European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"The effect of intensity on metabolic and ventilatory responses to steady-state exercise in women across the adult lifecycle.","authors":"Catherine A Rattley, Paul Ansdell, Matthew Armstrong, Malika Felton, Susan Dewhurst, Karen Yendole, Rebecca A Neal","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05981-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05981-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the differences in metabolism and ventilation between women before, during, and after menopause during rest and to varying steady-state exercise intensities.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>74 female participants (18-60 years; premenopausal [PRE], perimenopausal [PERI], and postmenopausal [POST]) completed four laboratory visits; one maximal exercise test, resting data collection, and body composition assessment followed by three steady-state submaximal exercise tests at 40% (low), 60% (moderate), and 80% (high) V̇O_2peak in a randomised order with subgroup analysis for hormonal contraceptive or hormone therapy use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was an effect of menopause stage on exercise energy expenditure but no interaction effect with intensity. There were no differences substrate utilisation, or ventilation across any of the exercise intensities. Subgroup analysis revealed that HT and HC use did not impact EE, substrate oxidation, or ventilation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Menopause stage is influential upon exercise energy expenditure but more research in perimenopause is required to confirm the effect, future studies should explore the broader implications of the menopausal transition on exercise physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of continuous and interval training on inflammatory and vascular adhesion markers in sedentary individuals with type 1 diabetes.","authors":"Alberto Hermo-Argibay, Laura Brugnara, Serafín Murillo, Joan-Marc Servitja, Víctor M Víctor, Anna Novials, Susana Rovira-Llopis","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05983-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05983-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluates and compares the effects of continuous and interval training on inflammatory and adhesion molecules in subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using Luminex X-MAP, serum inflammatory and adhesion molecules were measured in 50 non-obese, sedentary adults (78% women; mean age 34 years), including 27 with T1D and 23 healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subjects with T1D exhibited a tendency towards decreased interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels and increased intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM1) levels compared to controls. Exercise training, specifically high-intensity interval training (HIIT), increased IL-10 levels in the T1D group. Among controls, we observed a decrease in vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) after continuous training, and in platelet selectin (P-selectin) after HIIT. The correlation studies revealed that subjects with higher baseline maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) achieved greater reductions in P-selectin levels with training and that levels of VCAM1 were further reduced by training in subjects with higher baseline metabolic equivalents (METS).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings show that the effects of exercise on inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules vary depending on the training modality and the population studied. Additionally, our data suggest that physical activity and fitness levels influence individual responses to exercise in relation to adhesion molecules in healthy and subjects with T1D.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor on: \"Detection of exercise intensity thresholds in patients with chronic heart failure based on correlation properties of heart rate variability\".","authors":"José M Sarabia, Noemí Sempere-Ruiz, Laura Fuertes-Kenneally, Manuel Moya-Ramón, Agustín Manresa-Rocamora","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05991-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05991-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood flow restriction exacerbates muscle deoxygenation and fatigue during sport climbing specific finger flexors resistance training.","authors":"Titouan P Perrin, Hugo Randy, Xavier Hugues, Nicolas Tourette, Marie Coudurier, Michel Guinot, Violaine Cahouet, Franck Quaine, Stéphane Doutreleau, Hugo A Kerherve, Mathieu Marillier, Julien V Brugniaux","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05980-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05980-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Low-load blood-flow resistance training (LLBFRT) is increasingly used as an alternative to high-load resistance training (HLRT) to improve muscle strength and endurance while reducing mechanical stress on tissues. However, the acute responses associated with LLBFRT during sport climbing-specific exercises remain unknown. The aims of the study were to describe muscle oxygenation, fatigue and perceptual responses to climbing-specific finger flexors exercise in LLBFRT and compare such responses to HLRT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen advanced to elite climbers took part in three visits: a familiarization session and two randomized finger-flexors training sessions in either HLRT (3 sets of 10-12 repetitions, ~70% maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) or LLBFRT (3 sets of 14-20 repetitions, ~40%MVC with cuff set at 60% of limb occlusion pressure). Finger flexors muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Force-time integral (FTI) quantified mechanical load under both modalities. Muscle fatigue was quantified as force loss from pre- to 1-min, 5-min and 15-min post-exercise. Perceived discomfort, effort, and finger pain were assessed after each set.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLBFRT led to greater muscle deoxyhemoglobin values (+20 ± 25%, p = 0.005, d = 0.9) during exercise. Despite lower FTI (-7 ± 10%, p = 0.028), muscle fatigue was greater in LLBFRT than HLRT 1-min post-exercise (-24.8 ± 7.9 vs -18.6 ± 7.4%MVC, p = 0.016) but not 5-min and 15-min post-exercise. LLBFRT caused greater discomfort during inter-set recovery but lower finger pain during exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Climbing-specific LLBFRT induced a transient increase in finger flexors muscle deoxygenation and fatigue likely due to elevated metabolic stress and venous blood pooling, while reducing mechanical load and thus potentially lowering injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra- and intermuscular shear wave speed distributions in the human hamstrings during isometric and eccentric contractions.","authors":"Pavlos E Evangelidis, Chi Yang, Hoshizora Ichinose, Paul Newell, Yasuo Kawakami","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05968-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05968-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hamstring strain injuries frequently occur near the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) proximal myotendinous junction. Unequal intra- and/or intermuscular mechanical properties may increase injury susceptibility by generating localised gradients in tissue mechanics and strain concentration; however, this remains unexplored under eccentric loading. We examined local shear wave speed (SWS), a measure reflecting tissue stiffness and force transmission, along the BFlh and semitendinosus (ST) during isometric (ISO) and eccentric (ECC) contractions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen healthy males performed ISO and ECC knee flexions at 10%, 30%, and 50% of maximal voluntary torque (MVT). BFlh and ST SWS was measured at 30% (prox) and 50% (mid) of the thigh length using ultrasound elastography. BFlh pennation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), and muscle thickness (MT) were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Absolute SWS was lower proximally in BFlh across intensities and conditions, whilst ST showed lower proximal SWS only in ISO at 30% and 50%MVT. When normalised to passive values, intramuscular SWS differences disappeared during ECC but persisted in BFlh during ISO ≤ 30%MVT. Intermuscular SWS ratio (BFlh/ST) was 0.63-0.94 at rest and 10%MVT, increasing to 0.78-1.01 at higher intensities. Moderate correlations were found between BFlh architecture and proximal SWS during ECC only (PA: r = 0.62-0.65; FL: r = - 0.64 to - 0.66; MT: r = 0.57).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hamstring muscles exhibit region-specific SWS profiles, largely influenced by passive mechanical properties. This heterogeneity may contribute to localised strain concentrations and injury risk, highlighting a potential target for prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-session dose-response and between-session carry-over effects of eccentric contractions versus static stretches on range of motion and muscle-tendon mechanics.","authors":"Anthony David Kay, Anthony William Baross, Brett Anthony Baxter, Anthony John Blazevich","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05979-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05979-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Eccentric resistance training produces substantial increases in maximum joint range of motion (ROM), highlighting its potential as an alternative to static stretching. However, little is known about the short-term effects or associated mechanisms. Therefore, this study compared within-session responses and between-session carry-over effects of eccentric contractions and static stretching in 18 healthy human volunteers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a counterbalanced crossover design, participants completed four sessions across two conditions: Eccentric contractions (EC₁, EC₂) and static stretching (SS₁, SS₂), with 48-72 h between sessions. EC comprised 5 sets of 10 × 3-s isokinetic eccentric contractions while SS comprised 5 sets of 30-s static stretches (total time under tension = 150 s). Dorsiflexion ROM and passive plantarflexor torque were recorded before and after each set, and maximal isometric plantarflexor torque, active Achilles tendon stiffness, and passive gastrocnemius medialis stiffness were measured pre- and post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant within-session increases in ROM (2.2°-6.0°) and reductions in muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness (2.7-7.3%) and muscle stiffness (8.4%) occurred after both EC₁ and SS₁. However, only EC₁ improved stretch tolerance (30.7%) and decreased Achilles tendon stiffness (12.0%). Comparable between-session carry-over effects occurred after two sessions of stretches and contractions in pre-intervention ROM (5.9°, collapsed data), stretch tolerance (38.0%), and MTU stiffness (41.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eccentric contractions produced more than twice the acute ROM increase and greater changes in stiffness and stretch tolerance than static stretching. The significant carry-over effects after two sessions indicate also indicate a more potent stimulus for increasing ROM, with important implications for clinical practice and exercise prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of skin pigmentation on the accuracy and data quality of photoplethysmographic heart rate measurement during exercise.","authors":"Anne M Mulholland, Hayley V MacDonald, Elroy J Aguiar, Jonathan E Wingo","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05977-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05977-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wearable devices often use photoplethysmography to estimate heart rate (HR) by measuring light reflected from the cutaneous vascular bed. Notably, higher melanin content of the epidermis may reduce the amount of light transmitted through the skin. Previous studies examining the impact of skin tone on photoplethysmographic HR measurement accuracy have produced mixed results; however, none measured epidermal melanin content.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether objectively measured skin pigmentation influences the accuracy of photoplethysmographic HR measurement during rest, exercise, and recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Skin pigmentation was quantified from colorimeter measures using Individual Typology Angle (ITA°), a strong correlate of epidermal melanin, in 28 healthy adults (White, n = 16; Black, n = 10; Middle Eastern, n = 1; Persian, n = 1). Chest-worn HR (criterion; Polar H10) and photoplethysmographic HR from three devices (Apple Watch Series 8, Garmin vivosmart 5, SlateSafety BAND V2) were recorded continuously during rest, cycling, and recovery; HR data were averaged into 30-s epochs for analysis. A linear mixed-effects model determined whether ITA° influenced mean absolute error of HR (MAE_HR) for each device.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ITA° predicted MAE_HR for SlateSafety (β =  - 0.011, P = 0.001), but not for Apple (P = 0.62) or Garmin (P = 0.29). Missing data were disproportionately attributed to participants with dark skin (ITA° < 10°; 36%) for Apple (50%) and SlateSafety (85%) devices; outliers were disproportionately observed among participants with dark skin for all devices (56%-62%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data quality was negatively impacted by darker skin pigmentation for all tested devices, but skin pigmentation (ITA°) only increased photoplethysmographic HR measurement error to a small degree (~ 1 bpm) for the SlateSafety device.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eight-week Flexi-bar vibration exercise enhances cognitive function via altering the circulating levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and microRNAs in middle-aged and elderly women.","authors":"Jiarui Wu, Dongdong Gao, Lu Leng, Younian Mai, Chen Huang, Min Hu, Junhao Huang","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05992-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05992-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Appropriate physical exercise could prevent, delay, or reverse cognitive decline in aging people, which could improve their quality of life. However, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The present study aimed to explore the effects of 8-week Flexi-bar vibration exercise (FE) on the cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly women and uncover the underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty middle-aged and elderly women were randomly assigned to the FE group or the control group (n = 15 in each group). Executive function and real-time oxyhemoglobin concentration (oxy-Hb) changes in different cerebral regions were evaluated through the Color-Word Stroop Test and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Circulating levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of microRNAs were determined using microRNA sequencing and real-time PCR approaches, followed by an integrated bioinformatics/biostatistics analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our data showed that 8 weeks of FE had a positive effect on preventing cognitive decline, with improved blood oxygen content in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), up-regulated BDNF level, and down-regulated level of TNF-α in serum. Besides, our data showed that 14 microRNAs, which are related to the cognitive function, were up/down-regulated in the FE group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that 8-week FE could regulate the expression levels of microRNAs related to cognitive function, elevate BDNF level, and decrease TNF-α level, and thus improve cognitive performance in middle-aged and elderly women.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing-derived parameters for cardiorespiratory fitness in Dutch community-dwelling 55- to 75-year-old adults.","authors":"Dax Houtkamp, Annelies L Pool-Goudzwaard, Tim Takken, Sabrina Chettouf, Albert Van de Wiel, Ivan Bautmans, Bart C Bongers","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05978-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05978-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Accurate interpretation of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) requires reference values that account for sex, age, and body composition. Existing reference values often lack these distinctions or exclude older adults. This study aimed to establish sex- and age-specific reference values for absolute and relative (body mass-corrected and lean body mass-corrected) CRF parameters derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in Dutch community-dwelling 55- to 75-year-old adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional data from 611 participants of the AMCOHF study were analyzed. CRF was assessed via cycle ergometer CPET evaluating oxygen uptake (V̇O_2peak) and work rate (WR_peak) at peak exercise, oxygen uptake at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (V̇O_2VAT), and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). Body mass and lean body mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Reference values stratified by sex and age were developed using generalized additive models. Prediction equations were generated using multiple linear regression. Correlations with V̇O_2peak assessed the usefulness of V̇O_2VAT and OUES as submaximal and effort-independent alternatives for CRF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All CRF variables declined with age. V̇O_2peak (L/min) declined quasi-linearly (females: 1.3%/year; males: 2.5%/year). Significant sex differences were observed between all CRF variables (absolute and body mass-corrected values: p < 0.001; lean body mass-corrected values: p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between V̇O_2peak and WR_peak (ρ = 0.90), V̇O_2VAT (ρ = 0.78), and OUES (ρ = 0.87).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides reference values for V̇O_2peak, WR_peak, V̇O_2VAT, and OUES in Dutch older adults aged 55-75 years during cycle ergometer CPET, offering a unique dataset for assessing CRF and monitoring intervention effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in beat-to-beat blood pressure variability following isometric handgrip exercise.","authors":"Rosa V D Guerrero, André L Teixeira, Adamor S Lima, Georgia C S Lehnen, Martim Bottaro, Lauro C Vianna","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05988-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05988-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise lowers resting blood pressure (BP) and may modulate autonomic control, but its acute effects on beat-to-beat blood pressure variability (BPV) and sex-specific responses are unclear. We examined the impact of a single IHG bout on beat-to-beat BPV in healthy young adults, focusing on sex differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-eight subjects (20 men, 18 women) completed randomized, sham-controlled crossover trials: true IHG (30% MVC) and sham (3% MVC), each followed by 30 min of seated recovery. Continuous beat-to-beat BP, cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were recorded. Variability was quantified via standard deviation (SD), range, interquartile range (IQR), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability showed marked sex- and time-dependent changes, with no trial-condition effects. In men, SBP SD rose from 6.2 ± 1.4 mmHg at rest to 6.7 ± 2.0 mmHg at 30 min (P < 0.05), whereas women's SD remained at 5.6 ± 1.4 to 5.1 ± 1.6 mmHg (P > 0.05; sex P = 0.018; time P = 0.024). Range and IQR followed SD rising in men at 30 min but stable in women (sex P = 0.022 and P = 0.037). CO ARV increased in men (239 ± 65 to 275 ± 75 mL/min; P < 0.05) but remained stable in women (224 ± 45 to 233 ± 61 mL/min; P > 0.05; sex × condition P = 0.026). TPR variability (SD, IQR, CV, ARV) exhibited a significant effect of time (P ≤ 0.002), with no differences between sexes or condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A single IHG session does not acutely reduce beat-to-beat BPV in healthy young adults. Nevertheless, clear sex differences in beat-to-beat BPV responses highlight distinct autonomic and vascular regulation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}