Food Science & Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Aquafaba Used Egg Replacers on Pancake Batter and Meringue Foam Rheology and Products Properties.","authors":"Esra Özyiğit, Selen Erkoç, İpek Özcan, Seher Kumcuoglu, Şebnem Tavman","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72392","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the effects of adding aquafaba as an egg white substitute on the rheological properties and some quality characteristics (texture, color, SEM) of pancake and meringue samples were investigated. Aquafaba was added to pancake and meringue formulations at different ratios (50%, 100%) instead of egg white. The rheological properties of pancake and meringue batter samples were determined by using the parameters (<i>η</i>'_L <i>, η</i>'_M, <i>G</i>'_L <i>, G</i>'_M, <i>e</i> ₃, <i>e</i> ₁, <i>v</i> ₃, <i>v</i> ₁) of Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) analysis. The Lissajous curves showed that substituting aquafaba for egg white reduces stress values. The structure of samples was affected by aquafaba; dissipated and stored energy were decreased as a result. According to LAOS parameters, the nonlinear behavior of the pancake and meringue samples was strain stiffening. The properties of pancake and meringue samples were shear thinning and shear thickening from the viscous perspective, respectively. It was found that the hardness values of pancakes and meringue samples decreased by using aquafaba (<i>p</i> < 0.05). According to SEM, the porosity of the pancake samples decreased, and the meringue samples showed a more layered and fragile structure with the increase in the substitution ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72392"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resveratrol Pretreatment and Decabromodiphenyl Ethane-Associated Hepatorenal Changes in a High-Dose Female Mouse Model: Redox Changes and Ferroptosis-Associated Markers.","authors":"Yutong Ji, Chengzhi Liu, Xianhua Wu, Mingxian Shi, Tingjun Hu, Jiakang He, Yingyi Wei, Lei Wang, Meiling Yu","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72495","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is an emerging brominated flame retardant that has been detected in animal-derived foods. This exploratory experiment used a high-dose toxicological challenge rather than a dietary-exposure scenario. This study evaluated whether resveratrol (Res) pretreatment was associated with differences in selected liver- and kidney-related endpoints in a high-dose DBDPE mouse model. A total of 54 five-week-old specific pathogen-free female Kunming mice were acclimated for 7 days and allocated into six groups (<i>n</i> = 9) by weight-ranked allocation. Res (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg body weight/day; 100 mg/kg in the Res-alone group) or vehicle was administered by oral gavage 2 h before DBDPE (500 mg/kg body weight/day) or corn oil, also by gavage, for 28 consecutive days. DBDPE exposure was associated with serum biochemical alterations, descriptive liver and kidney histological changes, redox imbalance, higher iron-assay values, mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities, and changes in ferroptosis-associated markers. The liver index was 5.06% ± 0.20% in the Control group, 5.89% ± 0.60% in the DBDPE group and 5.17% ± 0.41% in the 100 mg/kg Res pretreatment group; the corresponding kidney indices were 1.02% ± 0.10%, 1.16% ± 0.07% and 1.06% ± 0.03%. Res pretreatment was accompanied by lower values for several DBDPE-associated endpoints, by changes in Pik3r1, Nfe2l2 and selected antioxidant-related transcripts, and by tissue-dependent changes in ferroptosis-associated markers. These findings provide in vivo associative evidence under the specified experimental conditions and support further evaluation of Res in DBDPE toxicology models; they do not establish ferroptotic cell death, PI3K/Nrf2 pathway activation, or relevance to typical human dietary exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72495"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Coreopsis tinctoria</i> Nutt. Polyphenols Ameliorate CUMS-Induced Depressive Behaviors and Hippocampal Neuronal Damage in Mice.","authors":"Haixia Han, Yujing Feng, Zhen Wang, Rui Ma, Jingjing Sun, Xiuli Yang, Yue Cui, Juan Wang, Mingxi Jia","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72480","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic stress-induced mood disturbances have become a prominent public health concern, and dietary polyphenols are emerging as natural nutritional strategies for mood health management. The capitula of <i>Coreopsis tinctoria</i> Nutt. (CCT) are edible flowers rich in polyphenols, but their mood-supporting efficacy remains unclear. This study investigated the effects, mechanisms, and key bioactive constituents of CCT polyphenol extract (CCTE) in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. High-dose CCTE (1 g/kg) restored sucrose preference from 30.9% ± 4.1% in CUMS mice to 52.0% ± 5.5%, increased week-6 weight gain from 4.7% ± 2.4% to 38.8% ± 5.9% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and restored open-field rearing, central-area crossings, and residence time to fluoxetine-comparable levels, indicating dose-dependent attenuation of CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors. It also ameliorated hippocampal neuronal damage, corrected the CUMS-induced 36.7% reduction in serum 5-HT and 44.8% elevation in 5-HIAA, attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hyperactivity, particularly reducing elevated CRH, ACTH, and CORT levels, alleviated oxidative stress, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome-driven neuroinflammation via NLRP3/NF-κB downregulation. Three flavonoid aglycones-okanin (OKA), isookanin (ISO), taxifolin (TAX)-crossed the blood-brain barrier (free <i>C</i> _max 28.45 ± 10.9, 32.74 ± 27.3, 32.04 ± 6.9 ng/g; <i>T</i> _max 20-45 min) and inhibited monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A; IC₅₀ 38.66 ± 2.45, 48.23 ± 3.12, 47.28 ± 2.98 μmol/L); their equimolar mixture acted synergistically (IC₅₀ 18.79 ± 1.67 μmol/L; pargyline 8.71 ± 1.21 μmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Thus, CCTE ameliorates stress-induced mood disturbances through multi-target regulation and shows potential as a functional food ingredient.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Panax notoginseng</i> Saponins Accelerate Diabetic Wound Repair by Minimizing Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inhibiting Pyroptosis of Macrophage via Regulating Ephx2/11,12-EET Axis.","authors":"Nan Chen, Bo Zhu, Cai-Hua Sun, Tong Hou","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72494","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impaired diabetic wound (DW) healing is mainly driven by excessive inflammatory response, while <i>Panax notoginseng</i> saponins (PNS), the core bioactive components of <i>Panax notoginseng</i>, show pro-healing potential in diabetic ulcers with unclear mechanisms. Here, we established a streptozotocin-induced DW mouse model, and combined untargeted metabolomics with in vitro and in vivo validations to decipher PNS's therapeutic mechanism and active ingredients. In vivo, PNS dose-dependently accelerated wound closure, enhanced collagen deposition, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice, without affecting body weight or random blood glucose. Mechanistically, PNS inhibited Ephx2 expression (at both mRNA and protein levels) in macrophages to upregulate 11,12-EET, thus mitigating wound inflammation, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In vitro, the protective effects of PNS on macrophage mitochondrial function and pyroptosis were not enhanced by Ephx2 inhibitor TPPU, but completely abolished by 11,12-EET antagonist 14,15-EEZE. Furthermore, five major saponins (R1, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd) from PNS were identified as active ingredients, all exerting pro-healing effects in DW mice. Conclusively, PNS accelerates DW healing via regulating the macrophage Ephx2/11,12-EET axis to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibit pyroptosis, supporting its therapeutic potential for diabetic foot ulcers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72494"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aucubin Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Repairing the Intestinal Barrier and Modulating the Microbiota-Metabolism Axis.","authors":"Yanghui Bi, Pengyu Chen, Shuya Jia, Shiyan Jia, Zhanhao Lian, Yuanfang Zheng, Jiabin Guo, Jianxia Xue, Sinan Cheng","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72436","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with a complex pathogenesis, necessitating the development of safe and effective therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of Aucubin (Auc) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. Using a DSS-induced colitis model, we systematically evaluated the multifaceted effects of Auc by assessing the Disease Activity Index (DAI), colon length, histopathological changes, immunohistochemical staining, ELISA results, proteomic profiles, 16S rRNA sequencing data, and untargeted metabolomic analyses. Compared with the DSS group, Aucubin high-dose (Auc-H, 100 mg/kg) treatment significantly attenuated DSS-induced body weight loss, DAI score elevation, and colon shortening (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The therapeutic efficacy of Auc-H was comparable to that of the positive control drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). Mechanistically, Auc restored intestinal barrier integrity by stimulating mucin 2 (Muc2) secretion and upregulating the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Occludin, which in turn significantly reduced serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Proteomic analysis identified 2180 DSS-induced differentially expressed proteins, of which 679 were significantly counter-regulated by Auc-H, mainly involving the complement and coagulation cascades and immune-inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis showed that Auc promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, improving microbial balance. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed that Auc-H significantly restored the levels of 120 DSS-induced differential metabolites, including 86 upregulated and 34 downregulated metabolites, among which were protective tryptophan-derived indole metabolites (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Consequently, Aucubin exhibits significant clinical potential in alleviating UC via a multifaceted mechanism. These effects include reduced inflammation, restored epithelial barrier integrity, and modulated microbial metabolism. These findings provide crucial experimental evidence supporting the potential application of Auc as a preventive therapy for UC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Food-Derived Cyanidin Glycosides in an Alzheimer's Disease-Like Zebrafish Model Through Modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Signaling.","authors":"Yun Wu, Fangfang Tie, Yidan Gao, Jinze Li, Ruinan Wang, Na Hu, Qi Dong, Honglun Wang","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72486","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder lacking effective and safe interventions. Food-derived anthocyanins have gained increasing attention due to their neuroprotective potential; however, the specific mechanisms of individual cyanidin glycosides remain insufficiently understood. Notably, the comparative efficacy and mechanistic differences among structurally distinct cyanidin glycosides have not been systematically evaluated in vivo. In the present study, three cyanidin glycosides, cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside (C3R), cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-sophoroside (C3S), and cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-xyloside (C3X), were evaluated using an aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)-induced zebrafish model of AD-like pathology. The results showed that these compounds improved cognitive performance and anxiety-like behavior, while attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and restoring cholinergic function, as evidenced by biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. In addition, neuronal damage and Tau phosphorylation at Ser396 were markedly alleviated. Among the tested compounds, C3R consistently exhibited the most pronounced effects across multiple indicators. Mechanistically, the three cyanidin glycosides modulated PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling, as reflected by overall increases in p-PI3K (Tyr458)/PI3K and p-Akt (Ser473)/Akt and decreases in p-GSK3β (Tyr216)/GSK3β and p-Tau (Ser396)/Tau. LY294002 attenuated the pathway-associated protective effects, supporting the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate neuroprotective effects associated with modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling, with C3R showing the strongest overall efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72486"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota-Dependent Tryptophan Metabolism Drives the Therapeutic Effects of Baitouweng Tang in Colitis via the AhR Pathway","authors":"Chun Niu,&nbsp;Yongli Hua,&nbsp;Jianguo Kang,&nbsp;Fang Li,&nbsp;Baoxia Chen,&nbsp;Rongxia Guo,&nbsp;Yanming Wei","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72434","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72434","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With dysregulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolic byproducts playing a pivotal role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Baitouweng Tang (BTWT), a traditional herbal formulation, has long been employed to treat gastrointestinal disorders and shows promising potential in the management of IBD. However, its precise pharmacological mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we employed targeted metabolomics, high-throughput sequencing, and molecular biology techniques to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of BTWT in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). BTWT significantly enhanced the relative abundance of <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, improved the indole metabolic pathway of tryptophan, and restored the levels of indole metabolites, such as indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). These changes activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and led to marked improvements in the clinical symptoms of UC in mice. Conversely, the therapeutic effects of BTWT were substantially diminished in an antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion model. Notably, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) partially restored BTWT efficacy, underscoring the critical role of the gut microbiota in mediating its therapeutic effects. Furthermore, in an in vitro lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced HT-29 inflammation model, ILA treatment attenuated inflammation and concurrently increased the expression of AhR, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1. These findings suggest a potential link between BTWT-induced changes in tryptophan metabolites, AhR pathway activation, and the amelioration of colitis, though the causal relationship remains to be established. Our study provides a basis for further mechanistic investigation into the AhR pathway as a possible therapeutic target in UC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postbiotics Unveiled: The Next Emerging Trend in Functional Foods.","authors":"Zoha Wahid, Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad, Farheen Zulfiqar, Syed Hassan Bin Usman Shah, Nilab Mohammadi","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72485","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, with demand for food increasing by up to 56%. Postbiotics are a safe and reliable substitute for probiotics, which are described as preparations of non-viable bacteria and/or their metabolic byproducts. Data for this narrative review was collected using Goggle scholar and PubMed from 2006 to 2026. Major bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids, peptides, polysaccharides, vitamins, and cell fragments contribute to immunomodulatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and gut-brain axis effects. Preclinical and clinical research shows that they can improve insulin sensitivity, control cytokine signaling, strengthen epithelial barrier integrity, and protect against obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and depression. Postbiotics have also been found to improve mineral absorption and folate synthesis, and possess anti-sarcopenic actions. Several commercial products are available because of their health benefits. Thus, postbiotics are a revolutionary development in microbiome-based treatments; however, to completely understand their therapeutic potential, it is necessary to standardize, achieve mechanistic clarity, and ensure regulatory alignment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13668483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Diglyceride Diet Attenuates Selected Metabolic Effects of Maternal High-Fat Feeding in Offspring via Energy Metabolism and Microbiota Modulation.","authors":"Qiu Wu, Chun Li, Shihao Song, Hanyue Wang, Rentang Zhao, Luyan Sun, Bingqing Shang, Yue Geng","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.72427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diglyceride (DAG) has been shown to improve obesity in animals, but its effects on mothers and offspring were unclear. This study investigated whether maternal DAG intake affects male offspring by mating female C57BL/6J mice on a DAG diet with normal males. Male offspring were weaned at 3 weeks, with some euthanized and others fed normal, high-fat (HFD), or DAG diets for 9 weeks. Results showed that offspring from DAG-fed mothers had lower blood lipids than those from HFD-fed mothers, and maternal DAG intake was associated with restoration of purine/pyrimidine metabolism while altering gut microbiota (lower <i>Firmicutes</i>/<i>Bacteroidetes</i> ratio, higher butyrate). Fecal transplants confirmed DAG partially reversed HFD-induced gut dysbiosis. Although DAG mitigated maternal obesity effects, post-weaning diet had a stronger influence, suggesting DAG oil may help prevent intergenerational obesity transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Alkalization With Potassium Carbonate and Ammonium Bicarbonate on the Chemical and Physical Properties of Cocoa Butter: A Factorial and Central Composite Design Approach.","authors":"Afghan Sadeghzadeh, Maryam Taghinezhad, Sajad Pirsa","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72469","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fsn3.72469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effects of cocoa butter alkalization using potassium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate (0%-6%) on acidity, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, moisture content, slip melting point, pH, and lead content. A factorial design and central composite design (CCD) were employed. The highest peroxide value (0.1 meq O₂/kg) was observed in samples containing 3% potassium carbonate +3% ammonium bicarbonate and 6% potassium carbonate +6% ammonium bicarbonate. The highest acidity was related to the control sample (1.77), while the lowest was found in the sample with 6% of both alkalis (0.77). The control sample also showed the lowest saponification value (189.61 mg KOH/g fat), whereas the highest was recorded for the 6% + 6% sample (199.04 mg KOH/g fat). The highest iodine value (35.91 g I₂/100 g fat) belonged to the 6% + 6% sample, and the lowest (32.42 g I₂/100 g fat) to the sample containing 6% ammonium bicarbonate alone. Minimum moisture content (0.053%) was observed in the sample with 6% potassium carbonate +3% ammonium bicarbonate, and maximum (0.077%) in the sample with 3% + 3%. The lowest pH (5.05) was for the control, and the highest (9.87) for the 6% + 6% sample. The highest slip melting point (30.23°C) was recorded for the control, and the lowest (26°C) for the sample with 3% potassium carbonate +6% ammonium bicarbonate. All samples complied with Iranian national standards for lead content. The results indicated that 3% potassium carbonate alone, 3% ammonium bicarbonate alone, and 3% potassium carbonate +6% ammonium bicarbonate are suitable for cocoa alkalization. Finally, mathematical models were developed using response surface methodology to establish quantitative relationships between the chemical properties of cocoa butter and the concentrations of the alkaline agents, enabling the achievement of desired product characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12418,"journal":{"name":"Food Science & Nutrition","volume":"14 10","pages":"e72469"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13661730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}