Food Science & Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Neuroprotective Effects of Lycium Ruthenicum Polyphenols in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Mice","authors":"Qi Tian,&nbsp;Hongdou Cao,&nbsp;Liwen Chu,&nbsp;Hua Gao,&nbsp;Qinghan Gao","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Lycium ruthenicum</i> polyphenols (LRP) have been proven to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective phytochemicals. This study applies proteomics and metabolomics to LRP-treated db/db mice to explore its potential effects mechanism. The experiments were divided into three groups: normal control db/m group, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) db/db group, and LRP-treated db/db group. We examined physiological and biochemical indicators, behavioral indicators, and histopathology. As for the mechanism, we used TMT-based quantification proteomics and LC–MS/MS-based metabolomics for sciatic nerve and serum. After 8 weeks of treatment, the fasting blood glucose level, mechanical withdrawal threshold, and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly improved. Pathological examination showed a significant alleviation in sciatic nerve histomorphology in the LRP group. Proteomics and metabolomics showed that the interventional effects of LRP were enriched mainly in oxidative phosphorylation, cardiac muscle contraction, and serum metabolites were enriched mainly in amino acid metabolism. LRP improves neurological function by improving mitochondrial functions, promoting neuronal development, and ameliorating dysregulation of amino acid metabolism. These results provide theoretical evidence for LRP as a potential functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of DPN.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota and Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: Exploration of Dietary Intervention and Treatment Strategies","authors":"Zhaoyang Dong,&nbsp;Ran Zhang,&nbsp;Liang Shen,&nbsp;Hong-Fang Ji,&nbsp;Haidong He,&nbsp;Xiaoguo Ji,&nbsp;Liming Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the deposition of IgA. The pathogenesis of it is related to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota influences mucosal immune response and systemic immune system, leading to glycosylation-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) increasing, which promotes the development of IgAN. Diet plays an important role in regulating gut microbiota and treating IgAN. In this review, we summarize the interplay between gut microbiota and IgAN, and their underlying mechanisms. We also describe the effects of dietary intake on IgAN, as well as the composition of gut microbiota. The progress on IgAN treatment mainly focuses on inhibiting or regulating the immune system. Moreover, therapeutic strategies related to gut microbiota such as dietary intervention, supplement of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have shown the possibility of improving IgAN prognosis. Thus, exploration of the gut-kidney axis, the long-term effects of diet and microbiome is necessary to develop more effective treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Probiotics Administration on the VEGF, Adiponectin, and Glycolipid Metabolism, in Prediabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","authors":"Mehrdad Sarabi,&nbsp;Ashkan Torshizian,&nbsp;Zahra Mazloum Khorasani,&nbsp;Abdollah Firoozi,&nbsp;Hassan Mehrad Majd,&nbsp;Nastaran Khoshhal,&nbsp;Nikoo Saeidi,&nbsp;Mina AkbariRad","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is debated that probiotics can improve glycolipid metabolism and slow the progression of prediabetes to diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotics on lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, serum level of resistin, adiponectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in prediabetic patients. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on prediabetic patients in the Endocrinology clinic of Ghaem Hospital. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: the probiotics group was prescribed a daily 500-mg capsule of probiotics (10⁹ colony-forming units), while the other received a placebo capsule with the same appearance. After 3 months, the effect of probiotic administration on laboratory parameters indicative of glycolipid metabolism, resistin, adiponectin, VEGF, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure was compared between groups. This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT 20190801044405 N2). Fifty-two patients were included in the final analysis, with 26 patients in each group. The mean age of patients was 43.75 ± 8.45. At the beginning, both groups were similar in all demographic characteristics and measured serum levels of investigated biomarkers (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05 for all parameters). Both groups exhibited significant changes in BMI and fasting blood sugar (FBS). However, regarding FBS, the magnitude of change was significantly greater in patients treated with probiotics (<i>p</i> = 0.022). Our findings also revealed a significant increase in HDL (<i>p</i> = 0.001), adiponectin (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and VEGF (<i>p</i> = 0.024) serum levels and a significant decrease in HbA1c (<i>p</i> = 0.034), LDL (<i>p</i> = 0.002), TG (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and total cholesterol (<i>p</i> = 0.001) exclusively in the probiotics group. Probiotic supplementation efficiently improved glycolipid metabolism, adiponectin, and VEGF serum levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of Arginine Metabolism and Ethanol Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by BTN2","authors":"Ting Xia,&nbsp;Keiwei Chen,&nbsp;Huqi Zhou,&nbsp;Tangchao Chen,&nbsp;Wenjing Lin,&nbsp;Gongnian Xiao,&nbsp;Ruosi Fang","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ethyl carbamate (EC), primarily formed by the reaction between urea and ethanol, is a natural carcinogen prevalent in fermented alcoholic beverages. Urea is an arginine metabolite produced by <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. Previous studies have shown that <i>BTN2</i> influences arginine metabolism. In this study, we compared the effects of <i>BTN2-</i>modified strains on key metabolites, enzymes, and transcriptional gene expressions in the arginine metabolic pathway, and assessed cell growth and oxidative damage under different ethanol stresses. It revealed that the knockout of <i>BTN2</i> inhibited arginine intake and promoted urea reduction. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that <i>BTN2</i> regulate arginine transportation, catabolism, and urea degradation by modulating the expression of <i>GAP1</i>, <i>CAN1</i>, <i>CAR1</i>, and <i>DUR1,2</i>. Moreover, the results showed that <i>BTN2</i> enhanced ethanol tolerance and alleviated cellular damage. These findings provide a promising method for reducing arginine uptake by <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and consequently urea accumulation in wine.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effects of Putrescine, Salicylic Acid, Citric Acid, and Methyl Jasmonate on Postharvest Quality and Storage Life of Pleurotus ostreatus","authors":"Bilgehan Şahin,&nbsp;Beyhan Kibar,&nbsp;Hakan Kibar","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was carried out to determine the effects of exogenous putrescine, salicylic acid, citric acid, and methyl jasmonate treatments at different doses (0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, and 2.0 mM) after harvest on quality properties, storage period, and nutrient content in <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> mushroom species, which ranks second in terms of production in the world and deteriorates rapidly after harvest and loses its quality. A total of 13 different treatments were examined in the study, and the necessary measurements and analyses (on the 7th and 14th days) were performed on the mushrooms stored at 4°C for 14 days. As a result of the research, it was determined that the postharvest quality characteristics changed significantly depending on treatments and storage periods. The results showed that postharvest treatments significantly influenced weight loss, dry matter, protein content, color, pH, and mineral composition during storage. Compared to the control, 0.5 mM methyl jasmonate was the most effective in preserving protein content (increased by 13.56%) and calcium content (increased by approximately threefold), while 2.0 mM citric acid reduced weight loss by 7.76% and increased zinc content by 57%. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis further confirmed that citric acid and methyl jasmonate treatments were superior in maintaining postharvest quality. It was concluded that 0.5 mM methyl jasmonate, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, and 2.0 mM citric acid treatments can be recommended as an alternative application method to reduce postharvest quality losses of <i>P. ostreatus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traceability and Adulteration Analysis of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Based on “Digital Identity Card” and UHPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis","authors":"Xianrui Wang,&nbsp;Jiating Zhang,&nbsp;Fangliang He,&nbsp;Wenguang Jing,&nbsp;Xiaohan Guo,&nbsp;Minghua Li,&nbsp;Kunzi Yu,&nbsp;Jianbo Yang,&nbsp;Xianlong Cheng,&nbsp;Feng Wei","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to improve the identification efficiency, strengthen quality control, and realize the quick traceability and adulteration analysis of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) and Xinhui's Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (XCRP, geoauthentic herb), UHPLC-QTOF-MS combined with “digital identity card” was used to explore digital identification of CRP. UHPLC-QTOF-MS chemical analysis was conducted on CRP from different origins, and after quantized processing, the shared ions were extracted from different batches of CRP from the same origin as the “ions representation” of CRP of the same origin. Further, the data set of unique ions of each origin relative to other origins was screened out as “digital identity card” of CRP from each origin. In addition, the CRPs that do not originated from Xinhui were mixed and prepared as reference samples. Then the reference samples and XCRP were used to extract “digital identity card” of CRP and XCRP again. Based on the matching of the above “digital identity card” and feedback matching credibility (MC) to realize the traceability and adulteration analysis of CRP. The results showed that the traceability analysis can be effectively realized based on the “digital identity card” of CRP from different origins, and the MC was as high as 90%. Even if 5% of CRP was added to XCRP, it can still be effectively detected in adulteration analysis. GRP's origin traceability and adulteration analysis can be realized based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis and “digital identity card” effectively and accurately. It has important reference significance for the quick digital analysis of traceability and adulteration of CRPs and digital quality control of Chinese medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Bioavailable Curcumin, but Not Native Curcumin, Combined With Exercise Improves Cognitive Function in Mice","authors":"Tomoya Suzuki,&nbsp;Chisa Fushimi,&nbsp;Hiroki Aoyama,&nbsp;Atsuhiro Kishimoto,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Katsuura,&nbsp;Takanori Tsuda","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Curcumin (Cur) has been found to improve cognitive function at high doses. However, contradictory findings have also been reported, mainly due to its low water solubility and very low bioavailability. We previously used an amorphous individual dispersion technique to develop a novel highly bioavailable Cur formulation (HC) for use as a dietary supplement. Because exercise also improves brain function, food-derived factors and exercise might synergize to boost cognitive function. After confirming that HC alone (4.5 mg Cur/kg [equivalent to 15 mg HC/kg]) did not improve cognitive function, we demonstrated that the combination of HC, but not native Cur, and voluntary exercise for 4 weeks significantly improved spatial memory and learning in mice in the novel location-recognition and passive avoidance tests, even though exercise alone did not have this effect. This effect was related to elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor via activation of two related pathways. HC, and not native Cur, may help to improve learning and memory functions in both younger and older adults as a dietary supplement during exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Composition of Traditionally Fermented Qocho From Widely Cultivated Enset (Ensete ventricosum) Landraces in Central Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfaye Dilebo,&nbsp;Ashagire Zewdu","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enset is a multipurpose perennial root crop primarily used as a staple food for over 25 million people in Ethiopia. Despite the existence of various landraces, little information is known about their nutritional profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of <i>qocho</i> from the eight widely cultivated landraces. Traditionally fermented <i>qocho</i> samples were milled individually into a fine powder and analyzed by applying standard food procedures. The mean proximate component (%) varied in moisture value from 59.0–66.5, crude protein (1.75–3.15), crude fat (0.14–0.73), crude fiber (2.25–5.39), and total ash (1.2–2.4), whereas the total carbohydrates came to 89.74–94.64, and gross energy was 370.69–387.97 kcal/100 g. The mean contents of minerals (mg/100 g) ranged: calcium (80.17–110.60), potassium (90.35–157.14), magnesium (14.37–16.35), phosphorus (10.84–40.19), sodium (7.41–8.35), iron (4.08–6.71), and zinc (0.39–0.73) on a dry weight basis. The mean anti-nutritional values (mg/100 g) for oxalate, tannin, and phytate ranged from 6.26–9.39, 5.04–32.05, and 74.28–141.19, respectively. This showed that the <i>qocho</i> samples contain low contents of anti-nutritional factors. Regarding molar ratios, phytate to calcium, phytate × calcium to zinc, and oxalate to calcium were shown below the critical values. Overall, the <i>qocho</i> of the analyzed enset landraces had a considerable variation in nutritional profile. Therefore, continued identification is crucial to distinguish the enset landraces with more nutritious <i>qocho</i> for local and regional consumption as well as to sustain enset cultivation for food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Thermal Treatment and In Vitro Digestion on Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Glycation Properties of Antioxidant Crude Extract From Hot and Cold Brew Spent Coffee Ground","authors":"Onamon Chongsrimsirisakhol,&nbsp;Kamolwan Jangchud,&nbsp;Peter James Wilde,&nbsp;Tantawan Pirak","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ethanoic extract of hot-brew spent-coffee ground (HSCG) and cold-brew spent-coffee ground (CSCG) were prepared with ultrasound-assisted extraction and subjected to thermal processes and in vitro digestion prior to analyze the inhibition ability of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, a potential risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The obtained HSCG and CSCG extracts contained mainly chlorogenic acid derivatives, according to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer chromatogram. The glycation process was performed by using bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ glucose system with 3 weeks incubation. In the presence of HSCG and CSCG extracts at 250 μg/mL, after thermal treatment (pasteurization and sterilization) and in vitro digestion, the glycation process through the fructosamine, AGEs, and amyloid cross β structure formation was monitored, and these extracts exhibited an anti-glycation property at early and advanced stages after pasteurization and in vitro digestion compared to no thermal treatment. However, at high temperature of sterilization, the suppress of anti-glycation property had resulted and were related with the amount of antioxidant and the ability of antioxidant scavenging as presented in a dose manner. The calculated % caffeine bio-accessibility of HSGC extracts was 65.8%, 64.8%, and 52.4% in non-thermal, pasteurized, and sterilized samples while the higher bio-accessibility was found in CSCG sample as of 67.4, 66.6, and 63.1, respectively. A high correlation of TPC values, thermal treatments and in vitro digestions with the AGEs was detected. Polyphenols and caffeine content in these extracts were found to be responsible for the AGEs and amyloid cross β structure inhibition which might potentially reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic Functional Groups and Their Substitution Sites in Natural Flavonoids: A Review on Their Contributions to Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Capabilities","authors":"Jingxian An,&nbsp;Zhipeng Zhang,&nbsp;Anwen Jin,&nbsp;Muqiu Tan,&nbsp;Shilong Jiang,&nbsp;Yilin Li","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural flavonoids are regularly consumed orally and are known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Yet, there is limited understanding of the role of organic functional groups in imparting these properties. This review paper suggests that several organic functional groups, including the hydroxyl, methoxy, glycosyl, prenylated, and flavonoid groups, play crucial roles in determining the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic abilities of flavonoids. Of particular significance is the contribution of the prenylated group, which notably enhances the anti-inflammatory and analgesic abilities of flavonoids. Among isoflavones, the prenylated groups are primarily situated at C6. Despite their importance, prenylated flavonoids have not received sufficient attention from researchers. Another crucial class of organic functional groups is glycosyl groups, with C3 being a key substitution site among anthocyanins because monosaccharides are commonly found at this position. Conversely, the presence of trisaccharides or a combination of disaccharides and monosaccharides within flavonoids appears to impede their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Additionally, the majority of biflavonoids, excluding polymerized flavanols, demonstrate either anti-inflammatory or analgesic abilities. C8 holds paramount importance among flavanols as the main substitution site for flavonoid substitution. Examination of the significance of substitution sites in flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and chalcones, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic abilities, revealed the importance of total substitution with diverse organic functional groups. Insights from this review can provide the guiding light to the discovery of flavonoids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic abilities in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fsn3.70191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}