European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Limb-specific blood flow regulation during cycling exercise in traumatic single lower limb amputees.","authors":"Anna Pedrinolla, Fabio Giuseppe Laginestra, Camilla Martignon, Valentina Cavedon, Elisa Fioraso, Caterina Biasiolo, Chiara Milanese, Federico Schena","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05715-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05715-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the limb-specific blood flow regulation during dynamic bilateral cycling exercise in individuals with traumatic single lower-limb amputation compared to a control group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven individuals with single lower leg amputation (AMP) (37 ± 11 years, 11 ± 8 years since amputation) and 7 age-matched controls (Ctrl) (36 ± 10 years) were tested during three 5 min constant workload exercise at 60W, 100W, and 80% of peak power output (PPO), on a reclined cycling ergometer. In AMP, femoral blood flow (FBF) and leg vascular conductance (LVC) were measured in the amputated leg (AL) and whole leg (WL), while in Ctrl, the same measurements were obtained in the right and left legs. Interlimb balance was measured with a power meter, and bilateral asymmetry index was calculated for FBF and interlimb balance. Oxygen consumption ( <math><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂), ventilation ( <math> <msub><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mi>E</mi></msub> </math> ), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were also quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AMP exhibited lower FBF in AL compared to WL (60W, - 61%; 100W, -69%; 80% PPO, - 64%; p < 0.001). LVC increased as expected in WL but did not increase significantly throughout workloads in AL. Interlimb balance exhibited a much higher contribution of the WL (60W, 76% of the work; 100W, 68%; 80% PPO,65%) than AL (60W, 26%; 100W, 34%; 80% PPO, 35%). No differences were found in FBF (p = 0.187), LVC (p = 0.871), and interlimb balance (p = 0.829) in CTRLs. No difference between AMP and CTRL in <math><mi>V</mi></math> O₂ (p = 0.241), <math> <msub><mover><mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mi>E</mi></msub> </math> (p = 0.124), MAP (p = 0.186), HR (p = 0.360), and CO (p = 0.144) at any workload was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals with amputation present considerable limb-specific blood flow regulation during bilateral cycling exercise. Understanding the mechanisms for this interlimb difference may provide important information to improve rehabilitation and training in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143457285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The squat jump and sprint force-velocity profiles of elite female football players are not influenced by the menstrual cycle phases and oral contraceptive use.","authors":"Jérémie Bouvier, Pierre-Hugues Igonin, Mélanie Boithias, Alexandre Fouré, Alain Belli, Nathalie Boisseau, Cyril Martin","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05723-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05723-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Force-velocity profiling is an excellent tool for training individualization, especially in sports with well-established physical preparation practices, such as football. However, it remains unclear whether menstrual cycle phases and oral contraceptive (OC) use influence the force-velocity profile. The aim of this study was to determine whether squat jump and sprint force-velocity profiles change throughout the menstrual cycle or during the use of OC in elite female football players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The vertical and horizontal force-velocity profiles of 21 female football players (11 eumenorrheic women and 10 OC users; mean age 26.0 ± 3.7 and 24.1 ± 1.6 years, respectively) were analysed using photocells and a radar device during loaded squat jumps and 40-m sprints. The cycle phase at each testing session was confirmed by measuring serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The menstrual cycle and OC phases were not associated with changes in the force-velocity profile parameters (p > 0.05). Maximal vertical power and theoretical (ratio between the horizontal component of the ground reaction force and the corresponding resulting maximal force and theoretical maximal running velocity) and functional (time to complete a 40-m sprint) parameters of the horizontal force-velocity profile were higher in OC users than eumenorrheic women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The main finding of this study is that the force-velocity profile is not influenced by the menstrual cycle phases or OC use. The differences observed between eumenorrheic athletes and OC users require further investigation but are more likely attributed to individual variations rather than to a specific hormonal environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute arterial stiffness responses to on-ball kneeling and sitting: Effects of exercise fragmentation and exercise order.","authors":"Yaru Xiao, Wei Chen, Peter Latchman, Zhixiong Zhou, Weili Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05710-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05710-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated whether more arterial stiffness changes could be induced by fragmentation of Swiss ball balance, and examined the role exercise order played in the modulation of arterial stiffness when on-ball kneeling and sitting were combined. Twenty-three healthy young adults (23.8 ± 0.3 years) performed 7 trials in a randomized crossover fashion: CON (non-exercise control), K (on-ball kneeling, 5 min), fK (fragmented on-ball kneeling, 2 × 2.5 min), S (on-ball sitting, 5 min), fS (fragmented on-ball sitting, 2 × 2.5 min), SK (5-min sitting before 5-min kneeling) and KS (5-min kneeling before 5-min sitting). Arterial stiffness in Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured at baseline (BL), immediately (0 min), and every 10 min after exercise, and its changes from BL (ΔCAVI) were calculated. Area under curve (AUC) of ΔCAVI was calculated for SK and KS. The results showed that relative to CON, ΔCAVI decreased at 0 min and 10 min in K and fK, and remained decreased at 20 min in fK only. However, ΔCAVI in S and fS increased with time similarly, with no difference relative to CON. Though ΔCAVI decreased at 10 min in SK, it decreased at both 0 min and 10 min in KS, relative to CON. AUC of ΔCAVI was greater in KS than in SK. The study indicated that compared to continuous mode, fragmented kneeling results in more arterial stiffness improvements, while fragmented sitting exerts no additional effects. When kneeling and sitting are combined, kneeling before sitting elicits more arterial stiffness improvements than sitting before kneeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The acute effects of continuous and intermittent whole-body passive heating on cardiovascular disease risk indicators in healthy and young males and females.","authors":"Yunuo Su, Adela Martinkova, Emma O'Donnell, Stephen J Bailey, Christof A Leicht","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05718-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05718-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Heat therapy is recognised to promote cardiovascular health, and whilst most recent heat therapy investigations have focussed on continuous heat exposure, traditional sauna use often includes recovery periods. This study compared the acute effects of continuous versus intermittent whole-body heating on cardiovascular function markers in males and females.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty healthy participants (25 ± 3 years; 10 males, 10 females) were exposed to 2 passive heating regimens: continuous heating (CH) for 60 min and intermittent heating (IH) comprised of 3 × 20-min blocks interspersed by 15-min cooling breaks. Skin perfusion, blood pressure (BP), plasma nitrite, interleukins, body temperature, and thermal perceptual responses were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater increases in rectal temperature (T_rec) (CH: 1.2 ± 0.1 °C; IH: 0.5 ± 0.1 °C), skin perfusion, systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and plasma nitrite were found in CH compared to IH (p ≤ 0.01), but the thermal perceptual response was more unfavourable during CH (p < 0.01). Females had higher skin perfusion and plasma nitrite concentrations (p ≤ 0.04), but lower brachial and central BP than males in both conditions (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, females reached a higher T_rec and more unfavourable thermal perception in CH (p ≤ 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More pronounced cardiovascular responses were associated with higher T_rec and discomfort. Females exhibited higher skin perfusion and plasma nitrite concentrations than males and reported less favourable thermal perception in CH, but not in IH.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is a cycling race simulation anyway: a review on protocols to assess durability in cycling.","authors":"W M Peeters, M Barrett, T Podlogar","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physiological resilience or durability is now recognised as a determinant of endurance performance such as road cycling. Reliable, ecologically valid and standardised performance tests in laboratory-based cycling protocols have to be established to investigate mechanisms underpinning, and interventions improving durability. This review aims to provide an overview of available race simulation protocols in the literature and examines its rigour around themes that influence durability including (i) exercise intensity anchoring and (ii) carbohydrate intake whilst also (iii) inspecting reliability and justification of the developed protocols. Using a systematic search approach, 48 articles were identified that met our criteria as a cycling race simulation. Most protocols presented limitations to be recommended as exercise test to investigate durability, such as not appropriately addressing the influence of exercise intensity domains by anchoring exercise intensity as % peak power or % <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O_2max. Ten articles provided reliability data, but only one articles under the appropriate conditions. Most studies sufficiently controlled nutrition during trials but not in the days leading to the trials or just before the trials. Thus, there is a paucity in protocols that combine justification and reliability with optimal nutritional support and mimic the true demands of a road-cycling race. This review lists an overview of protocols that researchers could use with caution to select a protocol for future experiments, but encourages further development of improved protocols, including utilisation of virtual software applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No impairment of maximal oxygen uptake in patients diagnosed with long COVID?","authors":"René Garbsch, Frank C Mooren, Boris Schmitz","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05713-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05713-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion on the validity of commonly used reliability indices in sports medicine and exercise science: a critical review with data simulations.","authors":"Konstantin Warneke, Thomas Gronwald, Sebastian Wallot, Alessia Magno, Martin Hillebrecht, Klaus Wirth","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05720-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05720-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apart from objectivity and validity, reliability is considered a precondition for testing within scientific works, as unreliable testing protocols limit conclusions, especially for practical application. Classification guidelines commonly refer to relative reliability, focusing on Pearson correlation coefficients (r_p) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). On those, the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) are often calculated in addition to the variability coefficient (CV). These, however, do not account for systematic or random errors (e.g., standardization problems). To illustrate, we applied common reliability statistics in sports science on simulated data which extended the sample size of two original counter-movement-jump sessions from (youth) elite basketball players. These show that excellent r_p and ICC (≥ 0.9) without a systematic bias were accompanied by a mean absolute percentage error of over 20%. Furthermore, we showed that the ICC does not account for systematic errors and has only limited value for accuracy, which can cause misleading conclusions of data. While a simple re-organization of data caused an improvement in relative reliability and reduced limits of agreement meaningfully, systematic errors occurred. This example underlines the lack of validity and objectivity of commonly used ICC-based reliability statistics (SEM, MDC) to quantify the primary and secondary variance sources. After revealing several caveats in the literature (e.g., neglecting of the systematic and random error or not distinguishing between protocol and device reliability), we suggest a methodological approach to provide reliable data collections as a precondition for valid conclusions by, e.g., recommending pre-set acceptable measurement errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of biological sex on cool seeking behavior during passive heat stress in young adults.","authors":"Hui Wang, Zachary J Schlader, Tze-Huan Lei, Toby Mündel, Tatsuro Amano, Naoto Fujii, Takeshi Nishiyasu, Narihiko Kondo","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05702-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05702-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study tested the hypothesis that females engage in cool seeking behavior to a greater extent during passive heating compared to males.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>27 healthy participants (14 males) underwent two trials of 50 min lower leg passive heating with (Fan trial) and without the fan (No fan trial) in a 27 °C, 50% relative humidity environment. In the Fan trials, participants were allowed to use the fan by pressing the button to keep themselves comfortable while they were not allowed in the No fan trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cool seeking behavior was initiated at the same change (∆) in rectal temperature (0.2 (0.2) °C vs 0.2 (0.1) °C, p = 0.281) and ∆ mean skin temperature (2.1 (0.6) °C vs 2.3 (0.6) °C, p = 0.307), but cooling time was longer (13.5 (5.4) min vs 17.3 (3.9) min, p = 0.040) and cumulative number of times pressing the button is more often (7.3 (3.6) times vs 10.8 (4.6) times, p = 0.049) in females compared to males. Thermal sensation, thermal discomfort, and perceived skin wetness were not different between sexes during lower leg passive heating in all trials (all p > 0.145). Furthermore, whole body sweat loss and local sweat rate on the forearm were significantly higher in males compared to females (all p < 0.042) across Fan and No fan trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, females engage in cool seeking behavior to a greater extent than males. Furthermore, thermal perceptions are not different between sexes during passive heating.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster sets and traditional sets elicit similar muscular hypertrophy: a volume and effort-matched study in resistance-trained individuals.","authors":"Salvador Vargas-Molina, Manuel García-Sillero, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo, Eneko Baz-Valle, Borja Bautista-Mayorga, Mora Murri, Brad J Schoenfeld, Javier Benítez-Porres","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05712-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05712-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Previous studies examining the effects of cluster sets (CS) compared to traditional sets (TS) protocols on muscle hypertrophy have primarily equated to volume load. This inevitably has resulted in a lower number of repetitions performed in TS compared to CS, thereby leading to a suboptimal hypertrophic stimulus. The present study aimed to compare the impact of CS and TS protocols, both performed with the same number of sets and repetitions, but with loads adjusted to the same range of repetitions in reserve (RIR) on muscle hypertrophy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten resistance-trained volunteers (7 men and 3 women, 21.0 ± 1.5 years, 64.3 ± 6.9 kg, and 169.3 ± 6.2 cm) participated in this study. Participants performed two training protocols over an 8-week period, with two weekly sessions consisting of 5 sets of 12 repetitions of the leg press and leg extension exercises. The study employed a within-participant, unilateral design where one limb performed a TS protocol and the contralateral limb performed 3 clusters of 4 repetitions with a 20-s intra-set rest period of the same exercises (CS). Muscle thickness was assessed via ultrasound and thigh lean tissue mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry pre- and post-study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed similar increases in muscle thickness (p < 0.001, ES = 0.56, and p = 0.012, ES = 0.42, respectively) and lean tissue mass (p = 0.002, ES = 0.11, and p < 0.001, ES = 0.13, respectively) in both CS and TS conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, when sets, repetitions, and load adjustments were equalized based on RIR, a CS protocol elicits similar increases in muscle thickness and lean mass compared to a TS protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects, mechanisms and strategies of daytime napping on athletes: a narrative review.","authors":"Haitong Yu, Chengbo Yang, Chuanming Xu, Yan Zhuang","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Athletes generally suffer from insufficient sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency, and a high overall prevalence of insomnia. Daytime napping has been demonstrated to supplement nighttime sleep in athletes; however, recent controversial findings warrant further consideration. This review synthesized existing studies on the effects of daytime naps on athletes, explored potential mechanisms of daytime napping, and analyzed instances of ineffective interventions or negative outcomes. Daytime napping functions as a restorative strategy to counteract sleep deprivation or the post-lunch dip, assisting athletes in recovering anaerobic capacity, agility, reaction time, and alertness, with potential mechanisms including the reduction of sleepiness through adherence to circadian rhythms, decreased subjective soreness and fatigue attributed to autonomic functioning, and improved respiratory performance. The optimal nap period occurs between 13:00 and 15:00, with a 5-6 h interval between morning awakening and nap initiation. Depending on the athlete's nighttime sleep, opt for a 20 ~ 40 or 60 ~ 90 min nap with at least 60 min between the nap and subsequent exercise to reduce sleep inertia. The intervention efficacy of daytime napping was correlated with exercise intensity. A nap program must be developed based on the specific athletic demands of the sport in practical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}