European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Comparison between concentric-eccentric and concentric-only plantar flexor exercise training with body weight for changes in muscle strength, range of motion, and muscle architecture.","authors":"Masatoshi Nakamura, Takuma Kamazawa, Shigeru Sato, Riku Yosida, Kazunori Nosaka","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05782-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05782-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study tested the hypothesis that inclusion of prolonged eccentric (lengthening muscle) contractions would increase muscle adaptations greater than concentric-only contractions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen sedentary men (20-21 years) underwent 16 resistance exercise sessions in 8 weeks (twice a week) using their body weight. They used two legs to raise heels in 1 s (concentric-only plantar flexions: CON) and used only one leg to lower the heel in 3 s (concentric-eccentric plantar flexions: CON-ECC). The number of contractions was 5 or 10 in a set and was increased gradually from 5 to 70 repetitions a session over 16 sessions. In addition, 10 participants (19-24 years) were recruited as a control group without resistance exercise. Outcome measures consisted of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of plantar flexors, triceps surae muscle thickness (MT) and architecture, and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) measured at baseline and 3-5 days after the last training session or with an 8-week interval (control group). Changes in the measures were compared between legs by a split-plot analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences between legs were evident at baseline for the measures between legs as well as the leg in the control group. The CON-ECC leg showed increases (P < 0.05) in MVIC torque (32.9 ± 25.0%), MT (9.1 ± 7.0%), and ROM (30.4 ± 31.8%), but no such increases were evident for the CON leg and the leg in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results supported the hypothesis and showed that inserting eccentric contractions in the resistance exercise were critical to maximize muscle adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2625-2635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments: What it will take for a woman to eclipse the 4-min mile benchmark.","authors":"Robert Pettitt, Mark Kramer","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05938-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05938-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gait variability and fatigability during a simulated 10-km running race in trained runners.","authors":"Johnny Padulo, Marta Borrelli, Andrea Antiglio, Fabio Esposito","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05780-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05780-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fatigue is an inevitable phenomenon during distance running, leading to the adoption of altered gait patterns by runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gait variability and fatigability in distance runners over a 10-km running race.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this aim, 12 runners (36.5 ± 5.4 y) completed a simulated 10-km running race. Throughout the trial, heart rate (HR) and rate perceived exertion (RPE, CR-10) were analyzed. In addition, kinematic/kinetic measurements: contact time (CT), flight time (FT), step length (SL), stride time (ST) leg (k_vert) and vertical (k_leg) stiffness, were recorded. Gait variability including phase coordination index (PCI) was calculated for each 2-km segment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HR increased (from 88.46 ± 5.84 to 93.87 ± 6.48 %HR_MAX, P < 0.05) as well as RPE (6.58 ± 0.47-8.96 ± 0.40 a.u., P < 0.001) as the distance increased. Conversely, no differences between running segments for the kinematic/kinetic data (CT-FT-SL-ST-k_vert-k_leg) were observed over five 2 km. However, there was increase (P < 0.05) in gait variability (PCI), over the course of the running race. Furthermore, the determination coefficient (R²) was found as strong and very strong when compared five (0-10 km) and four (4-10 km) running segments between HR-RPE and PCI (R² = 0.623-0.845).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that the gait variability is one mechanical determinant in assessing the neuromuscular output when the fatigability increases during a running race.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2529-2535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidirectional effect of low-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation on gene expression and phenotype in thigh and calf muscles after one week of disuse.","authors":"Anna A Borzykh, Roman Y Zhedyaev, Ivan I Ponomarev, Tatiana F Vepkhvadze, Viktor G Zgoda, Mira A Orlova, Nikita E Vavilov, Nikita V Shishkin, Egor M Lednev, Pavel A Makhnovskii, Kristina A Sharlo, Anastasia R Babkova, Galina Yu Vassilieva, Rinat R Gimadiev, Boris S Shenkman, Ilya V Rukavishnikov, Oleg I Orlov, Elena S Tomilovskaya, Daniil V Popov","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05761-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05761-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the effects of a one-week disuse, both with and without low-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation-a safe (non-traumatic) approach to prevent the loss of muscle mass, on the functional capacities and gene expression in thigh and calf muscles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed the efficiency of low-intensity (~ 10% of maximal voluntary contraction) electrical stimulation in preventing the negative effects of 7-day disuse (dry immersion without and with daily stimulation) on the strength and aerobic performance of the ankle plantar flexors and knee extensors, mitochondrial function in permeabilized muscle fibers, and the proteomic (quantitative mass spectrometry-based analysis) and transcriptomic (RNA-sequencing) profiles of the soleus muscle and vastus lateralis muscle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Application of electrical stimulation during dry immersion prevented a decrease in the maximal strength and a slight reduction in aerobic performance of the knee extensors, as well as a decrease in maximal (intrinsic) ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and changes in the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial, extracellular matrix, and membrane proteins in the vastus lateralis muscle. In contrast, for the ankle plantar flexors/soleus muscle, electrical stimulation had a positive effect only on maximal mitochondrial respiration, but slightly accelerated the decline in the maximal strength and muscle fiber cross-sectional area, which appears to be related to the activation of inflammatory genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data obtained open up broad prospects for the use of low-intensity electrical stimulation to prevent the negative effects of disuse for \"mixed\" muscles, meanwhile, the optimization of the stimulation protocol is required for \"slow\" muscles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2431-2447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrocnemius medialis tendon properties do not differ between male academy soccer players and control participants but are related to jump performance.","authors":"David C Robshaw, Conall F Murtagh, Barry Drust, Robert M Erskine","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05763-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05763-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study were to investigate (i) differences in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) tendon properties between adult male soccer players from an English category one academy (ASP) and male control participants (CON); and (ii) the relationships between GM tendon properties and jump performance. The GM tendon force-elongation relationship was measured in 13 ASP (mean ± SD height 1.81 ± 0.07 m; mass 73.6 ± 5.4 kg; age 18.8 ± 1.2 years) and 11 CON (1.74 ± 0.05 m; 71.2 ± 7.6 kg; 22.3 ± 3.0 years) using a combination of dynamometry, ultrasonography and electromyography. Participants also performed a series of unilateral and bilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) and bilateral drop jumps on a force platform. GM tendon properties did not differ between groups but maximal tendon elongation correlated inversely with unilateral vertical CMJ peak power (r = -0.427, P = 0.037). Furthermore, leg stiffness and peak force during a drop jump correlated with GM tendon stiffness (r = 0.431-0.462, P = 0.035-0.023), maximal tendon force and Achilles tendon CSA (r = 0.409-0.737, P ≤ 0.047). These results suggest that GM tendon properties do not differ between ASP and CON but a stiffer GM tendon may facilitate the production of larger forces to increase power output during a unilateral vertical CMJ. Furthermore, higher force and stiffness outputs are achieved during a drop jump by stronger individuals with larger and stiffer GM tendons, which could lead to greater pitch-based performance and may represent a protective mechanism to shield the tendon against injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2597-2609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143810895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of localized and general fatigue on postural adjustments coupling during predictable external perturbations.","authors":"Mauro Nardon, Francesco Piscitelli, Cristiano Alessandro, Enrico Tam, Matteo Bertucco","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05760-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05760-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The central nervous system (CNS) coordinates anticipatory (APA) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPA) to face both self-induced and external perturbations. Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), whether localized or general, impairs the CNS's ability to maintain postural stability, but the differential effects of these fatigue types on the coupling between APA and CPA remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate how localized and general NMF influence the neuromuscular control of postural adjustments during predictable external perturbations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen participants were exposed to two exercise protocols: intermittent isometric exercise to induce localized NMF and prolonged upper body exercise at high cardiometabolic effort to induce general NMF. Exercise intensity was monitored by measuring cardiometabolic parameters during exercise and recovery. Postural adjustments were assessed before and after NMF (recovery period) using electromyography and kinematic analyses while participants were exposed to predictable perturbations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Localized NMF led to decreased muscle activation and co-activation across both fatigued and non-fatigued muscles during APA, with persistent kinematic changes in lower limb joints. In contrast, general NMF induced short-lived increases in EMG activity and co-activation, reflecting a strategic CNS adaptation to maintain stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that localized NMF induces a more extensive and enduring impact on postural control mechanisms, likely due to altered proprioceptive feedback, whereas general NMF effects are more transient, aligning with the rapid recovery of cardiometabolic parameters. These findings highlight the CNS's role in differentially adapting postural strategies depending on the type of fatigue, with implications for understanding how fatigue impacts stability in dynamic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2539-2561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inspiratory effort increases blood volume in the thoracic cavity and decreases end-expiratory lung impedance: a preliminary prospective study.","authors":"Kazuhiro Takahashi, Ayaka Koyama, Daisuke Irimada, Akihiro Kanaya, Daisuke Konno, Yu Kaiho, Yusuke Takei, Kazutomo Saito, Yutaka Ejima, Masanori Yamauchi","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05767-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05767-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Passive leg raising (PLR) increases intrathoracic blood volume by redistributing blood from the lower to the upper body area. While inspiratory effort is hypothesized to have a similar effect due to pressure differences between the intrathoracic and extrathoracic cavities, direct evidence is scarce. Therefore, this study evaluated whether excessive inspiratory effort increases intrathoracic blood volume using end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Volunteers, fitted with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) belts, underwent a spontaneous breathing procedure in the supine position (control step). They breathed through a specialized face mask with separated inspiration and expiration routes (one-way valves) and their EELI was continuously recorded. First, PLR was performed. Subsequently, resistors (3-mm and 2-mm) were sequentially added to the mask's inspiration route, requiring volunteers to increase inspiratory effort. A reference EELI was established during spontaneous breathing, and changes in EELI (ΔEELI) were calculated for each step (control, PLR, 3-mm, and 2-mm). ΔEELI values were compared using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm's P value adjustment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 11 participants, the mean ΔEELI decreased by 13, 18, and 19 units for PLR, 3-mm, and 2-mm resistors, respectively. The Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed significant differences between the control and each aforementioned intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PLR and increased inspiratory effort augment thoracic blood volume, thereby reducing EELI.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>UMIN000054238. April/23/2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2479-2486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Neuromuscular, cardiometabolic, and perceptual responses to a short sprint interval training session with different cycling torques.","authors":"José Riesco-Villar, Aarón Escribano-Pascual, Alejandro González-Fernández, Héctor Pascual-Redondo, Marina Gil-Calvo, Daniel Boullosa","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05892-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05892-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Gait variability and fatigability during a simulated 10-km running race in trained runners.","authors":"Johnny Padulo, Marta Borrelli, Andrea Antiglio, Fabio Esposito","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05873-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05873-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why low-intensity endurance training for athletes?","authors":"Pekka Matomäki","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05843-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05843-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endurance athletes prioritize most of their training in low-intensity zone. This forms a paradox, as immediate logic would argue against it: Acutely low-intensity exercise does not challenge the homeostasis or cardiopulmonary system of high-level athletes sufficiently to produce performance gains comparable to those from moderate- or high-intensity exercise. In this perspective study, seven possible explanations for the purpose of excessive-volume low-intensity training in endurance athletes are proposed. The hypotheses are not all mutually exclusive. They range from a psychological need for easy days and the incremental benefits of low-intensity training without accumulating stress, to the possibility that such training may ultimately be replaceable.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2401-2407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}