Frontiers in Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of pharmaceutical pollutants on common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>): histopathological and antioxidant responses.","authors":"Walaa M Shaalan, Shaimaa K A Idriss, Jae-Seong Lee, Nadia H Mohamed, Alaa El-Din H Sayed","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1557647","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1557647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The release of pharmaceutical chemicals into aquatic environments has emerged as a significant ecological concern, originating from agricultural runoff, sewage effluents, and improper disposal of medications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigates the impacts of four common pharmaceuticals (bromazepam, naproxen, metoprolol, and sotalol) on common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), a vital bioindicator species. We evaluated neurological, immunological, and histopathological responses in carp exposed to these pharmaceuticals over 15 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neurological assessments showed significant reductions in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and nitric oxide (NO) levels, indicating potential disruptions in neurotransmission and enzyme function. Immunological analysis revealed elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting an inflammatory response. Histopathological examinations identified tissue alterations in the liver, kidney which correlated with the observed biochemical and immune responses.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings highlight the adverse effects of pharmaceutical contaminants on aquatic species, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive environmental risk assessments and strategies to mitigate their impact. This study enhances the understanding of pharmaceutical pollutants' ecological effects, informing policy and conservation efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1557647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Biphasic autonomic response in decompression sickness: HRV and sinoatrial findings.","authors":"Gerald Schmitz","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1605779","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1605779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Decompression sickness (DCS) may involve neurological and cardiovascular systems, but cardiac autonomic dysfunction is rarely documented. Heart rate variability (HRV) can provide insight into autonomic modulation in such cases, particularly when incorporating advanced nonlinear and dynamic techniques.</p><p><strong>Case: </strong>We present a 35-year-old recreational diver who developed neurological DCS and persistent bradycardia following multiple consecutive dives. Neurological symptoms resolved with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), but bradyarrhythmias persisted, prompting continuous monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HRV was assessed using time-domain, frequency-domain, nonlinear, and dynamic analyses during HBOT and over two 24-h Holter recordings. Principal Dynamic Mode (PDM) analysis was employed to characterize autonomic control dynamics beyond conventional spectral markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During HBOT, the patient exhibited pronounced parasympathetic activity (RMSSD: 243 m; HF power: 8,656 m²; SD1: 172 m). Post-treatment, a shift toward sympathovagal imbalance was observed, with the LF/HF ratio rising from 1.53 to 3.80. Despite high total HRV power (38,549 m² during HBOT), SD1/SD2 ratio declined from 0.52 to 0.12, suggesting selective vagal withdrawal. PDM analysis showed a low PDM2/PDM1 ratio (0.42), consistent with preserved beat-to-beat vagal responsiveness but impaired long-range autonomic integration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case illustrates a biphasic autonomic pattern in DCS-initial parasympathetic dominance followed by sympathetic tilt and desynchronization. Advanced nonlinear and dynamic HRV analysis revealed regulatory disturbances not captured by traditional methods, supporting its role in post-dive assessment and autonomic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1605779"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific energy expenditure during the Alaska mountain wilderness ski classic; insights from an Arctic winter expedition.","authors":"Melynda S Coker, Michelle N Ravelli, Timothy C Shriver, Dale A Schoeller, Dustin R Slivka, Brent C Ruby, Robert H Coker","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1543834","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1543834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Alaska Mountain Wilderness Ski Classic (AMWSC) is a self-supported and self-oriented winter expedition that occurs in the remote North American Brooks Range, ∼200 km north of the Arctic Circle. Few investigations have evaluated sex-specific physiological responses under extreme cold and isolated circumstances. Our study examined sex-specific differences in total energy expenditure (TEE), water turnover (WT), and changes in body composition during the expedition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty adult participants (8 females, age: 41 ± 6 years, body mass index: 22.8 ± 1.9 kg/m² and 12 males, age: 38 ± 4 years, body mass index: 22.7 ± 1.6 kg/m²) enrolled in and completed the study. TEE and WT were examined during the expedition using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Body composition was measured using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The duration of the expedition was similar in females (8.1 ± 1.6 days) and males (7.5 ± 0.9 days). Absolute rates of TEE were lower in females (20.8 ± 4.7 MJ/day) compared to males (31.1 ± 7.5 MJ/day). However, when expressed relative to fat free mass (FFM), rates of TEE were similar in females (0.42 ± 0.07 MJ/FFM/day) and males (0.45 ± 0.10 MJ/FFM/day). TEE/body mass plus pack weight (i.e., total load carriage) was lower in females compared to males. WT was reduced compared to previous reports of athletes exercising in thermoneutral and hot environments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Absolute rates of TEE were lower in females compared to males, but there was no difference when TEE was expressed relative to fat free mass. Estimates of TEE/total load carriage were lower in females than males, modestly suggesting greater functional efficiency in females during this expedition. Compared to other ultra-endurance events in warm environments, WT may have been reduced by lack of water availability, self-selected reductions in exercise intensity, and limited sweat loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1543834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in blood pressure dependent activation of leg muscles during standing following bed rest mimic those observed with ageing.","authors":"Malcom Tremblay, Da Xu, Ajay K Verma, Nandu Goswami, Andrew P Blaber","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1426648","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1426648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Baroreflex-mediated activation of lower leg muscles (i.e., muscle-pump baroreflex) has been suggested to play a significant role in blood pressure regulation during standing. Compromised muscle-pump baroreflex because of ageing or prolonged inactivity could contribute to orthostatic hypotension. Understanding the contribution of individual lower leg muscles to blood pressure regulation could lead to the development of muscle-specific strategies to prevent orthostatic hypotension associated with muscle-pump baroreflex dysfunctions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, individual muscle (tibialis anterior (TA), lateral soleus (SOL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG)) responses to blood pressure changes upon a supine-to-stand orthostatic challenge were examined in young adult male participants (35 ± 2 years) before and after 60 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR). By analyzing the interactions between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heartbeat-by-heartbeat electromyogram impulse (EMG_imp) during standing, the interactions between SBP and EMGimp including muscle-pump baroreflex were characterized by fraction time active (FTA) and response gain from wavelet transform coherence analysis and the causality values using convergent cross mapping method for individual leg muscles. Since inactivity and ageing are common causes of orthostatic intolerance, the HDBR results were compared with those from young and older individuals in a previously published study to investigate the similarities in their effects on muscle-pump baroreflex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During standing, FTA reduced for all muscles except MG following HDBR and was lower in older compared to younger participants. Muscle-pump baroreflex causality (SBP→EMG_imp) reduced for all muscles following HDBR and was lower for LG and SOL muscles in older compared to younger adults. The mechanical muscle-pump causality (SBP→EMG_imp) was not affected by HDBR or by age. Increased TA muscle-pump baroreflex gain post-HDBR may point to a compensatory mechanism for decreased active control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results showed striking similarities in the alteration of muscle-pump baroreflex induced via ageing and HDBR, suggesting strong commonalities between ageing and long-term inactivity in terms of the adverse effects on baroreflex mediated control of lower leg muscle activities in response to orthostatic challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1426648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based automated tongue analysis system for assisted Chinese medicine diagnosis.","authors":"Tingnan Chen, Yutong Chen, Zili Zhou, Ying Zhu, Ling He, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1559389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1559389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study proposes an automated tongue analysis system that combines deep learning with traditional Chinese medicine to enhance the accuracy and objectivity of tongue diagnosis. The system includes a hardware device to provide a stable acquisition environment, an improved semi-supervised learning segmentation algorithm based on U2net, a high-performance colour correction module for standardising the segmented images, and a tongue image analysis algorithm that fuses different features according to the characteristics of each feature of the TCM tongue image. Experimental results demonstrate the system's performance and robustness in feature extraction and classification. The proposed methods ensure consistency and reliability in tongue analysis, addressing key challenges in traditional practices and providing a foundation for future correlation studies with endoscopic findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1559389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different blood flow restriction training regimens combined with low-intensity training on muscle strength and cardiovascular safety in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Meiling Ren, Guangshen Xian, Xiangchao Tan, Shaocheng Sun, Ming Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1587876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1587876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older adults are experiencing a gradual decline in physical function as they age. Previous studies have shown that blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity training can improve muscle strength and maintain cardiovascular fitness in older adults. However, it remains unclear which training regimen is the most effective. This study aims to investigate the effects of different BFR regimens combined with low-intensity training on muscle strength and cardiovascular safety in older adults.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and CNKI were searched up to March 2025 to select eligible studies. The randomized controlled trials that explored the effects of BFR training on muscle strength and cardiovascular safety in older adults were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 18 studies with 626 participants were included. The results of this network meta-analysis showed that: 1) in terms of improving muscle strength: compared to the controls, low-frequency, low-pressure, and low-intensity BFR training regimen was significantly related to one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.81-1.08 <i>P</i> < 0.05]. Moreover, high-frequency, high-pressure, and low-intensity BFR training was associated with increased muscle cross-sectional area [WMD = 0.50,95% CI (-0.10,1.11), <i>P</i> > 0.05] and isometric muscle strength [WMD = 1.44,95% CI (0.75,2.12), <i>P</i> < 0.05]; 2) in terms of cardiovascular health: compared to the controls, BFR training regimens at different pressures and frequencies were not linked to changes in heart rate in older adults (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Moreover, low-frequency, low-pressure, and low-intensity BFR training regimen was associated with increased systolic blood pressure [WMD = 3.40, 95%CI (0.61,6.19), <i>P</i> < 0.05] and diastolic blood pressure [WMD = 13.40, 95%CI (8.96,17.84), <i>P</i> < 0.05] in older adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results, high-frequency, high-pressure, and low-intensity BFR training may serve as the optimal regimen to improve muscle strength and maintain cardiovascular fitness in older adults. <b>Clinical Trial Registration:</b> https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, <b>Registration</b> and protocol CRD42024534387.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1587876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of kinesiology taping timing on recovery in the lower limbs.","authors":"Chia-Yu Tang, Ying-Che Huang, Fu-Shun Hsu, Chia-Hsien Yu, Chang-Chi Lai, Szu-Kai Fu","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1588339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1588339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kinesiology taping (KT) is widely used to support muscle function and recovery, but its optimal application timing remains unclear. While some suggest pre-exercise KT provides protective benefits, others propose post-exercise KT aids recovery. Eccentric contractions often lead to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), causing strength loss, soreness, and reduced range of motion. Whether KT timing influences its effectiveness in mitigating or accelerating EIMD recovery requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined whether KT, applied before (KT-pre) or after (KT-post) eccentric exercise of the knee extensors, could mitigate or hasten recovery from EIMD in the lower limbs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>12 healthy adult males (22.0 ± 1.7 years) participated in a repeated-measures crossover study under three conditions: KT-pre, KT-post, and a no-taping control (CON). Participants performed 72 eccentric contractions of the knee extensors on the non-dominant leg using an isokinetic dynamometer. Outcome measures included maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) normalized to body weight, rate of force development (RFD) in the 0-200 ms interval, neuromuscular efficiency (NME, defined as the ratio of peak torque to integrated electromyography), active ROM of knee flexion (measured via goniometry), and subjective muscle soreness (100-mm visual analogue scale). Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 0-, 24-, and 48-h post-exercise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When expressed as a percentage of baseline, both peak torque and RFD in the 0-200 ms interval declined significantly at 0- and 24-h post-exercise (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in all groups, with no significant intergroup differences. The iEMG parameter remained unchanged. NME declined significantly at 0 h (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in all conditions; however, at 24 h, the KT-pre group exhibited significantly higher NME than the control (79.3% ± 12.8% vs. 94.4% ± 17.4%, <i>p</i> = 0.0052). Active ROM decreased and subjective muscle soreness increased significantly at 0 and 24 h (<i>p</i> < 0.05) across all groups, with no significant intergroup differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although KT-pre demonstrated a short-term protective effect immediately after eccentric exercise, neither pre- nor post-exercise taping significantly mitigated muscle damage or enhanced recovery. Further research is needed to clarify KT's long-term benefits and its effects on EIMD in other muscle groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1588339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voice as a sensitive biomarker for predicting exercise intensity: a modelling study.","authors":"Shuyi Zhou, Ruisi Ma, Wangjing Hu, Dandan Zhang, Rui Hu, Shengwei Zou, Dingyi Cai, Zikang Jiang, Hexiao Ding, Ting Liu","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1483828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1483828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates the potential of using voice as a sensitive omics marker to predict exercise intensity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-two healthy university students aged 18-25 participated in this cross-sectional study, engaging in physical activities of varying intensities, including the Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment (CAMSA), the Plank test, and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER). Speech data were collected before, during, and after these activities using professional recording equipment. Acoustic features were extracted using the openSMILE toolkit, focusing on the Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (GeMAPS) and the Computational Paralinguistics Challenge (ComParE) feature sets. These features were analyzed using statistical models, including support vector machine (SVM), to classify exercise intensity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant variations in speech characteristics, such as speech duration, fundamental frequency (F0), and pause times, were observed across different exercise intensities, with the models achieving high accuracy in distinguishing between exercise states.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that speech analysis can provide a non-invasive, real-time method for monitoring exercise intensity. The study's implications extend to personalized exercise prescriptions, chronic disease management, and the integration of speech analysis into routine health assessments. This approach promotes better exercise adherence and overall health outcomes, highlighting the potential for innovative health monitoring techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1483828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blunted cardiovascular responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes and hypertension during cold and heat exposure.","authors":"Mojdeh Rafieian, Erlend Hoftun Farbu, Anje Christina Höper, Rasmus Valtonen, Henna Hyrkäs-Palmu, Juha Perkiömäki, Craig Crandall, Jouni J K Jaakkola, Tiina Maria Ikäheimo","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1558471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1558471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on indices of cardiovascular function during exposure to cold or hot environmental temperatures is not well known. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of short-term whole-body cold and heat exposure on the cardiovascular responses in individuals with T2D.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>10 participants with T2D and hypertension (mean age 64 ± 4 years) and 10 controls (mean age 63 ± 5 years) underwent 90 min of whole-body exposure to cold (10°C; 10% relative humidity) and heat (40°C; 50% relative humidity) in a randomized sequence on differing days. Central and brachial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and skin blood flow were measured before, during, and after the exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During cold exposure, subjects with T2D exhibited a smaller increase in central (14 (CI 95%:3, 23) vs. 43 (CI 95%:32, 53) mmHg, p < 0.05) and brachial systolic BP (12 (CI 95%:1, 22)) vs. 40 (CI 95%:30, 51) mmHg, p < 0.05) compared to controls. The corresponding reduction in HR in the cold was also less in T2D compared to controls (5 (CI 95%: 10, 0.02) vs. 9 (CI 95%: 14, -4) bpm, p < 0.05). Heat exposure reduced central and brachial BP similarly in both groups. However, the heat-related increase in HR was less pronounced in T2D subjects compared to controls (7 (CI 95%:1, 13) vs. 14 (CI 95%: 9, 19) bpm, p < 0.05). Finally, the magnitude of the increase in skin blood flow was less in the heat in T2D subjects (+210 (CI 95%: 41, 461) vs. +605 (CI 95%: 353, 855) PU, p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>T2D attenuated cardiovascular responses, such as BP and HR during short-term exposure to cold, and HR and skin blood flow during short-term exposure to heat. These observations suggest impaired capacity to respond to environmental temperature extremes in individuals with T2D.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1558471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the sensitization of prenatally programmed hypertension.","authors":"Baojian Xue, Alan Kim Johnson, Alexander G Bassuk","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1589615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1589615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have demonstrated that there are sex differences in the timing of onset and severity of prenatally programmed hypertension, with consistently milder phenotypes observed in females relative to male offspring. However, the root cause(s) for these sex-specific effects is unknown. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, and sympathetic hyperactivity in the cardiovascular organs and cardiovascular regulatory systems, are all involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Sex hormones interact with these prohypertensive systems to modulate blood pressure, and this interaction may lead to a sex-specific development of programmed hypertension. A more complete understanding of the functional capabilities of the sex hormones and their interactions with prohypertensive factors in offspring, from early life to aging, would likely lead to new insights into the basis of sex differences in programmed hypertension. Recently, we have discovered that sex differences also occur in the sensitization of offspring hypertension as programmed by maternal gestational hypertension and that this requires the brain RAS and proinflammatory factors. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanisms underlying sex differences in sensitization to hypertension in the offspring of mothers exposed to various prenatal insults. These mechanisms operate at various levels from the periphery to the central nervous system (e.g., blood vessel, heart, kidney, and brain). Understanding the sex-specific mechanisms responsible for the sensitized state in offspring can help to develop therapeutic strategies for interrupting the vicious cycle of transgenerational hypertension and for treating hypertension in men and women differentially to maximize efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1589615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}