Environmental Technology最新文献

{"title":"Practical application of CS-CG Stabilised soil in subgrade construction.","authors":"Lv Anling, Liu Jianshu, Ma Longfei","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2447962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2447962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To enhance the water stability and bearing capacity of the Shandong Ming Dong Expressway's soaked subgrade, carbide slag (CS) and coal gangue powder (CG) were used as stabilisers. Stabiliser dosages of 5%, 10%, and 15%, with the CS:CG ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0, were tested. The study evaluated the performance of CS-CG stabilised soil through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests at 7 and 28 days, six dry-wet cycles, a 30-day water immersion test, pH test, swell rate test, XRD, SEM, and MIP analyses. A UCS prediction model for CS-CG stabilised soil under dry-wet cycles was established. Results showed that CS-CG-10%-(70:30) achieved a UCS of 5.87 MPa after 28 days, decreasing to 4.77 MPa after six dry-wet cycles, indicating excellent bearing capacity and water stability. Increasing CS content improved UCS after 30 days' immersion, reaching 5.74 MPa for CS-CG-10%-(70:30). The CS-CG mix produced hydration products like C-(A)-S-H gel, Ca(OH)₂ crystals, and ettringite, enhancing pore structure and UCS. More dry-wet cycles increased hydration products and pore diameter, causing an initial UCS drop before stabilisation. The UCS prediction model using the Exp3p2 (<math><mi>Y</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>X</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>BX</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></math>) equation offers higher accuracy, supporting strength prediction. The study found that CS-CG stabilised soil behaves similarly to cement-stabilised soil in settlement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption adaptive response exposed to algal organic matter: correlation to the characteristics of granular activated carbon.","authors":"Fei Han, Luming Ding, Xing Li, Zhiwei Zhou, Zedong Lu","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2453949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2453949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The release of algal organic matter (AOM) during seasonal algal blooms increases the complexity and heterogeneity of natural organic matter (NOM) in water sources, altering its hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and posing significant challenges to conventional water treatment processes. This study aims to verify whether the (Granular activated carbon) GAC selected for the adsorption of NOM in sand filtration effluent can adapt to water quality fluctuations caused by AOM release, and identify the criteria influencing GAC adsorption performance. Results indicated that external surface area, mesopore volume, pore size and surface functional groups were key indicators of GAC adsorption performance. AOM exposure increased the soluble microbial byproducts (SMP) and humic acid components in sand filter effluent, and induced the presence of high molecular weight biopolymers. The removal characteristics of sand filtration effluent spiked with AOM indicated that GAC preferentially adsorbed unsaturated bonds and aromatic compounds, as well as organic acids like fulvic and humic acids. Its adsorption primarily involved physical and chemical processes such as pore filling, hydrophobic interactions, and reactions between chemical functional groups. AOM exposure led to an increase in hydrophilic macromolecules such as polysaccharides and proteins, causing competitive adsorption and pore blockage. This study provided a theoretical basis for the efficient and rapid selection of GAC during outbreaks of AOM pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in wheat straw composting by inoculation with <i>Glycomyces</i>: key factors and microbial community dynamics.","authors":"Li Zhao, Lulu Qian, Lifeng Guo, Jiaying Lin, Wenshuai Song, Xiaoyan Yu, Xiangjing Wang, Wensheng Xiang, Junwei Zhao","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2451782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2451782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actinobacteria are widely used in aerobic composting of straw waste because of their good degradation effect on lignocellulose. However, there are few studies on the degradation effect of <i>Glycomyces</i> on straw. In this study, six laboratory-scale treatments were conducted: corn straw composting with <i>Glycomyces</i> inoculation (CSI), rice straw composting with <i>Glycomyces</i> inoculation (RSI), and wheat straw composting with <i>Glycomyces</i> inoculation (WSI). Additionally, composting control groups were set up for each type of straw without inoculation: corn straw (CS), rice straw (RS), and wheat straw (WS). Subsequently, a series of chemical analyses and enzymological methods were used to assess the effects of <i>Glycomyces</i> inoculation on environmental variables, enzyme activities, and organic components. Also, high-throughput sequencing was employed to explore the microbial community composition that greatly contributed to the degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose during the degradation process of wheat straw. Finally, the factors influencing the cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in WSI were identified using structural equation models (SEMs). The results showed that cellulose and hemicellulose degradation rates were higher in the <i>Glycomyces</i>-inoculated treatment groups than in the non-inoculated groups. Importantly, the degradation rates of cellulose and hemicellulose in WSI were the highest, at 68.09% and 66.81%, respectively. Collectively, total nitrogen and the microbial community structure of the top 30 genera contributing to cellulose and hemicellulose degradation were important factors influencing the straw degradation of WSI. This study not only provides new insights into the regulation of wheat straw degradation, but also has great significance for environmental protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The speciation and thermal transformation characteristics of fluorine and chlorine in industrial wastes.","authors":"Peng-Tao Cai, Tong Chen, Bei Chen, Yu-Chun Wang, Xiao-Jun Ma, Zeng-Yi Ma, Jian-Hua Yan","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2445326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2445326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study investigated the chlorine and fluorine contents in three types of industrial solid waste: textile, plastic, and paper waste, utilizing various analytical methods. Significant variations in the proportions of organic and inorganic chlorine were observed among the waste types. During heat treatment, the majority of chlorine converts to a volatile state, with fixed chlorine content showing a correlation with organic chlorine. Organic fluorine predominated in all waste types, predominantly transitioning to a volatile state during heat treatment. Notably, textile waste exhibited unique behaviour, potentially converting some organic fluorine into a fixed state due to flame retardant additives. Analysis of flue gas during practical co-incineration of industrial solid waste revealed a substantial increase in chloride concentration, accompanied by the presence of organic chlorides such as chlorobenzene, methane chloride, and ethane chloride. These findings underscore the importance of implementing preventive measures against chlorine and fluorine emissions during industrial waste co-incineration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of heavy metal contamination in soil-groundwater systems at contaminated sites.","authors":"Jie Jiang, Junlin Chen, Xiaoduo Ou, Haohao Luo, Shufei Wang","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2451257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2451257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diffusion of heavy metal pollutants in polluted industrial areas can cause severe environmental pollution in surrounding areas. However, the migration of pollutants into groundwater is a complex process that requires consideration of local geological and hydrological conditions, solute transport, and geochemistry factors to better predict the flow paths and plume dispersion of pollutants. This study is based on numerical models of Darcy's law and the Richards equation. A numerical model is used to predict the pollution risk of a certain abandoned metallurgical site. The results indicate that the risk of heavy metal leaching is extremely high under natural conditions, potentially affecting downstream reservoirs after 1500 days. The use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can effectively prevent the migration of heavy metals. However, even with PRBs, 28%-30% of pollutants may still continue to spread outward through lateral flow pathways. The use of impermeable Funnel-and-gate PRB design can effectively reduce lateral pollutant migration, reducing lateral leakage by up to 27%. Based on these results, the rational design of PRBs can effectively reduce remediation costs and time, enhance groundwater remediation effectiveness, and provide strong support for environmental protection and ecological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning the thermodynamic and kinetic performance of Fenton process - effects of dissolved anions/gases and temperature.","authors":"V Kavitha","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2450554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inorganic anions such as chloride (Cl^-), nitrate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), sulfate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>), carbonate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>), bicarbonate (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>HCO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), dihydrogen phosphate (<math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>), fluoride (F^-) are ubiquitous in water matrices, play a significant role in the degradation of organic pollutants by Fenton process. In the present study, the performance of Fenton process in the presence of these anions was studied using phenol as a model compound along with the underlying mechanism and their tolerance limit. The presence of these anions affects the rate constant of the Fenton process and decreases in the following order, <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>ClO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>-<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math>-<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math>-Cl^- > <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>HCO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> > <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msubsup></math> > <math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> > F^-. Among the anions studied, <math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mrow><mi>PO</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></math> and F^- ions inhibit the oxidation process at a low concentration of 50 mg/L. The chloride ion inhibits the reaction at high concentrations above 1000 mg/L by a factor of 1.1 times for every 500 mg/L. An increase in temperature from 293 to 323 K increases the rate constant of the Fenton process for the phenolic compounds studied (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol and 2-methylphenol) by 1.3-1.5. The energy of activation (<i>E_a</i>), enthalpy of activation (Δ<i>H_a</i>) and entropy of activation (Δ<i>S_a</i>) for the degradation of phenolic compounds were found to be 6.68-10.14 kJ/mol; 4.16-7.56 kJ/mol and -273.36 to -264.30 JK^-1mol^-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical conditioning approach to post-treat temperature-phased anaerobic digestate to improve resource recovery, odour reduction and biosolids quality.","authors":"Umme Sharmeen Hyder, Elsayed Elbeshbishy, Joseph McPhee, Ahmed AlSayed, Reshmi Misir","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2024.2423905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2423905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biosolids has several challenges, such as its high water content, huge volume, odour, and pathogen presence. Regulations require biosolids to be reused and disposed of safely. Polymer conditioning focuses on volume reduction, leaving pathogen and odour reduction unaddressed. This study evaluates the use of polymer alone and in combination with ferric chloride (FeCl₃) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at pH 8.0 to increase the post-treatment efficiency of temperature-phased anaerobic digestate (TPAD). The goal is to reduce volume, recover phosphorus, reduce odour, and eliminate pathogens. This investigation examined various dewatering indices after treating TPAD with cationic polymer alone, polymer and FeCl₃, and with polymer, FeCl₃, and H₂O₂ combined at pH 8.0. A combination of 2.5 g/kg dry solids (DS) polymer, 2.1 g/kg DS FeCl₃ and 600 mg/l H₂O₂ at pH 8.0 produced the shortest capillary suction time (CST) of 11.5 s, lowest turbidity of 11 NTU, and lowest specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of 0.08 Terra m (Tm)/kg. Compared to raw TPAD, the combined chemical dose improves dewatering by 99%, odour reduction by 90%, 100% centrate P removal, and a 40% increase in cake solids with 57 MPN/g DS fecal coliforms in the treated cake. There was a 100% reduction in pathogens compared to raw cake. TPAD must be post-treated to reduce volume and odour while producing P rich 'class A' biosolids with a greater range of reuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving spatial disaggregation of vehicular emission inventories.","authors":"Bianca Meotti, Sergio Ibarra-Espinosa, Leonardo Hoinaski","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2450556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precise estimates of vehicular emissions at fine spatial scales are essential for effective emission reduction strategies. Achieving high-resolution vehicular emission inventories necessitates detailed data on traffic flow, driving patterns, and vehicle speeds for each road network segment. However, in developing countries, the lack of comprehensive traffic data, limited infrastructure, and insufficient monitoring systems constrains the development of high-resolution inventories. This gap poses significant challenges for accurately quantify emissions in regions that often experience rapid urbanisation and traffic growth. Here, we propose a novel method to enhance the spatial disaggregation of large-scale vehicular emission inventories. By analysing road-level emissions data from 63 Brazilian municipalities, we developed a model that predicts weighting factors to disaggregate vehicular emissions into a gridded format, based on the proportion of primary road lengths. Our findings indicate that the predicted weighting factors significantly improve the spatial disaggregation of vehicular emissions compared to the traditional road density method by reasonably increasing the emissions in high vehicular activity areas. This approach not only provides more accurate representations of vehicular emissions for urban planning in Brazil but also offers a solution that can be adapted to enhance top-down vehicular emissions inventories globally. Our study offers a valuable tool that can be tailored to various regions, enabling more precise urban planning and policy-making for air quality management worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced remediation of oil-contaminated mineral sand by the controlled release of a surfactant from calcium alginate capsules.","authors":"Rui Qi, Ke Chen, Tim P Jones, Sérgio D N Lourenço","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2450558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The remediation of oil-contaminated soil poses significant environmental challenges, often necessitating innovative approaches for effective and sustainable solutions. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterisation, and application of biodegradable capsules loaded with surfactant for enhanced oil remediation of a clean sand. By controlling the release properties of capsules, the research aims to overcome the limitations of conventional surfactant-based remediation methods, such as rapid washout and reduced efficacy over time. The study outlines a systematic approach, beginning with the synthesis of capsules containing surfactant cargo using the ionic gelation technique, and charactering the capsules' physical attributes. Subsequently, laboratory washing tests were designed to evaluate the efficiency of capsules in enhancing the remediation of oil-contaminated sand, comparing their performance with conventional surfactant application methods. The results show that the capsules enhanced the efficiency of oil removal during the washing process by the controlled release of surfactants. With the use of capsules, oil removal rates of the contaminated sand increased from 29.56% (blank group) to 59.90%, 68.67%, and 76.72% (at 5%, 10%, and 15%, capsule content (mass of capsules by 100 g mass of sand), respectively). Compared to the direct use of surfactants, the capsule approach exhibited higher performance, which increased oil removal efficiency by 95.9%, 97.0%, and approximately 100%, respectively. A release mechanism of higher oil removal ability is proposed based on the measurement of the washing water's surface tension. The findings highlight the potential of polymeric capsules for oil remediation, paving the way for the development of self-remediation approaches in contaminated sands.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of 15 halogenated hydrocarbons by 5 unactivated <i>in-situ</i> chemical oxidation oxidants.","authors":"Chunyun Gu, Jiayi An, Shuyu Liu, Feng Xiong, Wei Zhou, Liting Tian, Yuruo Wan, Qian Wu, Jie Ma","doi":"10.1080/09593330.2025.2450557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2025.2450557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidants used in the ISCO technology usually require activation by activators to degrade contaminants. However, this study investigated degradation of 15 typical halogenated hydrocarbons by five common ISCO oxidants (PS, PMS, H₂O₂, KMnO₄, SPC) without activation in both pure water and real groundwater. Unactivated PS could degrade 14 halogenated hydrocarbons, excluding tetrachloromethane. Unactivated KMnO₄ could degrade chlorinated alkenes. Unactivated SPC could degrade 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane by a base-promoted second-order elimination reaction. PMS, H₂O₂, and SPC could be activated by the natural matrix constituents in groundwater, enabling them to degrade some halogenated hydrocarbons. Among the 15 halogenated hydrocarbons studied, only tetrachloromethane cannot be degraded by any oxidant due to its carbon being in its highest oxidation state. The experimental data in the pure water indicate that the overall degradation rate of unactivated PS for chlorinated alkanes increased with increases in the number of chlorine substituents. The degradation rate of unactivated PS for halogenated hydrocarbons decreased with increases in the carbon chain length. Chlorinated alkenes are more easily degraded than chlorinated alkanes while chlorinated alkanes are more readily degraded than brominated alkanes. The degradation rate of unactivated KMnO₄ for chlorinated alkenes decreased with increases in the number of chlorine substituents and decreased with increases in the carbon chain length. Overal, results of this study show that unactivated ISCO is a promising and environmentally friendly <i>in-situ</i> remediation technology that may be a good candidate for the remediation of contaminated sites by halogenated hydrocarbons.</p>","PeriodicalId":12009,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}