Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"The effects of exercise interventions on substance-use outcomes: A meta-analytic and systematic review.","authors":"Hannah N Carlson, Mark A Smith, Justin C Strickland","doi":"10.1037/pha0000785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A number of studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of exercise-based interventions for substance-use disorders. Nicotine use has been overrepresented in prior meta-analytic and systematic reviews, potentially obscuring the effects of exercise on outcomes related to other drugs. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to offer an updated account of the impact of exercise on substance-use outcomes for drugs other than nicotine. Eligible studies included peer reviewed articles published before August 2023 describing randomized controlled trials or clinical trials involving adults in which exercise served as the primary treatment intervention and substance use and/or craving outcomes were assessed for drugs other than nicotine. In addition to omnibus effects, meta-regression models were conducted to assess study design (within vs. between), data collection (acute vs. long-term), and outcome measure (drug craving vs. drug use) as potential moderating variables. A total of 19 articles describing 17 unique studies were selected for analysis, including data from 1,363 individual participants. An omnibus robust variance estimation meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in substance-use outcomes following exercise intervention. The moderator analysis additionally indicated a significant effect of design type such that between-subject designs displayed smaller magnitude reductions than within-subject designs. Other potential moderators were not significant. These findings indicate that a variety of exercise-based interventions produce moderate improvements in substance use and craving for people using nonmedical drugs and corroborate prior reports that exercise is effective as an adjunctive or standalone treatment for substance-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144283052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of \"ice\" components in sweet-flavored nicotine-containing e-liquids among young adult e-cigarette users.","authors":"Wei Li, Danielle R Davis, Ran Wu, Ralitza Gueorguieva, Barry G Green, Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin","doi":"10.1037/pha0000786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>E-cigarette use is prevalent among young adults, with \"ice\" e-cigarettes/liquids that combine sweet and cooling flavors becoming increasingly popular. This study examines if an \"ice\" component (e.g., menthol) alters liking, sensory experiences, and reward of sweet-flavored nicotine e-liquids among young adults. A double-blinded laboratory session was conducted with past-month e-cigarette users aged 18-20 (N = 40). Participants were exposed in random order to a sweet-flavored (watermelon) e-liquid with and without menthol in two 10-puff bouts. Both e-liquids contained 36 mg/ml nicotine salt and 50:50 propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin. Participants rated flavor liking and overall vaping experience using the Labeled Hedonic Scale, sensory effects using generalized Labeled Magnitude Scales, and reward effects using the Drug Effects Questionnaire. Linear mixed models analyzed outcomes with flavor condition, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects, adjusting for flavor order. Participants (average age = 19.1 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.8; 52.5% female and 67.5% White) used e-cigarettes on average 6.2 (<i>SD</i> = 1.5) days/week. Participants reported marginally less liking of the overall vaping experience for the watermelon flavor with menthol (<i>M</i> = -3.92 [<i>SE</i> = 3.16]) compared to the watermelon flavor without menthol (<i>M</i> = 1.27 [SE = 3.16], <i>p</i> = .05). No main effects of flavor, sex, or their interactions were observed in sensory and reward effects (<i>p</i>s > .05). Among our sample of young adult e-cigarette users, adding a cooling component to a sweet-flavored e-liquid did not result in altered liking, sensory, or reward effects compared to sweet-flavored e-liquid without cooling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144247176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negative urgency accounts for associations between internalizing symptoms and lifetime nonfatal opioid overdose among patients from three urban Ohio emergency departments.","authors":"Dan Petrovitch, Katie P Himes, Emma Quarles, Caroline E Freiermuth, Robert S Braun, Joshua W Lambert, Jennifer L Brown, Michael S Lyons, Brittany E Punches, Jon E Sprague, Andrew K Littlefield","doi":"10.1037/pha0000764","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing evidence relates internalizing psychopathology to nonfatal opioid overdose. Identifying variables that account for associations between internalizing symptomology and overdose could improve clinical conceptualizations of overdose risk and inform testable, mechanistic hypotheses. Mood-based facets of impulsivity, such as negative and positive urgency, are promising candidate variables that have been linked to both internalizing symptoms and negative substance use outcomes. Therefore, the present study tested whether these facets accounted for internalizing-overdose associations. We conducted a secondary, cross-sectional data analysis of lifetime opioid-exposed patients presenting to three large, urban emergency departments in Ohio. Bivariate associations between measures of internalizing conditions, mood-related urgency, and nonfatal opioid overdose were calculated, and the extent to which negative and positive urgency accounted for associations between internalizing constructs and nonfatal opioid overdose was examined. To determine the specificity of findings, we compared results to other impulsivity facets and models testing internalizing-impulsivity interactions. Negative urgency demonstrated a unique role in accounting for relationships between internalizing constructs and lifetime nonfatal opioid overdose. No other impulsivity facet, including positive urgency, reliably accounted for internalizing-overdose relations. No internalizing-urgency interactions were observed. Negative urgency was the only facet to reliably explain overlap in internalizing-overdose associations. Overdose-prevention efforts should consider the dual roles of internalizing symptoms and negative urgency as risk factors for opioid overdose. Implications for testing causal hypotheses are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"300-309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic morphine impairs interoceptive control of avoidance: Implications for dysregulated drug intake.","authors":"Shihui Huang, Sydney E Cerveny, Anna L Ruprecht, Ethan R Steere, Anushka Valsan, Anthony L Riley","doi":"10.1037/pha0000762","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interoceptive drug states have been increasingly recognized as important cues that may help regulate intake by disambiguating postintake outcomes. While drug states signaling rewarding or reinforcing effects may occasion drug-taking and drug-seeking, states signaling aversive effects may be critical for terminating a drug-taking episode. Given that drug intake often becomes dysregulated with extensive exposure, the present study investigated whether chronic drug exposure impairs the function of interoceptive drug states to occasion avoidance. Male Sprague Dawley rats were trained in a discriminated taste avoidance procedure in which morphine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) signaled that a saccharin solution would be followed by the illness-inducing agent lithium chloride, while the drug vehicle signaled that saccharin would not be followed by lithium chloride. Rats were then exposed to chronic morphine (CM) or chronic vehicle for 20 days. Morphine-induced stimulus control was tested at three doses (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) following chronic exposure and a 3-week morphine-free period (dissipation of tolerance). Forty-five of the 49 rats acquired the discrimination, avoiding saccharin when it was preceded by morphine and consuming saccharin when it was preceded by saline. Chronic vehicle-exposed rats displayed dose-dependent avoidance on a subsequent test, while CM-exposed rats displayed no avoidance at any dose. Following a 30-day washout during which morphine was no longer administered, subjects in group CM injected with 10 mg/kg morphine avoided saccharin, displaying a partial recovery of discriminative control. These findings provide a baseline for the attenuating effects of chronic drug exposure on the drug's interoceptive control of avoidance. Further, by demonstrating that interoceptive control recovers after abstinence, the results suggest that tolerance may contribute to such impairment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"248-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential discounting of past and future gains and losses in individuals in recovery from substance use disorder.","authors":"Rafaela M Fontes, Ana Carolina L Bovo, Roberta Freitas-Lemos, Warren K Bickel","doi":"10.1037/pha0000769","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) show consistently higher delay discounting (DD) rates than controls for both future and past outcomes, as well as for gains and losses. However, differences in these DD effects (e.g., tense and sign) among individuals in SUD recovery have yet to be explored. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to (a) investigate differences in discounting of past and future gains and losses among individuals in SUD recovery and (b) examine differences in these DD effects between individuals in different stages of remission (i.e., not in remission, in early remission, or in sustained remission). Our results indicate that individuals in recovery discount past and future gains, but not losses, symmetrically. Additionally, individuals in recovery discount gains more than losses (i.e., sign effect) for the future but not for the past. Finally, those in sustained remission showed significantly lower DD rates than those not in remission, regardless of the DD task. Thus, other discounting tasks might provide a similarly accurate measure of DD and can be employed to assess differences in discounting between those in remission and those not in remission. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"291-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding fatigue severity and smoking deprivation in smoking behavior and urges: A pilot test.","authors":"Kara Manning, Michael J Zvolensky, Matthew W Gallagher, Candice Alfano, Andres G Viana, Janice A Blalock","doi":"10.1037/pha0000773","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Smoking prevalence in the United States has stabilized as the remaining population becomes increasingly representative of \"at-risk smokers\" who are unable to quit. The experience of severe fatigue may be one underrecognized but highly common problem that may help in understanding smoking maintenance and relapse. Yet, there has been no research on fatigue severity in relation to smoking behavior measured in \"real time.\" The purpose of the present study was to provide a pilot test of fatigue severity in the context of smoking deprivation in predicting number of puffs, puff velocity, interpuff interval, and smoking urges during an experimental relapse analogue task. Participants in the present study included 36 (<i>M</i>age = 49.25 years, <i>SD</i> = 8.83; 54.1% male) daily cigarette smokers who reported prolonged fatigue. Results indicated that there was a statistically significant interactive effect between smoking deprivation and fatigue severity in the prediction of interpuff interval, such that those with greater fatigue severity, when smoking deprived, evinced greater time between puffs. Other analyses documented meaningful effect sizes for fatigue severity, but due to the sample size, results were generally not statistically significant. This pilot test found some empirical evidence for the continued study of fatigue severity as an individual difference factor relevant to smoking maintenance and relapse in an experimental context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"285-290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the association between alcohol sweetness preference, alcohol harm, and alcohol value.","authors":"Alexandra N Johansen, Samuel F Acuff, Justin C Strickland","doi":"10.1037/pha0000756","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol use disorder is prevalent, and various risk factors inform drinking onset and drinking patterns. Existing data suggest that alcohol sweet taste preference may be associated with harmful levels of alcohol use and alcohol-related harm. The present exploratory study aimed to characterize people's first alcohol use experience, probe the association between sweet taste preferences and drinking patterns over time, and evaluate the relationship between sweet taste preferences and behavioral economic variables. Participants (<i>N</i> = 277) were recruited through Prolific and completed an assessment of first alcohol exposure, current and historic drinking patterns, alcohol demand, and delay discounting. Participants reporting preference for less sweet alcohol beverages consumed the most drinks per week both currently and during their period of the heaviest use. Trends emerged such that rank order decreases in alcohol consumption were observed from those reporting transitioning from sweet to less sweet preference, then less sweet to sweet preference, and finally consistent sweet taste preference reporting the lowest consumption. Similar associations were observed for alcohol use disorder symptoms counts and alcohol demand intensity. These data broadly suggest that sweet taste preferences in alcohol consumption may serve as an important factor modulating patterns of alcohol use across the lifespan. In terms of translational implications, these data suggest that commonly used sucrose fades in preclinical research may reflect the trend in taste preferences of the majority of the population but do not mirror the typical onset (or course) of chronic, maladaptive drinking behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"269-274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severity of stimulant use disorder by psychostimulant type and polystimulant use pattern.","authors":"Ty S Schepis, Philip T Veliz, Vita V McCabe, Kennedy S Werner, Emily Pasman, Timothy E Wilens, Sean Esteban McCabe","doi":"10.1037/pha0000761","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychostimulant misuse and use disorders are major drivers of morbidity and fatal overdose in the United States, but little is known about how differences in psychostimulant use patterns relate to <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of</i> <i>Mental Disorders, 4th edition and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5)</i> stimulant substance use disorder (SUD) profiles. We used nationally representative U.S. data to assess the links between polystimulant use patterns and stimulant SUD prevalence, symptom counts, and <i>DSM-5</i> stimulant SUD severity. Data were from the 2015-2019 and 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Participants (<i>n</i> = 282,786) were grouped by past-year psychostimulant use patterns: (a) nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NUPS) only; (b) cocaine-only; (c) methamphetamine-only; and (d) polystimulant use. Analyses comparing groups used logistic regressions for prevalence of past-year <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition</i> (2015-2019 and 2020) and <i>DSM-5</i> (2020 only) stimulant SUD, negative binomial regressions for stimulant SUD symptom counts, and multinomial regressions for DSM-5 stimulant SUD severity. Those with past-year methamphetamine-only or polystimulant use had significantly higher <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition</i> and <i>DSM-5</i> prevalence rates, symptom counts, and DSM-5 severities of stimulant SUD than those with NUPS or cocaine use only. Depending on <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> version, 34%-47% of those engaged in polystimulant use and 48%-54% of those with methamphetamine use only met criteria for a stimulant SUD, versus 9%-17% for NUPS-only and 16%-24% for cocaine-only. For 2020, roughly two thirds of those with methamphetamine-only use had stimulant SUD symptoms. Individuals with methamphetamine and/or polystimulant use may have different service needs than those with NUPS or cocaine use only. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"275-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delay discounting and gaming severity in a nonclinical sample of gamers: The mediational role of emotional dysregulation.","authors":"Sara Weidberg, Alba González-Roz, Andrea Krotter, Elena Gervilla, Roberto Secades-Villa","doi":"10.1037/pha0000772","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) disproportionally affects young populations and has serious psychosocial consequences. Unfortunately, the identification of specific variables that account for IGD has been poorly addressed. This is the first study that assessed the relationship between emotional dysregulation (ED), sex, and impulsivity (delay discounting [DD]) on IGD severity in young adult gamers. It also tested ED as a mediator of DD and IGD differentially by sex. 1,181 young adult gamers aged 18-25 (55.8% male) completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-9, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-28, and the 21-item Monetary Choice Task. Three-step hierarchical linear regressions were performed to examine the unique contribution of ED, sex, and DD on gaming severity. Mediational models tested the indirect effect of DD on gaming severity through ED differently by sex. ED (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-28 total scale and subscales) and male sex were significantly associated with gaming severity (all <i>p</i> values < .001), while DD rates were not. ED significantly mediated the DD and IGD association only among males (all confidence intervals exclude 0). Although causality cannot be inferred due to the study's cross-sectional design, ED seems an important target of gaming prevention, particularly for males. Transdiagnostic approaches targeting emotional regulation may be effective for preventing emotion-drive impulsiveness that increases risk of gaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"310-322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased incubation of fentanyl seeking in the absence of proximal drug-paired stimuli.","authors":"Justin R Yates, Maria R Broderick","doi":"10.1037/pha0000763","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pha0000763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treating substance use disorders is difficult as individuals often resume substance use during abstinence. One potential factor contributing to the recurrence of substance use is incubation of drug craving. Specifically, individuals report higher levels of craving when presented with drug-paired stimuli across abstinence, although this effect is largely absent in opioid-dependent individuals. In preclinical studies, rodents show increased responding on a previously reinforced manipulandum when presented with drug cues, including for opioids. When proximal cues are not presented, self-reported craving tends to decrease across abstinence; however, incubation of drug seeking in the absence of proximal stimuli is rarely tested in animals. As such, we trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats to self-administer the synthetic opioid fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg/infusion) during ten 60-min sessions. Rats were then given three extinction sessions on Days 1, 21, and 30 of withdrawal. Unlike other studies measuring incubation of craving, we did not present drug-paired stimuli (e.g., stimulus lights) during these extinction sessions. Incubation of fentanyl seeking was not observed in the present experiment; instead, responses on the previously drug-paired lever tended to decrease across the three extinction sessions. Based on the results of this experiment, we provide a discussion of some potential interpretational issues associated with the incubation of craving paradigm, including the difficulty in dissociating drug craving from operant sensation seeking (i.e., rodents will respond on a manipulandum to earn access to audiovisual cues that are presented alone). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":12089,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"239-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}