European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Evening high-intensity interval exercise attenuates the next-morning decline in flow-mediated dilation in healthy young men.","authors":"Kohei Miura, Hideaki Kashima, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06468-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06468-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vascular endothelial function (VEF), assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), shows diurnal variation and is reduced in the early morning. Although exercise improves VEF, whether the vascular effects of evening high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) persist into the following morning remains unclear. This study examined whether evening HIIE affects next-morning VEF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven healthy young men completed exercise and control conditions in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise condition, participants performed 30 min of late-afternoon HIIE. FMD, blood pressure, and heart rate were measured from the afternoon of Day 1 to the afternoon of Day 2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FMD increased following HIIE at 18:00 (6.5 ± 0.76% to 9.3 ± 0.93%, p < 0.05). In the control condition, FMD was lower at 08:00 than at 12:00 on Day 2 (4.7 ± 0.47% vs. 7.0 ± 0.79%, p < 0.05). At 08:00 on Day 2, FMD was higher in the exercise condition than in the control condition (7.6 ± 0.57% vs. 4.7 ± 0.47%, p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure was lower in the exercise condition than in the control condition at 21:00 on Day 1 (114.6 ± 1.7 vs. 126.1 ± 1.8 mmHg) and 04:00 on Day 2 (88.7 ± 2.1 vs. 95.0 ± 1.2 mmHg) (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A single bout of HIIE attenuates the morning decline in endothelial function. These findings suggest that the vascular benefits of exercise extend beyond the immediate post-exercise period and may influence the diurnal pattern of endothelial function.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Side differences in NIRS-derived muscle oxygen saturation during treadmill running.","authors":"Lara Zwiener, Oliver Richrath, Philip Skotzke, Benjamin Volkamer-Kien, Sascha Schwindling, Tim Meyer","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06469-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06469-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a promising non-invasive method to assess muscle oxygenation in real time. While asymmetries in muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) between dominant and non-dominant legs have been studied in cycling, data in running are limited. Such differences may affect NIRS use in training control. This study investigated SmO₂ differences between dominant and non-dominant vastus lateralis during treadmill running at three workloads using a wearable continuous-wave NIRS device.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight participants (20 female, Age = 21.6 ± 1.5 years) performed two graded treadmill exercise tests, 14 days apart. The Moxy Monitor was placed bilaterally on the vastus lateralis to measure SmO₂ and analysed across three individualized workloads (LOW, MID, HIGH). Linear mixed models were used with participant as random, and side and workload as fixed effects. To assess adipose tissue thickness (ATT) effects, a 7mm cut-off defined two subgroups (ATT<7mm, ATT>7mm). Bland-Altman plots examined mean bias and limits of agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant side effects were found for either group (ALL p = .759, ATT<7mm p = .713 and ATT>7mm p = .890). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a small mean bias (ALL: -0.34%, ATT<7mm: - 0.48%, ATT>7mm: -0.22%) with wide limits of agreement between the legs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No systematic differences between SmO₂ response between the legs were found. However, wide limits of agreement suggest that individual side differences may exist. A single NIRS device may sufficiently reflect bilateral SmO₂ responses at the group level, while individual side-to-side-comparisons should be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac autonomic and hemodynamic responses to two-stage cycling and post-exercise recovery with partial blood flow restriction in young males.","authors":"Mušić Timur, Kacin Alan, Potočnik Nejka","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06465-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06465-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared acute cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic responses during graded (two-stage) aerobic cycling and subsequent recovery performed with and without partial blood flow restriction (BFR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen young males completed two sessions in a crossover design (control vs. bilateral thigh BFR). Each session included rest, 5 min of cycling at 40% maximal power output (Pmax), 5 min at 60% Pmax, and 10 min of recovery; BFR was released immediately at exercise cessation. ECG and arterial blood pressure were recorded. RR interval, mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), HRV (lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, HF, LF, LF/HF), and composite indices of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (SNS, PNS) were derived from 3-min segments at rest, exercise, and recovery. Heart rate recovery at 30, 60, and 120 s after exercise cessation (HRR30, HRR60, HRR120) was calculated. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA tested condition, time, and interaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Time × condition interactions were observed for RR interval (p=0.015) and MBP (p=0.003), indicating altered hemodynamic kinetics under BFR, primarily during recovery. HRV indices showed no time × condition interactions; however, BFR produced lower lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, HF, and PNS and higher SNS than control (all p<0.05), whereas LF and LF/HF were unchanged. HRR30 (p=0.040), HRR60 (p<0.001), and HRR120 (p=0.010) were attenuated under BFR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BFR modifies cardiovascular regulation during two-stage cycling and recovery and induces sustained autonomic shifts toward reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic modulation, largely independent of exercise intensity. Altered recovery kinetics following cuff release highlight the importance of careful monitoring during the recovery phase when applying BFR.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does a dedicated optimal power phase enhance performance outcomes in trained athletes? A comparison of periodized maximum strength and strength-power training.","authors":"Sebastian Puschkasch-Möck, G Gregory Haff, Michael Behringer, Klaus Wirth","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06477-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06477-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the effects of periodized maximum strength training and combined strength-power training regimens on maximal strength, vertical jump performance, and mechanical power output.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty athletes (62 males, 18 females) from various sports were matched by baseline vertical jump height to four groups: maximum strength training (SQ), strength and power training (JS), isokinetic training (ISO), and a control group (CON). Over a 14-week period, SQ performed block-periodized back squat training, while JS performed jump squats at the individual's optimal power load in the final block. ISO followed an equivalent program using an isokinetic leg press. Pre- and post-tests assessed squat one-repetition maximum (1RM), jump performance (squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump), and mechanical power output in jump squats and isokinetic leg press tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant improvements in absolute and relative 1RM were observed for SQ and JS (p < 0.01), whereas CON showed significant decreases (p < 0.01) and ISO demonstrated no change. Vertical jump height increased significantly only in SQ (p < 0.01). Reactive strength improved in JS at 20-30 cm drop heights (p < 0.05). Mechanical power increased significantly for JS at 40-80% 1RM loads, while ISO showed no meaningful adaptations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both maximum strength and combined strength-power regimens elicited improvements in maximal strength and selected power measures, while isokinetic training was less effective. The findings suggest that, over a prolonged period, no statistically detectable superiority of either complete program can be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of different exercise approaches on muscle mechanical properties, strength, and jump performance: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Selim Mahmut Günay, Nevin Aysel Güzel, Naile Bolca Topal","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06473-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06473-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Whole-body vibration (WBV), strengthening, and aerobic exercises are widely used to improve muscle function and physical performance; however, their comparative effects on passive muscle mechanical properties remain uncertain. This randomised trial compared their effects on muscle stiffness, thickness, isokinetic strength, and horizontal jump performance in sedentary healthy women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-four women aged 18-40 years were randomised (1:1:1:1) to WBV, strengthening, aerobic exercise, or control; 40 were analysed (n = 10 per group). Exercise groups completed supervised sessions three times weekly for four weeks. Stiffness and thickness were assessed using shear wave elastography and B-mode ultrasonography, strength using isokinetic dynamometry, and horizontal jump distance. Imaging and strength assessors were blinded. Mixed-design ANOVA was the main analysis; supplementary post hoc analyses incorporated the corresponding baseline outcome and body mass, with alternative models used when ANCOVA assumptions were not satisfied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group × time interactions were not significant for stiffness or thickness (p = 0.092-0.595). Significant interactions were observed for all strength outcomes and horizontal jump performance (p = 0.002-0.016; partial η² = 0.248-0.339). Compared with control, adjusted values were higher for concentric hamstring strength in all exercise groups, eccentric quadriceps strength in the WBV and strengthening groups, eccentric hamstring strength in the WBV group, and horizontal jump performance in the WBV and strengthening groups (all p ≤ 0.022). No adjusted pairwise differences were detected among active interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four weeks of exercise produced outcome-specific responses without demonstrating modality-specific changes in passive muscle stiffness or thickness or superiority among active interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting physiological resilience to climate change through anthropology, environmental exercise physiology and sport science: are we doing enough?","authors":"Daniel P Longman, Tadej Debevec, Jan G Bourgois","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06457-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06457-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change poses escalating threats to human physiological function and health. Rising temperatures and increasing climate volatility place growing demands on thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, yet mitigation cannot prevent near-term impacts of acute climatic events. Complementary strategies to enhance physiological resilience-the capacity to sustain, absorb and recover from physiological stressors to maintain homeostasis-are therefore urgently needed. We argue that insights from anthropology, environmental exercise physiology and sport science offer an integrated framework for understanding and strengthening physiological resilience. Physical inactivity, affecting one-third of adults globally, compounds climate-related vulnerability by eroding the thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems most critical for tolerating environmental stress. An anthropological perspective explains why: throughout human evolution, regular physical activity (PA) was a prerequisite for survival, shaping the biological systems that these disciplines now seek to optimise. Evidence-based strategies to strengthen physiological resilience are reviewed, including endurance and resistance training (which enhance thermoregulatory capacity, cardiovascular function and muscular resilience) and heat acclimation and acclimatisation, which improve thermal tolerance through sudomotor, cardiovascular, fluid regulatory and metabolic adaptations. Cooling strategies, cold habituation and cross-acclimation/acclimatisation offer further means of building resilience. We identify two broad at-risk groups, with particular attention to vulnerability related to ageing and other factors: those who are physically inactive and lack the resilience to sustain, absorb and recover from stressors under climatic extremes, and those who are regularly active but directly exposed to environmental volatility through occupational exposure. We advocate prioritising equitable, community-level implementation to ensure that these benefits are accessible to all.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central and peripheral vascular recovery following resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction across age groups: a parallel group crossover randomized trial.","authors":"Xavier Melo, Sérgio Laranjo, Bo Fernhall, João L Marôco","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06479-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06479-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-intensity resistance training (HIRT) benefits musculoskeletal and vascular health but may be poorly tolerated by older adults. Low-intensity resistance training (LIRT) is an alternative, yet evidence on arterial stiffness is mixed, and it often fails to improve vascular health due to insufficient stimulus. Blood flow restriction (BFR) enhances hemodynamic stimulus, but its acute cardiovascular effects in older adults remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare central and peripheral vascular responses following acute LIRT with BFR versus HIRT across age groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized crossover design, 19 young (22±3 years) and 19 older (70±9 years) adults completed three sessions: HIRT (3 × 10 reps at 75%1RM), LIRT+BFR (4 × 20 reps at 30%1RM with continuous cuff occlusion), and no exercise. Central and peripheral vascular function were assessed via oscillometric pulse wave analysis at rest, 5-min (RECOV1), and 30-min (RECOV2) post-exercise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In older adults, neither HIRT nor LIRT+BFR altered total peripheral resistance (TPR), aortic reservoir function, or subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) throughout post-exercise, with no differences observed between conditions. Conversely, young adults exhibited reductions at RECOV1 following HIRT in TPR (Δ = -  0.176 PRU), reservoir function (Δ = -  11.9%), and SEVR (Δ = -  47.1%), persisting at RECOV2 (all p < 0.05). LIRT+BFR elicited minor changes. Most variables normalized within 30 min for both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In older adults, LIRT+BFR elicits post acute central vascular responses comparable to HIRT, with stable coronary perfusion and rapid recovery supporting the short-term tolerability of both modalities. LIRT+BFR thus represents a viable alternative to HIRT for older population.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06596304).</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We need article reporting standards for quantitative research in sport and exercise science: an educational narrative review.","authors":"Konstantin Warneke, Anthony J Blazevich, João Pedro Nunes, Thomas Gronwald, Filipe Manuel Clemente, José Afonso, Renato Andrade, Sebastian Wallot, Dennis Sandig, Alfred Nimmerichter, Klaus Wirth","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06435-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06435-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in the number of published studies across numerous scientific disciplines, including the sport and exercise sciences. However, it has been argued that this increase in quantity has, unfortunately, been accompanied by concerns regarding the quality of study design, methodological transparency, and results reporting. To address these pitfalls, several scientific communities, including the American Psychological Association (APA) Journal Article Reporting Standard (JARS) Working Group and numerous biostatisticians, have developed checklists and guidelines to improve reporting quality and ensure that scientific knowledge is accessible, interpretable, and useful to practitioners and clinicians. In the present review, databases for existing guidelines were screened to synthesize current reporting standards and provide an overview of the guidance that could be applied within the sport and exercise sciences. Although numerous adjacent disciplines have produced detailed guidelines, in some cases through dedicated reporting-standard task forces and working groups, no comprehensive and institionally-anchored guidelines dedicated to sport or exercise sciences were identified among the > 700 guidelines listed by the EQUATOR Network. Similarly, no reporting-standard working group, discipline-specific quality checklist, or globally accepted and implemented reporting standard appears to exist through major international organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) or the European College of Sport Science (ECSS). The present review highlights an urgent need to form an interdisciplinary working group to close this important gap in the literature and develop consensus guidelines for reporting research methodologies in the sport and exercise sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex- and condition-dependent muscle oxygenation, performance fatigability, and post-occlusive reactive hyperemic responses to blood flow restriction exercise.","authors":"Minyoung Kwak, Brian Benitez, Clara J Mitchinson, Erik R Snell, Alaina N Kuhn, Michael A Samaan, Timothy Butterfield, Ashley Samson, Patrick Pabian, Haley C Bergstrom","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06464-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06464-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined sex- and condition-dependent differences in muscle oxygenation, performance fatigability (PF), and post-occlusive reactive hyperemic responses during moderate-pressure (40% of arterial occlusion pressure) blood flow restriction exercise (BFR), free-flow exercise (NON-BFR), and BFR without exercise (PASSIVE BFR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen males and fourteen females completed all three conditions in a randomized crossover design. Exercise consisted of unilateral, dynamic leg extensions performed at 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using a 30-15-15-15 repetition protocol with 60-s inter-set recovery periods. During intervention and recovery sets, muscle oxygenation (SmO₂) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) were assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Pre- and post-intervention MVIC torque, and vascular occlusion test (VOT)-derived post-occlusive reperfusion slope (Slope 2) were evaluated. Linear mixed-effects models were used, with significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with NON-BFR and PASSIVE BFR, BFR elicited lower SmO₂ and greater HHb during the intervention, lower reoxygenation during recovery, and larger reductions in MVIC. Slope 2 increased following the interventions when collapsed across conditions (p = 0.032), with no condition effect detected. Males exhibited lower SmO₂, greater HHb responses, and larger reductions in MVIC during BFR and NON-BFR compared with females. When collapsed across conditions, males demonstrated greater Slope 2 than females (p = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although BFR induced marked intramuscular deoxygenation and greater fatigability in both sexes, we did not detect a corresponding enhancement in post-exercise reactive hyperemic response, a finding that should be interpreted cautiously given the limited reliability of Slope 2.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticospinal excitability scales with global arm cycling intensity but not instantaneous force.","authors":"R L S Bilodeau, C Compton, D C Button, K E Power","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06447-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06447-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corticospinal excitability (CSE) is modulated during arm cycling, but its relationship with force production remains unclear. This study examined (1) how force output changes across arm cycling workloads and (2) whether CSE scales with force during rhythmic movement. Eleven healthy adults performed bilateral arm cycling at 25, 50, and 100 W at 60 rpm. Vector force was measured continuously across crank positions using instrumented handles. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) elicited with transmastoid electrical stimulation were recorded from the biceps and triceps brachii at the 6 o'clock position to assess supraspinal and spinal excitability, respectively. Vector force increased with workload (p < 0.001) and peaked between 4 and 6 o'clock. MEP and CMEP amplitudes increased with workload in both the biceps (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively) and triceps (p = 0.003 and p = 0.041, respectively). Across pooled workloads, vector force was correlated with biceps MEP (r = 0.53, p = 0.002) and CMEP amplitudes (r = 0.37, p = 0.034), and with triceps MEP (r = 0.39, p = 0.031) and CMEP amplitudes (r = 0.50, p = 0.005). Within individual workloads, correlations between force and neural measures were consistently weak and non-significant for both muscles. These findings demonstrate that corticospinal excitability during arm cycling scales with overall workload but not with instantaneous force production, supporting the concept that descending neural drive primarily reflects task-level regulation rather than moment-to-moment force encoding during rhythmic movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}