Frontiers in Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Editorial: Advances in musculoskeletal imaging.","authors":"Victor Casula, Simo Saarakkala, Jukka Hirvasniemi","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1535622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1535622","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1535622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two detoxification enzyme genes, <i>CYP6DA2</i> and <i>CarFE4</i>, mediate the susceptibility to afidopyropen in <i>Semiaphis heraclei</i>.","authors":"Xiaochen Fu, Chao Xue, Xin Wang, Aiyu Wang, Yanwei Zhu, Yuanxue Yang, Yun Zhang, Yun Zhou, Ming Zhao, Chenggang Shan, Jianhua Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1478869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1478869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Semiaphis heraclei</i> is an important economic pest affecting Caprifoliaceae and Apiaceae plants, and chemical control is still the main effective control method in the field. Afidopyropen is a new type of pyridine cyclopropyl insecticide, which can effectively control piercing-sucking mouthparts pests and is suitable for pest resistance management. However, the detoxification mechanism of <i>S</i>. <i>heraclei</i> to afidopyropen is still poorly cleared.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The insecticidal activity of afidopyropen against <i>S. heraclei</i> and the enzyme activity assay and synergism bioassay were evaluated. The detoxification enzyme genes were obtained by transcriptome and validated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, RNA interference was used to study the functions of detoxification enzyme genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and carboxylesterases (CarEs) were significantly increased under afidopyropen treatment. The toxicity of afidopyropen against <i>S. heraclei</i> was significantly increased after application the inhibitors of piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate. Sixteen P450 genes and three CarE genes were identified in the transcriptome of <i>S. heraclei</i>. The RT-qPCR results showed that eleven P450 genes and two CarE genes were significantly upregulated under afidopyropen treatment, and the expression of <i>CYP6DA2</i> and <i>CarFE4</i> was upregulated by more than 2.5 times. The expression pattern of <i>CYP6DA2</i> and <i>CarFE4</i> was further analyzed in different developmental stages of <i>S. heraclei</i> and knockdown of <i>CYP6DA2</i> and <i>CarFE4</i> significantly increased the susceptibility of <i>S. heraclei</i> to afidopyropen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study uncover the key functions of <i>CYP6DA2</i> and <i>CarFE4</i> in the detoxification mechanism of <i>S. heraclei</i> to afidopyropen, and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of afidopyropen in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1478869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic value of the isoenzymatic index of lactate dehydrogenase in blood serum in a special process for training cadet pilots.","authors":"Zbigniew Wochyński, Ireneusz Majsterek, Joanna Gerszon, Radosław Wojtczak, Jacek Kabziński, Jan Błaszczyk, Krzysztof A Sobiech, Ewa Jabłońska, Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1399446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1399446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Special aerial gymnastics instruments (SAGI) are permanent elements of specialist training for cadet pilots. Appropriate physical activity and fitness are essential for performing the tasks of military pilots. Therefore, one of the main goals of cadet training is to develop adaptation to the extreme conditions of a military pilot's work. This study aimed to determine the effect of the SAGI training process for cadet pilots on their aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, LDH enzymatic index (iZO), C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HP) levels, and physical fitness.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Participating in this study were 55 cadets, aged 20 ± 0.70 years, in two groups. In group A (n = 41, tested) cadets were trained on SAGI with an emphasis on endurance and strength. In group B (n = 14, control), the cadets performed general fitness training. Blood samples were collected before and after training series I, II, and III. LDH and its isoenzyme activity, aldolase, CRP, and HP levels were assayed in blood serum using commercially available tests, and the iZO value was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A downward trend was observed in HP and CRP levels in both groups after all three training series. In group A after training, LDH and aldolase activity was lower than in group B. However, in both groups, a significant increase of iZO values was observed after training series II and III in group A, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> < 0.05, respectively, and in group B, <i>p</i> < 0.05 and <i>p</i> < 0.0005, respectively. Physical fitness also improved in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The course of the SAGI exercises showed that the iZO value depends on physical exercise intensity, its type, and cadet adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1399446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The microbiome is dispensable for normal respiratory function and chemoreflexes in mice.","authors":"Savannah Lusk, Nicoletta K Memos, Andrea Rauschmayer, Russell S Ray","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1481394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1481394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing evidence indicates an association between microbiome composition and respiratory homeostasis and disease, particularly disordered breathing, such as obstructive sleep apnea. Previous work showing respiratory disruption is limited by the methodology employed to disrupt, eliminate, or remove the microbiome by antibiotic depletion. Our work utilized germ-free mice born without a microbiome and described respiratory alterations. We used whole-body flow through barometric plethysmography to assay conscious and unrestrained C57BL/6J germ-free (GF, n = 24) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF, n = 28) adult mice (with an intact microbiome) in normoxic (21% O₂,79% N₂) conditions and during challenges in hypercapnic (5% CO₂, 21% O₂, 74% N₂) and hypoxic (10% O₂, 90% N₂) environments. Following initial plethysmography analysis, we performed fecal transplants to test the ability of gut microbiome establishment to rescue any observed phenotypes. Data were comprehensively analyzed using our newly published respiratory analysis software, <i>Breathe Easy</i>, to identify alterations in respiratory parameters, including ventilatory frequency, tidal volume, ventilation, apnea frequency, and sigh frequency. We also considered possible metabolic changes by analyzing oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and ventilatory equivalents of oxygen. We also assayed GF and SPF neonates in an autoresuscitation assay to understand the effects of the microbiome on cardiorespiratory stressors in early development. We found several differences in baseline and recovery cardiorespiratory parameters in the neonates and differences in body weight at both ages studied. However, there was no difference in the overall survival of the neonates, and in contrast to prior studies utilizing gut microbial depletion, we found no consequential respiratory alterations in GF <i>versus</i> SPF adult mice at baseline or following fecal transplant in any groups. Interestingly, we did see alterations in oxygen consumption in the GF adult mice, which suggests an altered metabolic demand. Results from this study suggest that microbiome alteration in mice may not play as large a role in respiratory outcomes when a less severe methodology to eliminate the microbiome is utilized.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1481394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and chronic disease risk in adults and elderly: insights from the UK Biobank study.","authors":"Kei Shing Ng, Jie Lian, Fan Huang, Yan Yu, Varut Vardhanabhuti","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1465168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1465168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine the associations between different intensities of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and the incidence of chronic diseases, and to assess the risk levels associated with these activities over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study (UK Biobank Activity Project) with data collected between June 2013 and December 2015 included 59,896 adults (mean age = 59.68; male = 38.03%) free from chronic diseases. Participants were categorized into tertiles based on their weekly MVPA: lowest (<224 min for males, <143 min for females), medium (224-444 min for males, 143-308 min for females), and highest (≥444 min for males, ≥308 min for females), stratified by gender. The mean onset of chronic disease symptoms occurred at 3.57 years, with participants followed up during this period. Wearable accelerometry data were used to quantify MVPA levels.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Lowest tertile of MVPA were significantly correlated with increased risks of chronic disease (24%-110% increased risk) based on odds ratios (ORs), with dose-response relationship observed. In males with the lowest tertile of MVPA, significant associations were identified with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR = 1.90; CI: 1.44-2.51), neurodegenerative disease (OR = 1.80; CI: 1.19-2.71), metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.34; CI: 1.18-1.53), hypertension (OR = 1.27; CI: 1.12-1.44), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (OR = 1.24; CI: 1.03-1.49). In females, the lowest tertile of MVPA levels were associated with increased risks of neurodegenerative disease (OR = 2.10; CI: 1.36-3.24), T2DM (OR = 1.88; CI: 1.37-2.58), cerebrovascular disease (OR = 1.61; CI: 1.12-2.29), ASCVD (OR = 1.58; CI: 1.23-2.03), metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.49; CI: 1.32-1.69), and hypertension (OR = 1.44; CI: 1.29-1.61). Longitudinally, the lowest tertile of MVPA in males showed elevated risks for neurodegenerative disease (HR = 2.13; CI: 1.24-3.66), T2DM (HR = 1.83; CI: 1.30-2.57), hypertension (HR = 1.33; CI: 1.15-1.53), metabolic syndrome (HR = 1.32; CI: 1.14-1.54), and ASCVD (HR = 1.29; CI: 1.03-1.61). In females, the lowest tertile of MVPA was associated with similar risks for ASCVD (HR = 1.59; CI: 1.16-2.20), T2DM (HR = 1.57; CI: 1.08-2.29), hypertension (HR = 1.53; CI: 1.34-1.74), and metabolic syndrome (HR = 1.50; CI: 1.29-1.73).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using wearable accelerometry data, this study demonstrated the quantifiable risks of chronic diseases and their development, highlighting the importance of MVPA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1465168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11659758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal TNF-α receptor 1 is differentially required for phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) over the course of motor neuron death in adult rats.","authors":"Ryan D Lewis, Amy N Keilholz, Catherine L Smith, Ethan A Burd, Nicole L Nichols","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1488951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1488951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intrapleural injections of cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) result in selective respiratory (<i>e.g.</i>, phrenic) motor neuron death and mimics aspects of motor neuron disease [(<i>e.g.</i>, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)], such as breathing deficits. This rodent model allows us to study the impact motor neuron death has on the output of surviving phrenic motor neurons as well as the compensatory mechanisms that are recruited. Microglial density in the phrenic motor nucleus as well as cervical gene expression of markers associated with inflammation (<i>e.g</i>., tumor necrosis factor α; TNF-α) are increased following CTB-SAP-induced phrenic motor neuron death, and ketoprofen (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) delivery attenuated phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) in 7 day (d) CTB-SAP rats but enhanced pLTF in 28d CTB-SAP rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we worked to determine the impact of TNF-α in the phrenic motor nucleus by: 1) quantifying TNFR1 (a high affinity transmembrane receptor for TNF-α) expression; 2) investigating astrocytes (glial cells known to release TNF-α) by performing a morphological analysis in the phrenic motor nucleus; and 3) determining whether acute TNFR1 inhibition differentially affects phrenic plasticity over the course of CTB-SAP-induced motor neuron loss by delivering an inhibitor for TNF-α receptor 1 (sTNFR1i) in 7d and 28d male CTB-SAP and control rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results revealed that TNFR1 expression was increased on phrenic motor neurons of 28d CTB-SAP rats (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and that astrocytes were increased and exhibited reactive morphology (consistent with an activated phenotype; <i>p</i> < 0.05) in the phrenic motor nucleus of CTB-SAP rats. Additionally, we found that pLTF was attenuated in 7d CTB-SAP rats but enhanced in 28d CTB-SAP rats (<i>p</i> < 0.05) following intrathecal sTNFR1i delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work suggests that we could harness TNFR1 as a potential therapeutic agent in CTB-SAP rats and patients with respiratory motor neuron disease by increasing compensatory plasticity in surviving neurons to improve phrenic motor neuron function and breathing as well as quality of life. Future studies will focus on microglial and astrocytic cytokine release, the role they play in the differential mechanisms of pLTF utilized by 7d and 28d CTB-SAP rats, and potential therapies that target them.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1488951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11656052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nernst-Planck-Gaussian finite element modelling of Ca²⁺ electrodiffusion in amphibian striated muscle transverse tubule-sarcoplasmic reticular triadic junctional domains.","authors":"Marco D Rodríguez, Joshua A Morris, Oliver J Bardsley, Hugh R Matthews, Christopher L-H Huang","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1468333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1468333","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Intracellular Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; signalling regulates membrane permeabilities, enzyme activity, and gene transcription amongst other functions. Large transmembrane Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; electrochemical gradients and low diffusibility between cell compartments potentially generate short-lived, localised, high-[Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] microdomains. The highest concentration domains likely form between closely apposed membranes, as at amphibian skeletal muscle transverse tubule-sarcoplasmic reticular (T-SR, triad) junctions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Finite element computational analysis characterised the formation and steady state and kinetic properties of the Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; microdomains using established empirical physiological and anatomical values. It progressively incorporated Fick diffusion and Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion gradients, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, and Donnan protein, and calmodulin (CaM)-mediated Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; buffering. It solved for temporal-spatial patterns of free and buffered Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Gaussian charge differences, and membrane potential changes, following Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; release into the T-SR junction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Computational runs using established low and high Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; diffusibility (&lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+&lt;/sub&gt;) limits both showed that voltages arising from intracytosolic total [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] gradients and the counterions little affected microdomain formation, although elevated &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+&lt;/sub&gt; reduced attained [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] and facilitated its kinetics. Contrastingly, adopting known cytosolic CaM concentrations and CaM-Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; affinities markedly increased steady-state free ([Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;free&lt;/sub&gt;) and total ([Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]), albeit slowing microdomain formation, all to extents reduced by high &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+&lt;/sub&gt;. However, both low and high &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+&lt;/sub&gt; yielded predictions of similar, physiologically effective, [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-CaM]. This Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; trapping by the relatively immobile CaM particularly increased [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] at the junction centre. [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;free&lt;/sub&gt;, [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-CaM], [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;], and microdomain kinetics all depended on both CaM-Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; affinity and &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+.&lt;/sub&gt; These changes accompanied only small Gaussian (∼6 mV) and surface charge (∼1 mV) effects on tubular transmembrane potential at either &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;Ca2+&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;These physical predictions of T-SR Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; microdomain formation and properties are compatible with the microdomain roles in Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-CaM-mediated signalling but limited the effects on tubular transmembrane potentials. CaM emerges as a potential major regulator of both the kinetics and the extent of microdomain formation. These possible cellular Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; signalling roles are discussed in relation to possible feedback modulation pr","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1468333"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protracted maternal malnutrition induces aberrant changes in maternal uterine artery hemodynamics and the metabolic profiles of the dam and neonate.","authors":"Jennifer F Thorson, Ligia D Prezotto","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1501309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1501309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malnutritional stress during gestation is a well-established driver of metabolic disfunction in offspring. Extended exposure to malnutrition requires metabolic plasticity as the animal shifts toward a catabolic state. In this paper we demonstrate the influence of malnutrition throughout gestation on uterine artery hemodynamics and the metabolism of the dam and neonate. We hypothesized that gestational malnutrition reduces blood flow of the maternal uterine artery and regulates the metabolic profile of the dam and offspring. Further, the combination of these factors consequently influences the concentration of metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of the neonate at birth. To test our hypotheses, pregnant cows caring a single female fetus were assigned to treatments by age and body condition score to one of three individually-fed dietary treatments: Underfed, Control, or Overfed throughout gestation. Uterine blood flow was measured via transrectal Doppler ultrasonography in late gestation. Blood samples were collected from dams throughout gestation, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from neonates at birth to analyze concentration of metabolites. In the current report, we reveal that maternal malnutrition regulates uterine artery hemodynamics and the maternal metabolic profile throughout gestation. This is the first report to demonstrate that maternal undernutrition leads to an increase in the concentration of urea nitrogen in neonates. Finally, a concentration gradient of metabolites from the dam to neonatal cerebrospinal fluid was observed, which may have potential implications for central nervous system development. These findings not only illustrate the complexity of the maternal-to-fetal interaction required to support the growth of the fetus and homeostasis of the dam but also reveals a novel avenue for investigating the influence of protracted maternal malnutrition on metabolic pathway preferences in offspring. Moreover, these findings are of paramount importance in the development of intervention strategies for morbid neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1501309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can trainability constrain physical fitness adaptations to small-sided games and high-intensity interval training in young male basketball players? a prospective cohort study.","authors":"LiXin Wei, YaFei Zheng","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1491347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1491347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Research on the effects of training programs involving small-sided games (SSG) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been increasing in recent years. However, there is limited understanding of how an individual's initial physical fitness level might influence the extent of adaptations achieved through these programs. This study aimed to compare the impacts of SSG and HIIT on male soccer players, while also considering the players' athleticism, categorized into lower and higher total athleticism score (TSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study was conducted over a 6-week pre-season training period, involving 43 male soccer players from regional-level teams (average age 16.5 ± 0.7 years). Players were evaluated at the start and after the 6-week period. One team incorporated SSG as a core component of their aerobic-based training, while the other team used HIIT. Evaluations included a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a 30-meter linear sprint test, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT). TSA was calculated to assess each player's overall athleticism level (classifying them as fit and non-fit).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results revealed that non-fit players showed significantly greater CMJ improvements (mean difference: 3.0 cm; <i>p</i> < 0.005) and VIFT improvements (mean difference: 0.682 km/h; <i>p</i> = 0.002) in SSG compared to fit players. In the HIIT group, non-fit players also revealed greater improvements than fit players in CMJ (mean difference: 2.5 cm; <i>p</i> < 0.005) and peak speed in sprint (mean difference: 0.706 km/h; <i>p</i> = 0.002). No significant differences were found between groups regarding the observed improvements.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, this study suggests that the initial level of physical fitness significantly influences the magnitude of adaptations. Specifically, players with lower fitness levels appear to benefit more from training interventions. Improvements in CMJ and aerobic capacity in SSG seem to depend on players' fitness levels, and a similar trend is observed in HIIT for CMJ and peak speed. Individualizing training programs is recommended, with a focus on providing greater or different stimuli to more well-prepared players to ensure their continued development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1491347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin as a multifunctional modulator: emerging insights into its role in health, reproductive efficiency, and productive performance in livestock.","authors":"Ali Afzal","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1501334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1501334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin, a pleiotropic hormone plays a vital role in enhancing livestock performance not only by regulating circadian rhythms but also by exhibiting antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and metabolic regulatory effects that collectively improve resilience, fertility, and productivity. Melatonin's synthesis is predominantly influenced by light exposure, with increased production in darkness; however, factors such as diet and health status further modulate its levels. By helping animals adapt to environmental stressors, melatonin boosts immune responses, mitigates chronic illnesses, and optimizes production efficiency. Its regulatory influence extends to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, enhancing hormone secretion, synchronizing estrous cycles, and improving embryo viability. This results in improved reproductive outcomes through the protection of gametes, increased sperm motility, and enhanced oocyte quality, all of which benefit the fertilization process. Additionally, melatonin positively impacts productive performance, promoting muscle growth, development, and optimizing milk yield and composition through its interaction with metabolic and endocrine systems. As ongoing research continues to uncover its broader physiological effects, melatonin supplementation emerges as a promising approach to improving livestock welfare, productivity, and sustainability in modern animal husbandry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12477,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physiology","volume":"15 ","pages":"1501334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}