European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Fitness, endurance, and <ns0:math> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mover><ns0:mi>V</ns0:mi> <ns0:mo>˙</ns0:mo></ns0:mover> <ns0:msub><ns0:mi>O</ns0:mi> <ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn></ns0:msub> <ns0:mo>max</ns0:mo></ns0:mrow> </ns0:math> : can men and women of same aerobic power be compared in critical-power-anchored HIIT performance?","authors":"Raffy Dotan","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05789-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05789-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of \"live high-train low\" on hemoglobin mass and post-exercise hepcidin response in female endurance athletes.","authors":"Titta Kuorelahti, Johanna K Ihalainen, Vesa Linnamo, Claire Badenhorst, Oona Kettunen, Ritva S Mikkonen","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05762-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05762-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 21-day 'live high-train low' (LHTL) intervention on hemoglobin mass (Hb_mass) and post-exercise hepcidin response in female endurance athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>15 national to international level female endurance athletes completed either the LHTL intervention in normobaric hypoxia (2500 m, ~ 18 h·day^-1, INT, n = 7) or lived and trained in normoxia for the same duration (CON, n = 8). Tests were conducted before (PRE) and within two days after (POST) the intervention including Hb_mass measurements via a carbon monoxide rebreathing method and a roller skiing skate test. Venous blood samples were collected at rest, 0, and 3 h after the aerobic exercise to test for changes in serum hepcidin, ferritin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Normobaric hypoxia increased Hb_mass (3.3 ± 1.8%, p < 0.001) in INT, while no changes were observed in CON. There were no changes in performance parameters, resting levels of hepcidin, or IL-6 from PRE to POST, but ferritin decreased in both groups (p = 0.040). Hepcidin increased 0 h post-exercise in PRE for INT (p = 0.029) and both 0 and 3 h post-exercise for CON (p = 0.001, p = 0.019). In POST elevated post-exercise hepcidin was only observed in CON (0 h, p = 0.003; 3 h, p = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>21-day LHTL increased Hb_mass and suppressed post-exercise hepcidin response after intensive aerobic exercise. This suggests that prolonged hypoxia may induce an acute physiological response that supports iron absorption within a few days following hypoxic exposure, which may assist in achieving the aerobic adaptations sought from prolonged hypoxic training camps.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrocnemius medialis tendon properties do not differ between male academy soccer players and control participants but are related to jump performance.","authors":"David C Robshaw, Conall F Murtagh, Barry Drust, Robert M Erskine","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05763-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05763-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study were to investigate (i) differences in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) tendon properties between adult male soccer players from an English category one academy (ASP) and male control participants (CON); and (ii) the relationships between GM tendon properties and jump performance. The GM tendon force-elongation relationship was measured in 13 ASP (mean ± SD height 1.81 ± 0.07 m; mass 73.6 ± 5.4 kg; age 18.8 ± 1.2 years) and 11 CON (1.74 ± 0.05 m; 71.2 ± 7.6 kg; 22.3 ± 3.0 years) using a combination of dynamometry, ultrasonography and electromyography. Participants also performed a series of unilateral and bilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) and bilateral drop jumps on a force platform. GM tendon properties did not differ between groups but maximal tendon elongation correlated inversely with unilateral vertical CMJ peak power (r = -0.427, P = 0.037). Furthermore, leg stiffness and peak force during a drop jump correlated with GM tendon stiffness (r = 0.431-0.462, P = 0.035-0.023), maximal tendon force and Achilles tendon CSA (r = 0.409-0.737, P ≤ 0.047). These results suggest that GM tendon properties do not differ between ASP and CON but a stiffer GM tendon may facilitate the production of larger forces to increase power output during a unilateral vertical CMJ. Furthermore, higher force and stiffness outputs are achieved during a drop jump by stronger individuals with larger and stiffer GM tendons, which could lead to greater pitch-based performance and may represent a protective mechanism to shield the tendon against injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143810895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular activation following anti-movement and dynamic core training: a randomized controlled comparative study.","authors":"Fahri Safa Cinarli, Muhammed Emin Kafkas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05768-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05768-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study investigated the effects of anti-movement and dynamic core training on neuromuscular activation in trained men using surface electromyography (sEMG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-six participants were randomized into the anti-movement (AMG), traditional dynamic (TDG), or control (CG) groups in a controlled study. Training groups performed core exercises twice weekly for 6 weeks, with standardized time under tension (AMG: 30-s isometric holds; TDG: 30 s with 12 repetitions). Anterior and posterior trunk muscle activation was measured using sEMG during isometric endurance tests pre- and post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant time and interaction effects were observed for lumbar erector spinae (LES) activation (F = 3.784, p = 0.029), with AMG (p = 0.016) and TDG (p = 0.004) outperforming CG. A significant enhancement in external oblique (EO; η² = 0.17, p = 0.023) and internal oblique (IO; η² = 0.30, p = 0.003) activation was observed in the AMG compared to the CG. Both training groups improved LES (η² = 0.37, p = 0.001) and multifidus (η² = 0.19, p = 0.016) activation (p < 0.017). Within-group analysis showed significant pre-to-post improvements across all muscles (p < 0.05, effect size r = 0.48-0.63). Greater reductions in muscle activation (22.17%-53%) were demonstrated by the AMG compared to the TDG (16.18%-28.82%), suggesting improved neuromuscular efficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anti-movement core training effectively enhances trunk muscle neuromuscular activation and efficiency, providing a robust alternative to traditional protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of cold-water mouth swilling on thermal perceptions and heat-related symptoms for people with multiple sclerosis exercising in a hot environment.","authors":"Georgia K Chaseling, Katrina Blackett, Steve Vucic, Michael Barnett, Scott L Davis, Ollie Jay, Nicole T Vargas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05766-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05766-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cold-water ingestion improves exercise capacity in the heat for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether cold-water ingestion also mitigates heat-related MS symptoms is unknown. Ingesting fluid is also limiting for people with MS with impaired bladder function. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that swilling or ingesting cold-water (7°C) compared to ingesting thermoneutral water (37°C) would mitigate the onset of perceived MS heat-related symptoms and thermal sensation in heat-sensitive people with MS during exercise in the heat.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On three occasions, 13 heat-sensitive participants with MS (41 ± 12 y; 67 ± 12 kg; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 33.3 ± 9.4 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) cycled at 40% VO_2max at 35 ± 1°C; 30 ± 2% RH until volitional exhaustion (maximum of 60 min). Every 15 min, participants ingested (7_IN) or swilled (7_SW) 7°C, or ingested 37°C (37_IN) water. Thermal sensation, heat-related MS symptoms, rectal (T_re), and mean skin (T_sk) temperature were recorded throughout.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thermal sensation was cooler in the 7_SW (P < 0.01) and 7_IN (P = 0.04) compared to the 37_IN trial, but heat-related symptoms (P = 0.57), fatigue (P = 0.90), ΔT_re (37_IN: 0.74 ± 0.37°C; 7_IN: 0.65 ± 0.38°C; 7_SW: 0.67 ± 0.34°C; P = 0.38) and ΔT_sk (37_IN: 1.61 ± 0.82°C; 7_IN: 1.67 ± 0.78°C; 7_SW: 1.64 ± 0.69°C; P = 0.91), were not different between trials. Nine participants completed 60 min of exercise in the 37_IN trial whereas 10 participants completed 60 min of exercise in the 7_IN and 7_SW trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Swilling and ingesting 7°C water induces a cooler thermal sensation in heat-sensitive people with MS exercising in the heat but does not mitigate heat-related MS symptoms. The capacity to complete 60 min of exercise with cold-water ingestion and swilling were comparable.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rate of force development in ankle extensors correlates with performance on functional tests that demand speed and power in older women.","authors":"Cristian Caparrós-Manosalva, Diego Fuentes-Rojas, Vicente Morales-Zurita, Jessica Espinoza-Araneda, Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr, Ivan Palomo, Nacim Molina","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05769-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05769-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite the background of decreased ankle extensor muscle strength with aging, there is still debate regarding whether the rate of force development has any relationship with musculoskeletal and functional characteristics. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the rate of force development (RFD) in ankle extensors during heel rise (HR) and musculoskeletal characteristics and performance in functional tests in community-dwelling older women. Additionally, determine the correlation by decades of age (60-90 years).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Correlational cross-sectional design analyzed 61 older women (72.8 ± 6.9 years, 29.4 ± 4.9 kg/m²). HR was evaluated on a force platform. In addition, anthropometric, musculoskeletal characteristics, and functional tests were measured. RFD was defined in three-time intervals (0-50 ms, 0-100 ms, and 0-peak). Peak force (Fpeak) and time to peak were also determined. Relative power-STS (STS-power), calf circumference, and skeletal muscle mass were considered musculoskeletal characteristics. Functional tests were timed up-and-go (TUG), walk speed (WS), grip strength, five sit-and-stand (5-STS), sit-and-reach, and single-leg stance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The RFD and the STS-power were correlated, and the Fpeak with the musculoskeletal characteristics except with the skeletal muscle mass. RFD was correlated with the TUG, WS, and 5-STS, particularly with early RFD (0-50 ms). Oldest old women (80-90 years) only showed correlations between early RFD and the two walk-related tests (TUG and WS), compared to younger old women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RFD during HR correlates with functional tasks involving ankle extensor's speed and power demands. Impaired RFD of ankle extensors would expose older women to more significant risks of functional loss, especially at older ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of localized and general fatigue on postural adjustments coupling during predictable external perturbations.","authors":"Mauro Nardon, Francesco Piscitelli, Cristiano Alessandro, Enrico Tam, Matteo Bertucco","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05760-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05760-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The central nervous system (CNS) coordinates anticipatory (APA) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) to face both self-induced and external perturbations. Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), whether localized or general, impairs the CNS's ability to maintain postural stability, but the differential effects of these fatigue types on the coupling between APA and CPA remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate how localized and general NMF influence the neuromuscular control of postural adjustments during predictable external perturbations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen participants were exposed to two exercise protocols: intermittent isometric exercise to induce localized NMF and prolonged upper body exercise at high cardiometabolic effort to induce general NMF. Exercise intensity was monitored by measuring cardiometabolic parameters during exercise and recovery. Postural adjustments were assessed before and after NMF (recovery period) using electromyography and kinematic analyses while participants were exposed to predictable perturbations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Localized NMF led to decreased muscle activation and co-activation across both fatigued and non-fatigued muscles during APA, with persistent kinematic changes in lower limb joints. In contrast, general NMF induced short-lived increases in EMG activity and co-activation, reflecting a strategic CNS adaptation to maintain stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that localized NMF induces a more extensive and enduring impact on postural control mechanisms, likely due to altered proprioceptive feedback, whereas general NMF effects are more transient, aligning with the rapid recovery of cardiometabolic parameters. These findings highlight the CNS's role in differentially adapting postural strategies depending on the type of fatigue, with implications for understanding how fatigue impacts stability in dynamic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical function and psychosocial outcomes after a 6-month self-paced aquatic exercise program for individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.","authors":"Suzanne Broadbent, Sonja Coetzee, Angela Calder, Rosalind Beavers","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05759-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05759-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>A randomized-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of a 6-month self-paced aquatic exercise intervention on physical function, symptoms and psychosocial measures in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two individuals diagnosed with ME/CFS (55.0 ± 13.9 yr) were randomized into an intervention group (INT, n = 17) or control group (CON, n = 15) for a 6-month trial of two 20-min sessions per week of self-paced aquatic movements and stretches. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes included physiological measures, 6-min walk test, hand-grip strength, Sit-to-Stand, Apley's shoulder test, Sit-Reach test, perceived exertion, fatigue (FACIT), anxiety/depression (HADS) questionnaires, and tiredness and pain scores (VAS 0-10 scale).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The INT group significantly increased walk test distance (13.7%, P < 0.001), Sit-to-Stand scores (33.7%, P < 0.001) and peak expiratory pulmonary flow (12.9%, P = 0.028) post-intervention. Fatigue (29.5%, P = 0.005), depression (21.7%, P = 0.010), combined anxiety/depression scores (16.9%, P = 0.047) and resting diastolic blood pressure (4.8%, P < 0.001) also significantly improved for the INT group. Sit-Reach scores were significantly lower for the INT group compared to CON post-intervention (- 4.0 ± 10.4 vs + 4.3 ± 10.7 cm, P = 0.034). There were no adverse events or worsening of symptoms during the trial.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Self-paced, low-moderate-intensity aquatic exercise improved walk distance, lower limb strength, fatigue, depression and peak expiratory flow without worsening ME/CFS symptoms. This mode of low-intensity physical activity may confer mental health and physical benefits provided the activity is self-paced and within patient energy limits.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTRN12618001683224.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent training effects on H reflex, V wave and contractile properties of the plantar flexors: insights into different resistance training types.","authors":"Miguel Gomes, André Gonçalves, Pedro Pezarat-Correia, Goncalo V Mendonca","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05775-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05775-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study explored neuromuscular adaptations following 11 weeks of concurrent training (CT) compared to resistance-only (R) and endurance-only (E) in trained men.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty participants were randomized into three groups (E, R, CT), training three times per week. Neuromuscular assessments involved plantar-flexion maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), rate of torque development (RTD), evoked potentials (H reflex and V wave) and contractile properties at baseline, mid-training (week 5), and post-training. Resistance training for R and CT groups involved two phases: weeks 1-5 (maximal strength development) and weeks 6-11 (explosive/reactive strength and muscle power development). Endurance training for the E and CT groups involved 30-min of running on the heavy-intensity domain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MVIC increased similarly in the R and CT groups. The R group significantly improved peak and sequential RTD, soleus electromyographic (EMG) activity, V wave and contractile properties. Conversely, the CT group exhibited an interference effect during the first phase with no improvements in RTD or neuromuscular parameters. During the second phase, the CT group exhibited significant enhancements in sequential RTD, soleus EMG activity, H- and V-wave amplitude. The improvements in the E group were limited to H-reflex excitability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the magnitude of CT interference is modulated by the focus of resistance training (maximal vs explosive strength) being performed. However, it is relevant to note that contractile impairments seem to persist, likely due to endurance training in the heavy-intensity domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complications of applying approximate entropy to heart rate variability to locate optimal complexity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"David M Garner, Tatiana Dias de Carvalho, Rubens Wajnsztejn, Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei, Vitor Engracia Valenti, Luiz Carlos de Abreu, Rodrigo Daminello Raimundo","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05774-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05774-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim is to scrutinize approximate entropy (ApEn) to distinguish optimal complexity of heart rate variability (HRV) in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This was accomplished by varying their embedding dimension m and tolerance r. Determination of optimal m and r is heuristic. ApEn was enforced in ADHD to assess its effects on the HRV chaotic response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 56 children divided equally into two groups: ADHD and control. Autonomic modulation of the heart rate was monitored for 20 min in the supine position without any physical, sensory or pharmacological stimuli. ApEn initially had r: 0.1 → 1.0 in 0.1 intervals and m: 1 → 10 in intervals of 1. The statistical significances were measured by three effect sizes: Cohen's d, Hedges' g and Glass's Δ.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Those most statistically important were for r = 0.9334, and m = 1, 2 and 3. Cohen's d (1.1277; m = 2) and Hedges' g (1.1119; m = 2) are the most reliable effect sizes. Glass's Δ (1.3724; m = 1) is unfortunately less reliable. ROC curve analysis shows AUC > 0.77 for r = 0.9334 and m = 1, 2, and 3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ApEn recognized the increased chaotic response in ADHD. This was confirmed by three effect sizes, AUC and p value during ROC analysis. Still, ApEn is an unreliable mathematical marker. ADHD discrimination was only achieved by extending the surveillance ranges for r; 0.8 → 1.0 and m; 1 → 3 at intervals of 0.0167. This necessitates an 'a priori' study making it inapt for online analysis. Even so, it could be useful in 'post hoc' analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}