distinct colour changes in response to urine pH, with significantly improved colour differentiation (ΔE). Upon contact with urine, the hydrogel displays green within the normal pH range, indicating a healthy state. At the same time, a reddish-purple or blue colour serves as a visual warning of abnormal acidity or alkalinity. This intelligent hydrogel system combines rapid gelation, excellent mechanical properties, and a sensitive visual response, offering a promising platform for body fluid monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12385573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144949865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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