European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Differences in the ventilatory thresholds in treadmill according to training status in 971 males and 301 females: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"José Antonio Benítez-Muñoz, Pedro J Benito, Isabel Guisado-Cuadrado, Rocío Cupeiro, Ana Belén Peinado","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05622-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05622-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze the influence of training status on the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and velocity (%VO_2max, %HR_max and %V_max) at which ventilatory threshold 1 and ventilatory threshold 2 occur (VT1 and VT2, respectively), in males and females separately considering age, during a ramp incremental treadmill test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>791 males (36.8 ± 9.9 years) and 301 females (33.9 ± 11.0 years) performed a ramp incremental exercise test until fatigue where VT1 and VT2 were determined. Participants were classified as low, medium or high training status combining the oxygen consumption at VT1, VT2 and VO_2max by clustering analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VO_2max is poorly correlated with the %VO_2max, %HR_max and %V_max at which VT1 and VT2 occur (r < 0.3), in contrast, there is a positive correlation between oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2 with the %VO_2max, %HR_max and %V_max at which VT1 and VT2, respectively, occur in males and females (r = 0.203-0.615). Furthermore, we observed the %VO_2max, %HR_max and %V_max at which thresholds occur were greater the higher the training status (all p < 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The physiological determinants of the percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur are more related to oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2, respectively, than to VO_2max. Moreover, due to the higher percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur in individuals with a higher training status, the common strategy consisting of establishing exercise intensity as a fixed percentage of maximum might not be effective to match intensity across individuals with different training status.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>NCT06246760.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of caffeine chewing gum on muscle performance and fatigue after severe-intensity exercise: isometric vs. dynamic assessments in trained cyclists.","authors":"Eduardo Marcel Fernandes Nascimento, Fernando Klitzke Borszcz, Thiago Pereira Ventura, Benedito Sérgio Denadai, Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo, Ricardo Dantas de Lucas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05617-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05617-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effect of caffeinated chewing gum (GUM_CAF) on muscle fatigue (isometric vs. dynamic) after severe-intensity cycling bouts. Fifteen trained male cyclists participated in four visits. Each visit involved two severe-intensity cycling bouts (Δ₁ and Δ₂) lasting 6 min, separated by a 5-min recovery period. Muscle fatigue was assessed by isometric maximal voluntary knee extension contraction (IMVC) with twitch interpolation technique and dynamically by 7 s all-out cycling sprints. Assessments were performed before GUM_CAF (Pre-GUM) and after the cycling bouts (Post-Exercise). GUM_CAF and placebo gum (GUM_PLA) were administered in a randomized double-blind procedure with participants receiving each gum type (GUM_CAF and GUM_PLA) during two separate visits. The results showed no significant interaction between gum types and time for the isometric and dynamic measurements (p > 0.05). The percentage change in performance from Pre-GUM to Post-Exercise showed no significant difference between GUM_CAF and GUM_PLA for either the dynamic-derived T_MAX (~ -17.8% and -15.1%, respectively; p = 0.551) or isometric IMVC (~ -12.3% and -17.7%, respectively; p = 0.091) measurements. Moderate to large correlations (r = 0.31-0.51) were found between changes in sprint maximal torque and maximal power output measurements and isometric force, for both gum conditions. GUM_CAF was not effective in attenuating muscle force decline triggered by severe-intensity cycling exercises, as measured by both isometric and dynamic methods. The correlations between IMVC and cycling maximal torque and power output suggest caution when interpreting isometric force as a direct measure of fatigue during dynamic cycling exercises.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leg fidgeting alleviates reduced oxygen extraction in the gastrocnemius muscle caused by prolonged sitting: a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Hajime Tamiya, Kazuki Hotta, Megumi Hoshiai, Yuko Kurosawa, Takafumi Hamaoka, Atsuhiro Tsubaki","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05613-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05613-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Oxygen extraction in skeletal muscle is an important determinant of exercise tolerance. Prolonged sitting decreases oxygen extraction in the gastrocnemius muscle. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown, and preventive measures are yet to be established. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which prolonged sitting decreased muscle oxygen extraction and investigate preventive measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten healthy young males (age 21.2 ± 0.4 years; body mass index, 20.5 ± 1.3 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to each of the following conditions: 3-h supine (CON), 3-h sitting (SIT), and 3-h fidgeting of one lower leg during sitting (FID). Oxygen extraction from the gastrocnemius muscle was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and the vascular occlusion test under each condition. The rate of change in total Hb + Mb (THb) was measured as an indicator of venous stasis and interstitial fluid accumulation in the lower leg.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Muscle oxygen extraction was significantly lower at 180 min for SIT and FID than for CON (4384.2 ± 1426.8; 5281.5 ± 1823.7; 6517.4 ± 1390.8 a.u., respectively) and significantly higher for FID than for SIT (5281.5 ± 1823.7 vs. 4384.2 ± 1426.8 a.u., respectively). The rate of THb change was significantly higher at 180 min for SIT than for CON and FID (12.9 ± 15.1; -2.3 ± 5.7; 2.2 ± 11.6%, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed between CON and FID.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found that 3-h prolonged sitting reduced oxygen extraction in the gastrocnemius muscles due to reduced oxygen supply to capillaries and increased distance between capillaries and myocytes. However, leg fidgeting alleviated this effect in healthy young males.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>UMIN000050531 (March 8, 2023).</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Biochemical origin of (near-) linear curvature constant (W')- <ns0:math> <ns0:msub> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mover><ns0:mi>V</ns0:mi> <ns0:mo>˙</ns0:mo></ns0:mover> <ns0:mi>O</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> <ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn></ns0:msub> </ns0:math> slow component ( <ns0:math><ns0:mrow><ns0:mi>Δ</ns0:mi> <ns0:msub> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mover><ns0:mi>V</ns0:mi> <ns0:mo>˙</ns0:mo></ns0:mover> <ns0:mi>O</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn> <ns0:mi>sc</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> </ns0:msub> </ns0:mrow> </ns0:math> ) and critical power (CP)- <ns0:math> <ns0:msub> <ns0:mrow><ns0:mover><ns0:mi>V</ns0:mi> <ns0:mo>˙</ns0:mo></ns0:mover> <ns0:mi>O</ns0:mi></ns0:mrow> <ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn></ns0:msub> </ns0:math> transition time (t_0.63) relationship in skeletal muscle.","authors":"Bernard Korzeniewski","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05612-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05612-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The biochemical background of the (near-)linear direct relationship between the curvature constant (W') of the power-duration curve and the magnitude ( <math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> ) of the slow component of the <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mn>2</mn></msub> </math> on-kinetics ( <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </math> ) as well as reverse relationship between critical power (CP) and the characteristic transition time (t_0.63, analogous to τ_p) of the primary phase II of the <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mn>2</mn></msub> </math> on-kinetics encountered in experimental studies is studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A computer model of the bioenergetic system in skeletal muscle, involving the each-step-activation mechanism of work transitions and P_i double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue, is used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The activity (rate constant) (k_add) of the additional ATP usage, underlying the slow component, determines to a large extent the (near-)linear direct W'- <math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> relationship, as an increase in k_add increases markedly both W' and <math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </mrow> </math> . t_0.63 is a derivative of the changes in metabolite (M = PCr or Cr or P_i) concentrations between rest and the steady-state of the phase II M on-kinetics after the onset of exercise. The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity (k_OX) mostly determines the (near)-linear inverse CP-t_0.63 relationship, as an increase in k_OX markedly decreases ΔM and t_0.63, and elevates CP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mn>2</mn></msub> </math> on-kinetics (e.g., <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </math> or t_0.63) cannot cause anything in the system, as it is an emergent property of the system functioning on the biochemical level. Physiological variables: muscle <math> <msub> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <mtext>O</mtext></mrow> <mtext>2sc</mtext></msub> </math> and W' as well as t_0.63 and CP, and relationships between them, are determined by biochemical parameters, mainly k_add and k_OX, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing motor performance through brief skin cooling: exploring the role of enhanced sympathetic tone and muscle spindle sensitivity.","authors":"Mert Cetin, Mustafa Kokce, Ayse Karaoglu, Eser Kalaoglu, Halime Kibar, Selim Sezikli, Mehmet Ozkan, Kemal Sitki Turker, Ilhan Karacan","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05597-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05597-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although brief skin cooling (BSC) is widely used in sports medicine and rehabilitation for its positive effects on motor performance, the mechanism underlying this motor facilitation effect remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore the hypothesis that BSC enhances muscle force generation, with cold-induced sympathetic activation leading to heightened muscle spindle sensitivity, thereby contributing to this effect.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved two experiments. Experiment 1 included 14 healthy volunteers. Participants submerged their hand in ice water for 3 min. Sympathetic activity was measured via heart rate (HR), muscle force generation was assessed through plantar flexor strength during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and cortical contribution to force generation via the volitional wave (V-wave) with and without the cold pressor test (CPT). Experiment-2 involved 11 healthy volunteers and focused on muscle spindle sensitivity and Ia synapse efficacy, assessed using soleus T-reflex and H-reflex recordings before, during, and after CPT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experiment 1 showed significant increases in HR (7.8%), MVC force (14.1%), and V-wave amplitude (93.4%) during CPT compared to pre-CPT values (p = 0.001, p = 0.03, and p = 0.001, respectively). In Experiment-2, hand skin temperature significantly decreased during CPT and remained lower than pre-CPT after 15 min (p < 0.001). While H-reflex and background EMG amplitudes remained unchanged, T-reflex amplitude (113.7%) increased significantly during CPT and returned to pre-CPT values immediately afterward (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was also observed between HR and T-reflex amplitude (r = 0.916, p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BSC enhances muscle spindle sensitivity via the sympathetic nervous system, promoting more significant muscle force generation. The method used in this study can be safely applied in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle endurance, neuromuscular fatigability, and cognitive control during prolonged dual-task in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case-control study.","authors":"Cyril Chatain, Jean-Marc Vallier, Nicolas Paleiron, Fanny Cucchietti Waltz, Sofiane Ramdani, Mathieu Gruet","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05608-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05608-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Recent studies suggest that, compared to healthy individuals, people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (pwCOPD) present a reduced capacity to perform cognitive-motor dual-task (CMDT). However, these studies were focused on short-duration CMDT offering limited insight to prolonged CMDT inducing fatigue, which can be encountered in daily life. The present study aimed to explore the effect of adding a cognitive task during repeated muscle contractions on muscle endurance, neuromuscular fatigability, and cognitive control in pwCOPD compared to healthy participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen pwCOPD and thirteen age- and sex-matched healthy participants performed submaximal isometric contractions of the knee extensors until exhaustion in two experimental sessions: (1) without cognitive task and (2) with a concurrent working memory task (i.e., 1-back task). Neuromuscular fatigability (as well as central and peripheral components measured by peripheral magnetic stimulation), cognitive performance, and perceived muscle fatigue were assessed throughout the fatiguing tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Independently to the experimental condition, pwCOPD exhibited lower muscle endurance compared to healthy participants (p = 0.039), mainly explained by earlier peripheral fatigue and faster attainment of higher perceived muscle fatigue (p < 0.05). However, neither effect of cognitive task (p = 0.223) nor interaction effect (group × condition; p = 0.136) was revealed for muscle endurance. Interestingly, cognitive control was significantly reduced only in pwCOPD at the end of CMDT (p < 0.015), suggesting greater difficulty for patients with dual tasking under fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide novel insights into how and why fatigue develops in COPD in dual-task context, offering a rationale for including such tasks in rehabilitation programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systolic versus diastolic differences in cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnic and hypocapnic challenges.","authors":"Joel S Burma, Saroor Virk, Jonathan D Smirl","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05621-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05621-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) describes the vasculature's response to vasoactive stimuli, where prior investigations relied solely on mean data, rather than exploring cardiac cycle differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-one participants (46 females and 25 males) from two locations underwent TCD measurements within the middle or posterior cerebral arteries (MCA, PCA). Females were tested in the early-follicular phase. The hypercapnia response was assessed using a rebreathing protocol (93% oxygen and 7% carbon dioxide) or dynamic end-tidal forcing as a cerebral blood velocity (CBv) change from 40 to 55-Torr. The hypocapnia response was quantified using a hyperventilation protocol as a CBv change from 40 to 25-Torr. Absolute and relative CVR slopes were compared across cardiac cycle phases, vessels, and biological sexes using analysis of covariance with Tukey post-hoc comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences were found between hypercapnia methods used (p > 0.050). Absolute hypercapnic slopes were highest in systole (p < 0.001), with no cardiac cycle differences for absolute hypocapnia (p > 0.050). Relative slopes were largest in diastole and smallest in systole for both hypercapnia and hypocapnia (p < 0.001). Females exhibited greater absolute CVR responses (p < 0.050), while only the relative systolic hypercapnic response was different between sexes (p = 0.001). Absolute differences were present between the MCA and PCA (p < 0.001), which vanished when normalizing data to baseline values (p > 0.050).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cardiac cycle variations impact CVR responses, with females displaying greater absolute CVR in some cardiac phases during the follicular window. These findings are likely due to sex differences in endothelial receptors/signalling pathways. Future CVR studies should employ assessments across the cardiac cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pi-based biochemical mechanism of endurance-training-induced improvement of running performance in humans","authors":"Bernard Korzeniewski","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05560-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05560-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Endurance training improves running performance in distances where oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the main ATP source. Here, a dynamic computer model is used to assess possible biochemical mechanisms underlying this improvement.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The dynamic computer model is based on the “P_i double-threshold” mechanism of muscle fatigue, according to which the additional ATP usage appears when (1) inorganic phosphate (P_i) exceeds a critical value (Pi_crit); (2) exercise is terminated because of fatigue, when P_i reaches a peak value (Pi_peak); (3) the P_i increase and additional ATP usage increase mutually stimulate each other.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The endurance-training-induced increase in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity attenuates the reaching of Pi_peak by P_i (and thus of <span>(dot{V})</span>O_2max by <span>(dot{V})</span>O₂) at increased power output. This in turn allows a greater work intensity, and thus higher speed, to be achieved before exercise is terminated because of fatigue at the end of the 1500 m run. Thus, identical total work is performed in a shorter time. Probably, endurance training also lowers Pi_peak, which improves the homeostasis of “bioenergetic” muscle metabolites: ADP, PCr, P_i and H⁺ ions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The present dynamic computer model generates clear predictions of metabolic changes that limit performance during 1500 m running. It contributes to our mechanistic understanding of training-induced improvement in running performance and stimulates further physiological experimental studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional intake among participants in a non-professional cycling event","authors":"Pau Martínez, Sonia Martínez, José A. Mingorance, Aina Riera-Sampol, Antoni Aguiló, Pedro Tauler","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05582-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05582-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>To determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in different settings among cyclists participating in a non-professional cycling event. The nutritional intake during the event and the association between GI symptoms and both nutritional and non-nutritional factors were also analyzed.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A descriptive correlational study was performed among participants in the 2023 ‘Mallorca 312-Milestone Series’ cycling event. A pre-race questionnaire was completed by 247 participants (37 women) while a post-race questionnaire was completed by 138 participants (24 women).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The prevalence of GI symptoms in training sessions and in previous cycling events were 22–26%. GI complaints during the race were reported by 38.4% of participants. GI symptoms during training (<i>p</i> = 0.003), in previous cycling events (<i>p</i> = 0.012) and in the Mallorca 312 event (during: <i>p</i> = 0.010; after <i>p</i> = 0.014) were associated with rest GI symptoms. Furthermore, GI symptoms during the Mallorca 312 event were associated with an immediately previous more nervous feeling (<i>p</i> = 0.016). Participants with shorter previous experience in similar events reported a more nervous feeling (<i>p</i> = 0.023). On average, participants in the Mallorca 312 achieved the recommended carbohydrate intake (59.2 g/h; recommended 30–60 g/h) and the fluid intake (500 ml; recommended 400–800 ml/h) rates. No association was found between GI symptoms and nutritional parameters or food intake.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>GI symptoms at rest could be considered the main factor associated with GI symptoms in cyclists. GI symptoms during the event were also associated with a more nervous feeling, which could be explained, at least in part, by shorter previous experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exerting force at the maximal speed drives the increase in power output in elite athletes after 4 weeks of resistance training","authors":"Edoardo Lecce, Ruggero Romagnoli, Giorgio Frinolli, Francesco Felici, Maria Francesca Piacentini, Ilenia Bazzucchi","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05604-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05604-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>In the present study, we examined how a 4-week intervention of maximal intended velocity (MIVRT) and controlled velocity resistance training (CRT)-induced task-specific responses in expert individuals.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Twenty elite athletes were randomly assigned to either a MIVRT (<i>n</i> = 10) or CRT (<i>n</i> = 10) group, both following the same volume–load training based on the back-squat three times a week but with different intentions in moving load (force–exertion speed). We assessed one-repetition maximum (1RM), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), and mean propulsive power (MPP) using a progressive-loading test before and after the intervention. A linear position transducer was used to monitor propulsive velocity in training and testing sessions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Both groups significantly increased their 1RM (CRT: + 12.3%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.39; MIVRT: + 12.5%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.45). Only the MIVRT group showed a significant improvement in MPV (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) across different stepping loads, while both groups improved in MPP (MIVRT: + 22.4%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>d</i> = 0.54; CRT: + 8.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.04, <i>d</i> = 0.17).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>MIVRT induced significant adaptations in MPV and MPP at various loads (%1RM), underlining its specificity in targeting these parameters. Despite similar enhancements in 1RM, the distinct training protocols suggest that strength gains may stem from either maximal intent in moving loads or longer times under tension. This study highlights the role of execution speed in optimizing power outcomes, emphasizing task specificity as paramount to elicit physiological adaptations in chronically strength-trained individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}