Frontiers in Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"From plausible menus to trustworthy nutrition: a risk-proportionate VALID-Diet framework for artificial intelligence-generated dietary advice.","authors":"Jingyi Xu, Weina Xing, Lili Jia, Xi Li, Qijia Zhang, Wei Yang","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1957211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1957211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generative artificial intelligence can produce menus, recipes, shopping lists, and dietary explanations that appear individualized and clinically informed. Fluency alone, however, provides little evidence of nutritional accuracy, safety, feasibility, or benefit. We propose VALID-Diet, a staged framework for evaluating systems that generate actionable dietary recommendations as sociotechnical interventions. Its domains are Verification of nutritional targets and composition; Adversarial safety and boundary testing; Linkage between user inputs and recommendation changes; Implementation feasibility and inclusion; and Documentation, versioning, and reproducibility. Stage 0 defines intended use, input integrity, and a structured risk profile based on harm severity, exposure, autonomy, reversibility, and enforceable oversight. Stage 1 separates target validity, menu achievement, and arithmetic agreement and, for integrated systems, tests retrieval, calculation, and generation as distinct components. Stage 2 evaluates safety, substantive personalization, feasibility, and inclusion using pre-specified case blueprints. Stage 3 evaluates human oversight, workflow utility, and prospective outcomes only after earlier gates are passed. A retrospective worked application to a published retrieval-augmented personalized-nutrition system illustrates risk assignment and progression decisions. VALID-Diet is not a regulatory standard or consensus guideline; it is a testable proposal intended to align research claims with evidentiary strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1957211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Modulating the gut immune microenvironment through nutrients: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in immune-related gastrointestinal disorders.","authors":"Bowen Li, Francesca Bottacini, Yuhui Yang","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.2011364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.2011364","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"2011364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13712323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond associations: methodological and conceptual challenges in diet-microbiome research for cardiometabolic risk.","authors":"Merve Çapaş, Efsane Yavuz Bedir, Kübra Ergan, Beyza Arı Gedik, Beraat Dener, Duygu Agagündüz","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1913324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1913324","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1913324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type-, dose-, and subgroup-specific associations of dairy intake with depressive and anxiety symptoms among middle school students.","authors":"Meiqi Wang, Lianlong Yu, Zhaolu Liu, Shoujuan Zheng, Cuixia Lv, Jie Zhang, Afei Qin, Zhenchuang Tang, Suyun Li","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1954062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1954062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression and anxiety are major public health concerns among adolescents. Dairy products are important components of adolescent diets, but evidence on the associations of different dairy intake patterns with mental health symptoms remains limited. This study examined the associations of six dairy intake variables with depressive and anxiety symptoms among middle school students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 135,138 middle school students in China. Dairy intake was assessed using six variables: frequencies of milk, yogurt, milk powder, and cheese/cheese cube intake; daily amount of milk, yogurt, and milk powder; and daily amount of cheese/cheese cubes. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models, restricted cubic spline analyses, and interaction analyses by gender and urban-suburban context were conducted. The secondary analysis was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Approval No. SDJK(K)2025-057-01).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Daily milk intake was reported by 27.5% of students, whereas daily yogurt, milk powder, and cheese/cheese cube intake were less common. Higher frequencies of milk and yogurt intake were associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptom scores. Compared with students who never consumed milk, daily milk consumers had lower depressive symptoms (β = -2.30, 95% CI:-2.50 to -2.10) and anxiety symptoms (β = -0.90, 95% CI:-0.99 to -0.81). The associations for milk powder, cheese/cheese cubes, and total dairy amount were more complex. Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested nonlinear associations, and interaction analyses indicated that several associations differed by gender and urban-suburban context.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dairy intake was differentially associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among middle school students. More frequent milk and yogurt intake showed relatively consistent inverse associations with symptom scores, whereas associations for milk powder, cheese/cheese cubes, and amount-based dairy measures were less consistent and, for some measures, sensitive to model specification. These findings should be interpreted as observational associations and warrant further investigation in longitudinal studies with more detailed dietary assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1954062"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, patterns, perceptions, and sociodemographic determinants of dietary supplement use among adults in the United Arab Emirates.","authors":"Ali Alkhayat, Nelofar Sami Khan","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1955988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1955988","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Previous studies have documented dietary supplement use in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but many have focused on specific populations, supplement categories, geographical settings, or particular contexts. Evidence integrating overall supplement use, patterns and experiences of use, perceptions, and associated sociodemographic and health-related factors among adult UAE residents remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use, assess supplement-related perceptions, and identify factors associated with supplement use and perceptions among adults residing in the UAE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 600 adults aged ≥18 years residing in the UAE (58.8% male, 41.2% female). Participants were recruited using convenience sampling through an anonymous electronic survey distributed through university-linked networks, community groups, and public online platforms. A structured questionnaire assessed sociodemographic and health characteristics, dietary supplement use and related practices, and four perceptions regarding supplement necessity, safety, disease prevention, and promotion by healthcare professionals. Associations were examined using Pearson's chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Overall, 287 participants (47.8%) reported ever using dietary supplements; among them, 58.9% were current users. Vitamins (70.6%), minerals (57.8%), and protein supplements (47.4%) were the most commonly reported categories. Managing nutritional deficiencies (38.0%) and improving fitness (35.3%) were the leading reasons for use, while healthcare professionals were the most frequently reported source of recommendation (40.1%). In the adjusted analysis, undergraduate/postgraduate education (AOR 18.32, 95% CI 9.09-36.89; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), female sex (AOR 3.13, 95% CI 1.76-5.58; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), Expat Arab nationality compared with UAE nationality (AOR 4.58, 95% CI 2.14-9.82; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and chronic medical conditions (AOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.27-3.64; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.004) were associated with higher odds of supplement use, whereas employment compared with student status was associated with lower odds (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13-0.61; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001). Ever supplement use was the only factor consistently associated with all four favorable perception outcomes (all &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings highlight the need for evidence-based nutrition education and individualized professional guidance to support informed and appropriate use of dietary supplements. Incorporating supplement-use history into clinical assessment may help address inappropriate use, misconceptions, and potential supplement-drug interactions. Longitudinal and population-representative studies with documented ","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1955988"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced acute absorption of vitamin D3 with a liposomal formulation (Cymbiotika) compared to a standard formulation in healthy adults: a randomized double-blind crossover study.","authors":"David Briskey, Sandra Rahman, Shilpa Raut, Chervin Jafarieh, Amanda Rao","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1858064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1858064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly prevalent and linked to impaired health and disease. While vitamin D3 supplementation is effective, variability in absorption can influence bioavailability and clinical responses, with formulation characteristics potentially contributing to this variability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The aim of this randomized, double-blind, crossover absorption study was to compare the absorption of a liposomal vitamin D3 formulation (Cymbiotika) with that of a conventional non-liposomal vitamin D3 formulation. Healthy adult participants received a single oral dose of both formulations in random order separated by a 2-week washout period. Blood samples were collected over 48 h post-dose and plasma cholecalciferol concentrations quantified. Absorption parameters including area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to peak concentration (Tmax) were calculated following baseline correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve participants completed the study (mean age 34.3 ± 9.7 years; BMI 24.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2). The liposomal formulation showed greater systemic absorption compared with the comparator formulation, with a 1.9-fold higher AUC (199 vs. 106 ng·h/mL). Peak concentration was also higher for the liposomal formulation (8.4 vs. 6.0 ng/mL). Circulating cholecalciferol concentrations remained elevated above baseline at 48 h in the liposomal formulation but returned to baseline in the comparator formulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the Cymbiotika formulation may enhance the acute absorption of orally administered vitamin D3. Whether this enhanced acute absorption translates into improved long-term vitamin D status requires investigation in longer-term supplementation studies.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN39055102, identifier (ISRCTN39055102).</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1858064"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Effects of magnesium potassium sulfate on Tibetan sheep quality and its volatile and non-volatile metabolic substances.","authors":"Yuan Wang, Lijuan Han, Shengzhen Hou, Linsheng Gui, Zhenzhen Yuan, Shengnan Sun, Zhiyou Wang, Baochun Yang, Chao Yang","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.2004912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.2004912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1821555.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"2004912"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13712324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein supplementation and resistance training-induced strength gains in young adults: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Chenkun Zhang, Yahai Wang, Wenying Huang","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1946052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1946052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine whether protein supplementation confers additional benefits for muscle strength gains beyond those induced by resistance training (RT) alone in healthy young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus through April 1, 2026. Twenty-three randomized controlled trials involving 611 healthy young adults were included. Pooled estimates were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and leave-one-out and leave-one-category-out sensitivity analysis were performed to explore heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with RT alone, combined RT and protein supplementation produced significant improvements in both bench press (WMD: 2.63 kg, 95% CI: 0.77-4.49, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and squat strength (WMD: 7.40 kg, 95% CI: 2.15-12.66, <i>p</i> = 0.006). Subgroup analysis revealed that the ergogenic effect on squat strength was predominantly observed when the intervention lasted ≤12 weeks, or when protein was ingested both around exercise (pre- and/or post-exercise) and before sleep. Meta-regression identified intervention duration as a significant moderator (<i>p</i> = 0.037) and protein timing as a borderline moderator (<i>p</i> = 0.073) of squat strength heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis showed that the pooled effects remained significant and consistent in direction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Protein supplementation combined with resistance training enhances muscle strength in young healthy adults, but its incremental benefit appears conditional on intervention duration, nutrient timing, training background, and baseline protein status rather than universally applicable. Future well-powered trials with standardized protein dose and source reporting, repeated measures of habitual protein intake, and stratified designs are needed to clarify these interactions and support more personalized, mechanism-informed exercise and nutrition guidance.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/# myprospero, PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42024534481.</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1946052"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micronization-assisted pulsed electric field treatment on functional and structural modification of red pepper seed protein isolates.","authors":"Murtaza Ali, Muhammad Faisal Manzoor, Xin-An Zeng, Muhammad Talha Afraz, Isam A Mohamed Ahmed","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1936132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1936132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Red pepper seeds are an underutilized source of plant proteins with functional potential, but their poor solubility and limited functionality restrict food applications. This study investigated the effects of micronization-assisted pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of red pepper seed protein isolates (RPSPIs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RPSPIs were subjected to micronization pretreatment followed by PEF treatment under different electric field strengths and processing conditions. The effects of combined treatment on surface hydrophobicity, turbidity, Free Sulfhydryl (SH) Content, particle size distribution, surface morphology, secondary conformation, thermal stability, solubility, emulsifying properties, and foaming characteristics were systematically evaluated. Structural modifications were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combined treatment significantly impacted the functional properties, including zeta potential and particle size of RPSPI-treated samples, enhancing stability compared to control samples. The structural data revealed important molecular modifications, including enhanced SH^- content and reduced fluorescence intensity, suggesting that the structure partially unfolded. In addition, FTIR analysis combined with Amide I deconvolution demonstrated that MR and PEF treatments significantly altered the secondary structure composition of RPSPI, with changes in α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil components. The combined MR-PEF treatment promoted greater protein conformational rearrangement, which was associated with improved dispersion behavior, and enhanced functional properties. SEM micrographs revealed significant changes and fragmentation, further supporting our findings. The XRD analysis revealed changes in crystalline structure and crystallinity, while DSC results demonstrated increased denaturation temperatures after treatment, indicating enhanced thermal stability of RPSPI. The combined treatments also had significant impacts on these structural changes, enhancing foaming capacity, solubility, and emulsifying properties and decreasing turbidity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study's findings add value to red pepper seed by-product and provide insight into novel processing methods for high-value plant protein components.</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1936132"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional characterization of vegetable breads using multisource intelligent sensory technologies and feature-level data fusion.","authors":"Yongfeng Jiang, Han Yang, Cuiying Jian, Yaoxu Lin, Enrui Hu, Hao Zhang, Qingjie Shi, Yuwen Yi","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1970901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1970901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food sensory quality is multidimensional, and a single intelligent sensory technique cannot simultaneously characterize color, taste, and odor across multiple dimensions. Multisource intelligent sensory analysis combined with data fusion provides an approach for the objective characterization of multidimensional food sensory characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Control bread (CK) and four vegetable breads prepared with pumpkin (PU), <i>Pueraria thomsonii</i> (PG), red pepper (RP), and celery (CE) were analyzed using an electronic eye, an electronic tongue, and an ultrafast gas chromatography electronic nose. These instruments provided color, taste-response, and volatile-compound information, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), differential-peak screening, and tentative assignment based on dual-column retention-index (RI) matching were used to compare characteristics among formulations. Principal components from each single-modality dataset were then retained for feature-level data fusion followed by PCA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vegetable juices produced distinct color, taste-response, and volatile-compound characteristics in the breads. The first three electronic-eye principal components explained 91.95% of the variance. PU was dominated by strong yellow and vivid yellow, RP showed a clear orange-yellow appearance, and CE retained a green hue. The first two electronic-tongue principal components explained 90.03% of the variance. PG showed relatively high umami and bitterness response indices, whereas CE showed a relatively high saltiness response index. The first five principal components of the electronic-nose data explained 82.89% of the variance, and 17 volatile compounds were tentatively assigned. PG showed high responses for several fermentation-related volatiles. A peak tentatively assigned to acetone was detected only in RP under the current analytical conditions, whereas peaks tentatively assigned to myrcene and β-phellandrene showed pronounced responses in CE. After feature-level data fusion, the first three principal components explained 80.78% of the variance. Loading analysis showed that multiple latent variables from the electronic eye, electronic tongue, and electronic nose jointly contributed to the multidimensional characterization of the formulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Breads prepared with different vegetable juices exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of color, taste-response profiles, and volatile-compound profiles. Feature-level fusion of multisource intelligent sensory data enables the joint representation of information from these three instrumental dimensions within a unified analytical framework, providing a methodological framework for the multidimensional characterization of vegetable breads.</p>","PeriodicalId":12473,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Nutrition","volume":"13 ","pages":"1970901"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13710264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149286099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}