European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Can measurement errors explain variance in the relationship between muscle- and tendon stiffness and range of motion?-a blinded reliability and objectivity study.","authors":"Konstantin Warneke, Julia Meder, Gerit Plöschberger, Manuel Oraže, Maximilian Zechner, Daniel Jochum, Stanislav D Siegel, Andreas Konrad","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05814-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05814-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The relationship between range of motion (ROM) and underlying parameters such as stiffness (ST) remains controversial throughout the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the potential role of accumulated measurement errors and subjective influences through a comprehensive assessment of both systematic and random errors on the correlation between tissue ST and ROM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 75 subjects participated in this double-blinded reliability evaluation. Besides muscle thickness assessments, lower legs' ST in the calf muscle and Achilles tendon (shear-wave elastography [SWE] and viscoelastic parameters [MyotonPRO], respectively) were correlated with ankle dorsiflexion ROM (knee-to-wall test [KtW]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ultrasound image acquisition (i.e., muscle thickness and ST) and myotonometry showed intrasession reliability (ICC = 0.93-0.99 and 0.72-0.99, respectively) depending on the device. Only for MyotonPRO, there were meaningful systematic and random errors only for decrement (SEM = 0.002-10.629; MAE = 0.01-24.84). ROM showed ICC > 0.99, while for all parameters interday reliability declined (ICC = 0.395-0.88). Interrater objectivity showed ICC = 0.61-0.91 for ultrasound analysis and 0.66-0.96 for myotonometry. No agreement (ICC = 0-0.09) between different ST measurements was observed, while relationship between ST and ROM depended on the investigator (r = 0.21-0.26 versus r = - 0.02--0.07).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While aligned with reliability and objectivity metrics from the literature, our results demonstrate that ST determination is device-dependent, and its relationship with ROM varies by measurement day and investigator. This underlines clinically relevant measurement errors in ST evaluation, calling for advance standardization to improve reliability and objectivity, while measurement errors quantified beyond the ICC must not be neglected in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2415-2430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of cold-water mouth swilling on thermal perceptions and heat-related symptoms for people with multiple sclerosis exercising in a hot environment.","authors":"Georgia K Chaseling, Katrina Blackett, Steve Vucic, Michael Barnett, Scott L Davis, Ollie Jay, Nicole T Vargas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05766-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05766-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cold-water ingestion improves exercise capacity in the heat for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether cold-water ingestion also mitigates heat-related MS symptoms is unknown. Ingesting fluid is also limiting for people with MS with impaired bladder function. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that swilling or ingesting cold-water (7°C) compared to ingesting thermoneutral water (37°C) would mitigate the onset of perceived MS heat-related symptoms and thermal sensation in heat-sensitive people with MS during exercise in the heat.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On three occasions, 13 heat-sensitive participants with MS (41 ± 12 y; 67 ± 12 kg; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 33.3 ± 9.4 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) cycled at 40% VO_2max at 35 ± 1°C; 30 ± 2% RH until volitional exhaustion (maximum of 60 min). Every 15 min, participants ingested (7_IN) or swilled (7_SW) 7°C, or ingested 37°C (37_IN) water. Thermal sensation, heat-related MS symptoms, rectal (T_re), and mean skin (T_sk) temperature were recorded throughout.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thermal sensation was cooler in the 7_SW (P < 0.01) and 7_IN (P = 0.04) compared to the 37_IN trial, but heat-related symptoms (P = 0.57), fatigue (P = 0.90), ΔT_re (37_IN: 0.74 ± 0.37°C; 7_IN: 0.65 ± 0.38°C; 7_SW: 0.67 ± 0.34°C; P = 0.38) and ΔT_sk (37_IN: 1.61 ± 0.82°C; 7_IN: 1.67 ± 0.78°C; 7_SW: 1.64 ± 0.69°C; P = 0.91), were not different between trials. Nine participants completed 60 min of exercise in the 37_IN trial whereas 10 participants completed 60 min of exercise in the 7_IN and 7_SW trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Swilling and ingesting 7°C water induces a cooler thermal sensation in heat-sensitive people with MS exercising in the heat but does not mitigate heat-related MS symptoms. The capacity to complete 60 min of exercise with cold-water ingestion and swilling were comparable.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2563-2571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperthermia during open water swimming: risks, monitoring and mitigation strategies.","authors":"Eduardo Ramos da Silva, Rodrigo Zacca, Iñigo Mujika, Fernando Diefenthaeler","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05945-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05945-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The environmental conditions in open water swimming (OWS) can impair thermoregulation. Here we explored and discussed four interrelated topics concerning the disruption of thermal homeostasis, in parallel with the underlying physiological mechanisms, during OWS competitions in hot climates: (i) potential health risks; (ii) possible impacts on performance; (iii) technical feasibility of core temperature (Tc) measurement; and (iv) cooling strategies applicable to this context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An integrative review was conducted. A systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed, yielding 4610 studies. After screening and excluding duplicates, 42 studies underwent full-text review, resulting in 20 studies included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Water temperatures (Tw) close to the upper limit established by World Aquatics (31 °C) negatively affect performance and increase health risks for open water swimmers. Thermal stress during competitions, caused by prolonged exposure to hot water, impairs thermoregulation, leading to dehydration, increased Tc, and cardiovascular strain. Cooling strategies such as pre-cooling and per-cooling showed potential to mitigate heat strain, although their application in open water swimming events remains challenging due to logistical constraints. Modern strategies of post-cooling have been primarily designed for pre-hospital or emergency care settings. Wearable technologies for real-time Tc monitoring emerged as a promising tool for improving athlete safety and performance management during competitions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rise in Tc during open water swimming in hot water is a worrying phenomenon caused by impaired cooling mechanisms, is exacerbated by prolonged exposure to solar radiation, and negatively impacts performance and increases health risks. Cooling strategies such as pre-cooling and per-cooling are key strategies to mitigate heat strain. Wearable physiological monitoring now allows for better modeling of individual thermophysiological profiles, improving both competitive strategies and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When reliability is not reliable: meaningful errors despite large reliability values.","authors":"José Afonso","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05739-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05739-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2325-2327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SERCA blockade as a treatment strategy for obesity.","authors":"Suha Al-Naimi, Rizwan Qaisar","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05852-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05852-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis in various cell types, including adipocytes. The SERCA function is closely associated with metabolic health, as the dysregulation of SERCA is implicated in the development of obesity. Thus, regulating SERCA may be clinically relevant for treating obesity and related complications. We discuss various pharmacological and genetic tools to regulate SERCA function for treating obesity. Next, we discuss preclinical and clinical data on the therapeutic efficacy of regulating SERCA in obesity. We also discuss sarcolipin, a SERCA-associated inhibitory protein, as a molecular target for regulating SERCA. Lastly, we discuss challenges, clinical implications, and future directions of regulating SERCA for treating obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2383-2400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Children's <ns0:math> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mover><ns0:mtext>V</ns0:mtext> <ns0:mo>˙</ns0:mo></ns0:mover> <ns0:msub><ns0:mtext>O</ns0:mtext> <ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn></ns0:msub> </ns0:mrow> </ns0:math> max trainability deficit: A quantitative analysis and a qualitative hypothesis.","authors":"Raffy Dotan","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05778-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05778-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The response to training of children's maximal aerobic power ( <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂max/peak) has long been claimed to be significantly smaller than in adults and to be augmented by high-intensity training. Although several hypotheses have been put forth to explain children's lesser response, none has addressed both aspects, partly because a sufficiently large database for quantifying the phenomena and formulating a plausible hypothesis has not been established.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compile and analyze an unprecedentedly large literature database and use its findings to inform the formulation of a hypothesis for children's trainability deficit and its underlying causes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cohort size, age, pre-training <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂max/peak, training intensity and duration, testing modality, and the training response were extracted from 650 training studies comprising 1046 experimental cohorts (children = 222, adults = 824), which were then compared between children and adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children's mean overall <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂max training response was only 58% that of adults (p < 0.000001). High-intensity training was 25% more effective than low-moderate intensity in children (p = 0.041), but not in adults (-3.8%; NS). Nevertheless, children's high-intensity training was still only 67% as effective as in adults (p < 0.00001).</p><p><strong>Interpretation and hypothesis: </strong>While some of the factors proposed to-date may account, in part, for children's trainability deficit, none has explained why high-intensity training is advantageous in children but not in adults. Presently, only child-adult differences in neuromuscular activation and muscle functional composition can, on their own or in conjunction with other factors, comprehensively account for all observations. An extensive body of evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis and data interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2329-2351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiorespiratory and oxygenation responses in iron-deficient anemic women during whole-body exercise under moderate hypoxia.","authors":"Panagiotis G Miliotis, Spyridoula D Ntalapera, Panagiotis Lakeas, Ioannis Loukas, Argyris G Toubekis, Nickos D Geladas, Maria D Koskolou","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05940-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05940-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Integrated physiological responses during maximal whole-body exercise, such as cycling, under additive hypoxemia (anemia + hypoxia) are not adequately studied. Therefore, we investigated cardiovascular, muscular and cerebral oxygenation responses in chronic mildly iron-deficient and control women under normoxic and moderate hypoxic conditions during maximal whole-body exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 16 females performed incremental exercise to exhaustion under normoxia (N; FIO₂:20.94%) and hypoxia (H; FIO₂:13.6%). The participants were divided into two groups matched for age and anthropometric characteristics, but intentionally varying in [Hb] (p < 0.001) and V̇O_2max (p < 0.01); iron-deficient (A; n = 8; [Hb]:11.3 ± 0.4 g/dl; V̇O_2max:37.3 ± 2.8 ml/kg/min) and healthy controls (C; n = 8; [Hb]:13.3 ± 0.4 g/dl; V̇O_2max:40.8 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During exercise in hypoxia compared to normoxia, the A exhibited greater decrement in V̇O_2max (5.0%; p = 0.02) and peak power output (5.4%; p = 0.004) than C. Maximal mean arterial pressure was reduced (p < 0.05) due to lower total peripheral resistance (p < 0.05) and unchanged maximal cardiac output (p > 0.05). Enhanced O₂ utilization under H was observed only in C, based on ΔHHb (p < 0.05). Cerebral oxygenation was reduced linearly with CaO₂ (r = 0.95, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Collectively, moderate hypoxia induced greater reduction of V̇O_2max, peak power output and cerebral oxygenation leading to exercise intolerance in A compared to C. These responses were accompanied by an inability of skeletal muscle to increase O₂ utilization at maximal effort in H and by a failure of the cardiovascular system to compensate and counteract convective and diffusion limitations during maximal whole-body exercise in anemic women.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular, cardiometabolic, and perceptual responses to a short sprint interval training session with different cycling torques.","authors":"José Riesco-Villar, Aarón Escribano-Pascual, Alejandro González-Fernández, Héctor Pascual-Redondo, Marina Gil-Calvo, Daniel Boullosa","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05794-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05794-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purposes: </strong>Short sprint interval training (sSIT) can improve both aerobic and anaerobic indices through different protocol designs with sprinting bouts lasting ≤ 10 s. However, the limited available evidence does not allow the comprehensive understanding of the acute psycho-physiological effects of applying different torques during cycling sSIT protocols with very short, \"all out\" sprints. This study aims to evaluate the impact of high (HT) versus low (LT) torques on neuromuscular performance, cardiometabolic, and perceptual responses during a sSIT session of 5-s sprints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After familiarizations and determination of HT and LT with a graded sprinting test, 15 physically active individuals completed, in randomized order, 2 sSIT sessions (12, 5-s sprints on a cycle ergometer) with HT and LT. Mechanical (i.e., power, cadence, and rate of fatigue), physiological [i.e., surface electromyography (sEMG), oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscle oxygenation (SmO₂)], and perceptual parameters [i.e., rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and affective valence] were assessed during sessions and acute recovery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean cadence and power, rate of fatigue, and RPE were higher in HT (p < 0.05), while time to peak power, sEMG amplitude, and affective valence were higher in LT (p < 0.05). Cardiometabolic parameters were similar during and after both protocols (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The manipulation of torque in a sSIT protocol with 5-s sprints promotes different neuromuscular and perceptual responses, but with no differences between conditions for cardiometabolic responses. These findings are relevant for designing sSIT protocols to adapt neuromuscular and perceptual loading based on targeted outcomes for specific populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2461-2475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detrended fluctuation analysis of heart rate variability during exercise: Time to reconsider the theoretical and methodological background. Comment on: Cassirame et al.`s (2025) Detrended fluctuation analysis to determine physiologic thresholds, investigation and evidence from incremental cycling test. Eur J Appl Physiol 125:523-533.","authors":"Olaf Hoos, Thomas Gronwald","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05859-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05859-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2637-2639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is maximal oxygen consumption an appropriate metric for metabolic health?","authors":"Dale I Lovell, Max Stuelcken, Alexander Eagles","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05875-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05875-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), assessed by maximal oxygen consumption ( <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂ max) testing, is a strong predictor of chronic disease and all-cause mortality. However, recent evidence suggests that <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂ max may lack specificity and sensitivity in assessing metabolic health, particularly mitochondrial function, which is associated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. While aerobic training leads to improvements in mitochondrial function, studies have found a disparity between <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂ max and mitochondrial content, with some individuals showing increases in mitochondrial oxidative capacity without changes in <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂ max. Furthermore, the criteria used to determine <math><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> </math> O₂ max, such as the plateau in oxygen consumption, may not be achieved by all individuals, leading to inaccurate assessments. Technological advances in metabolomics and lipidomics may provide insights into metabolic health, but their cost and practicality for routine use in clinical settings remain a challenge. Alternatively, indirect calorimetry during submaximal exercise has shown promise as a non-invasive marker of mitochondrial function and metabolic flexibility. However, further research is needed to establish appropriate protocols and analyses for various populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2409-2413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}