European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Intensity matters: high-intensity interval resistance exercise induces greater immune activation than low-intensity resistance exercise 45 min post-workout.","authors":"Fabian Fabritius, Matthias Rißmayer, Miriam Ringleb, Niklas Joisten, Wilhelm Bloch, Finn Dreisigacker, Florian Javelle","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06337-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06337-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Acute physical exercise triggers a transient immune response. For endurance exercise, these effects are intensity-dependent. In contrast, the role of exercise intensity in resistance exercise (RE) and its contribution to immune modulation remains less understood. This randomised crossover trial aims to compare the acute effects of High-Intensity Interval Resistance Exercise (HIIRE) versus Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise (LIRE) on routine clinical cellular inflammatory markers-neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)-in 24 healthy, RE-trained young men.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Measurements were taken at baseline (T₀), immediately post-exercise (T₁), and 45 min post-exercise (T₂). It was hypothesised that HIIRE would elicit a significantly greater increase in NLR, PLR, and SII from baseline (T₀) to post-exercise (T₁ and T₂) compared to LIRE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline-adjusted ANCOVAs revealed significant interactions for cellular inflammatory markers (η²_p = .072; NLR: p < .001, η²_p = .217; PLR: p < .001, η²_p = .147; SII: p < .001, η²_p = .204). Post hoc analyses locate this difference for NLR, PLR, and SII 45 min post-exercise, with greater increases of HIIRE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest a complex immune response involving pro-inflammatory signalling and immune cell redistribution induced by acute RE, with intensity being a main driver. This underscores the pivotal role of intensity in modulating acute immune responses to RE, with potential implications for exercise prescription targeting inflammatory processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5579-5594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148469709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximal aerobic speed: methodological implications and unintended consequences.","authors":"Fernando Gabe Beltrami, Øyvind Støren, Jan Helgerud","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06331-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06331-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) represents the minimal speed where a further increase in speed will not result in a further increase in oxygen consumption (V̇O₂). MAS is determined from the relationship between maximal V̇O₂ (V̇O_2max) and running economy, the latter also expressed as the O₂ cost of running. There is no standardized method for determination of MAS in the literature, but three approaches are more dominant: the first approach consists of determining a loss of linearity between V̇O₂ and speed. The second approach performs a linear extrapolation from the relationship between submaximal V̇O₂ and speed towards V̇O_2max. The third approach divides V̇O_2max by the O₂ cost of running measured over one or more speeds. We explore the assumptions and flaws of the different approaches. We show that the first approach lacks sufficient objectivity. The second approach, based on linear extrapolation, is prone to significant error, particularly when changes in O₂ cost happen at the lower or higher speeds tested, to the extent that higher sub-maximal V̇O₂ for a given speed results in improved MAS and vice-versa. We suggest that MAS should be assessed using a simple division of V̇O_2max by the O₂ cost of running determined from a race-relevant speed, which can be easily integrated into a single testing session.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5101-5106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autonomic adaptation to repeated cold water ingestion: time-resolved HRV analysis.","authors":"Fırat Matur, Gözde Hilal Öçalan, Bora Büyüksaraç","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06361-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06361-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive marker of autonomic function, and cold-water ingestion effectively modulates HRV. However, no prior study has provided a unified time-resolved modeling framework capable of separating residual and stimulus-specific autonomic effects in repeated HRV stimulation paradigms.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Electrocardiograms from 39 healthy participants, exposed to two cold water ingestion (500 ml at  8[Formula: see text]C) separated by 30 min, were analyzed. After segmenting recordings into 5-minute windows, HRV variables in time, frequency, and fractal domains were extracted. Linear mixed-effects models with linear and quadratic time components were used to characterize both transient and sustained responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first stimulus resulted in pronounced autonomic modulation: heart rate decreased by 8.8%, other time-domain HRV variables increased (SDNN: +27.8%, RMSSD: +42.4%, pNN50: +75.6%). Maximum responses reached within 17-30 min, with recovery times of up to 60 min. The second stimulus resulted in additional but attenuated responses (SDNN: +2.9%, RMSSD: +41.7%, pNN50: +76.2%), with shorter recovery times (25-32 min), suggesting partial physiological adaptation. Frequency domain responses were smaller in magnitude but additive: with successive stimuli, ln(LF) response (+5.8% to +6.7%), and ln(HF) response increased (+9.2% to +10.5%). Fractal analysis revealed a decrease in short-term scaling (Alpha 1: -8.1% to -8.8%) without significant changes in long-term dynamics (Alpha 2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed time-resolved modeling framework effectively separates residual from stimulus-specific HRV effects, enabling quantification of repeated autonomic responses and providing a standardized approach for future repeated HRV stimulation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5629-5641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and validity of the respiratory threshold method.","authors":"Hakan As, Arda Peker, Engin Yildiztepe, Ozgur Ozkaya","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06346-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06346-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the test-retest reliability, sensitivity to detect meaningful change, and validity of a respiratory threshold (RT) method based on time-dependent breakpoints in the ratio between minute ventilation and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (V̇_E/P_ETCO₂) during ramp exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy male participants were recruited for a reliability (n = 42) and validity study (n = 143). Participants performed ramp cycling tests (30 W·min^-1) on separate days. For validity analyses, participants were classified as untrained, physically active, or trained according to peak oxygen uptake (V̇O_2peak) values. The gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were identified using segmented regression in the carbon dioxide output-oxygen uptake (V̇CO₂ - V̇O₂) and V̇_E - V̇CO₂ relationships, respectively. Respiratory thresholds (RT₁ and RT₂) were determined from time-dependent breakpoints in V̇_E/P_ETCO₂.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RT₁ and RT₂ demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability for both V̇O₂ and power output (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98 - 0.99; coefficient of variation ≤ 2.6%). Typical error was lower than the smallest worthwhile change for all outcomes, indicating good sensitivity. RT₁ and RT₂ closely aligned with the GET and RCP, respectively, showing trivial mean bias, nearly perfect correlations (r = 0.97 - 0.99), narrow limits of agreement, and a low standard error of the estimate (≤ 2%). RT₁ and RT₂ clearly differentiated untrained, physically active, and trained participants, with large to very large between-group effects (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RT method provides a reproducible, sensitive, and physiologically grounded approach for identifying exercise thresholds and may serve as a complementary tool for threshold detection and performance monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5397-5407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technique-specific reduction of sciatic nerve stiffness through neurodynamic stretches at submaximal and maximal intensity in asymptomatic individuals.","authors":"Marion Hitier, Denis César Leite Vieira, Carole Cometti, Joao Luiz Quagliotti Durigan, Nicolas Babault","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06320-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06320-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the immediate effects of two neurodynamic mobilization techniques (flossing vs. tensioning) on the sciatic nerve and hamstring muscle tissues, using different stretching intensities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty physically active volunteers performed a randomized, study comprising seven conditions (six stretching + control). Interventions included static stretching (SS), neurodynamic tensioning (TENS), and neurodynamic flossing (FLOS), applied at 100% (pain threshold) or 90% maximal range of motion, using 5 × 60-s sets. Shear wave elastography (SWE) was used to assess sciatic nerve and biceps femoris stiffness before and immediately after the interventions. Measurements included flexibility tests (passive knee extension (PKE), stand and reach (SR), slump), and hamstring strength (MVIC) alongside with electromyography (EMG).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SWE of the sciatic nerve showed a significant condition × time interaction (p < 0.001), with a significant decrease only after flossing at maximal intensity (FLOS100); The biceps femoris (BF) shear wave velocity (SWV) decreased over time (p = 0.004) independently of the condition. Flexibility outcomes significantly improved after all stretching interventions (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, FLOS100 produced significantly greater improvements in sciatic nerve mobility than SS at maximal intensity (p = 0.017). MVIC significantly decreased from PRE to POST (p = 0.009) across all conditions, with no condition × time interaction (p = 0.991). The EMG activity remained unchanged for BF muscle while semitendinosus (ST) EMG showed a significant decrease over time (p = 0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neurodynamic flossing at maximal intensity reduced sciatic nerve stiffness and mobility in asymptomatic individuals. These neural adaptations suggest flossing should be prioritized for neural tissue, while all stretching techniques similarly affect muscle stiffness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5409-5420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148344298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrocnemius medialis muscle architecture and its relationship with countermovement jump performance differ between male academy soccer players and control participants.","authors":"David C Robshaw, Conall F Murtagh, Barry Drust, Robert M Erskine","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06311-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06311-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study were to investigate gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle properties in male academy soccer players (ASP) and age- and sex-matched control participants (CON); and to explore the relationships between GM characteristics and jump performance. Thirty-four participants (ASP, n = 22, age 18.8 ± 1.4 years, height 1.82 ± 0.08 m, mass 75.1 ± 5.9 kg; and CON, n = 12, 22.2 ± 2.9 years, 1.75 ± 0.05 m, 71.6 ± 7.4 kg) completed the following assessments: ultrasound measurements of GM anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), volume, muscle thickness (MT), fascicle pennation angle (θ_p) and fascicle length (L_f); isokinetic dynamometry measurements of isometric plantar flexion and dorsiflexion maximum voluntary torque; and unilateral and bilateral, vertical and horizontal, countermovement jumps (CMJ), and bilateral drop jumps on a force platform. θ_p (17.4° ± 2.5° vs. 14.3° ± 1.2°, P < 0.001); unilateral horizontal CMJ peak power (30.14 ± 3.53 vs. 23.18 ± 3.72 W kg^- 1); and projectile range during unilateral (104 ± 16 vs. 89 ± 12 cm, P = 0.006) and bilateral (140 ± 14 vs. 129 ± 14 cm, P = 0.041) horizontal CMJ were greater in ASP vs. CON. In ASP alone, L_f correlated inversely with vertical CMJ performance but positively with horizontal CMJ performance (R² ≥ 0.200, P ≤ 0.042). Conversely, θ_p correlated positively with vertical CMJ performance but inversely with horizontal CMJ performance (R² ≥ 0.194, P ≤ 0.044). In CON only, ACSA, MT, volume and L_f all correlated inversely with vertical CMJ performance (R² ≥ 0.366, P ≤ 0.037). The opposing θ_p and L_f correlations with vertical and horizontal CMJ jump performance in ASP suggest GM architecture influences CMJ performance in a direction-specific manner in this population, while the different correlation patterns between ASP and CON suggest that GM architecture contributes to CMJ performance differently in these two populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5129-5143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148344409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of verification stage intensity and duration on [Formula: see text] determination.","authors":"Andrew Foster, Erin J Dennis, Stephanie P Kurti, Nicholas D Luden, Michael J Saunders, Christopher J Womack","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06314-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06314-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Verification stages are recommended for maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O_₂max) determination, but there is currently no standardization of verification stage design. We sought to determine if the length of recovery and the initial intensity of subsequent exercise influence the effectiveness of verification stages during testing for V̇O_₂max.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-seven participants (20 males, 7 females) completed four graded exercise tests (GXT). Each session included an identical incremental V̇O_₂max (iV̇O_₂max) protocol, followed by one of four verification stages with combinations of short (5 min) and long (15 min) rest periods, and submaximal (one stage below maximal workload) and supramaximal (one stage above maximal workload) starting intensities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although iV̇O_₂max and verification V̇O_₂max (vV̇O_₂max) were similar across all protocols, 11-19% of participants achieved higher values during verification. About 24% of individuals who did not exhibit a V̇O_₂ plateau during the GXT exhibited a vV̇O_₂max > iV̇O_₂max in the submaximal verification protocols compared to 6-14% for the supramaximal protocols.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Verification stages using initial submaximal intensities may increase the likelihood of achieving V̇O_₂max.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5363-5368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148344362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exertional dyspnea in older adults: the effects of mechanical unloading of the thorax.","authors":"Abidan Abulimiti, Valentin Mons, Satyam Sarma, Andrew R Tomlinson, Bryce N Balmain, Tony G Babb","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06351-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06351-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age-related changes in respiratory function that constrain ventilatory capacity could contribute to dyspnea on exertion (DOE) in older adults. However, whether mechanically unloading the thorax using an external cuirass device could reduce ventilatory constraints during exercise and decrease DOE in older adults is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All participants (n = 39) performed two 6 min constant-load cycling tests: one without the cuirass (CTL) and one with -20cmH₂O of continuous negative pressure (CNP-20). We measured ratings of perceived breathlessness (RPB), the exercise ventilatory response (V̇_E/V̇CO₂ slope), and end-expiratory (EELV) and end-inspiratory (EILV) lung volume. Following 6 min of cycling, n = 24 rated RPB ≤ 2 (-DOE: 71 ± 3 yr, 28 ± 5 kg/m²) and n = 15 rated RPB ≥ 3 (+ DOE, 70 ± 3 yr, 28 ± 8 kg/m²).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During CTL, the + DOE group had a higher V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (-DOE: 30.1 ± 4.9; + DOE: 34.0 ± 4.7, p = 0.018), while PETCO2 was not different (-DOE: 42 ± 4; + DOE: 42 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.816). CNP-20 decreased RPB in + DOE (Δ-1.5 ± 1.5, p = 0.002) but not -DOE (Δ0.4 ± 1.2, p = 0.116). CNP-20 increased EILV (-DOE: Δ3 ± 4%TLC, p = 0.006; + DOE: Δ4 ± 4%TLC, p = 0.001) and EELV (-DOE: Δ3 ± 3%TLC, p < 0.001; + DOE: Δ2 ± 3%TLC, p = 0.009) in both groups irrespective of DOE status. However, CNP-20 decreased the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope in + DOE (Δ -2.2 ± 3.2, p = 0.019) alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An increased ventilatory response to exercise could explain why some older adults exhibit moderate to severe levels of exertional dyspnea. Although mechanically unloading the thorax shifted operational lung volumes, it could also attenuate the ventilatory response to exercise. Collectively, DOE in older adults may be driven by a complex interaction between altered respiratory mechanics and increased ventilatory response to exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5607-5618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex comparisons across different indices of vascular health in recreationally active healthy adults.","authors":"Rian Q Landers-Ramos, Olivia C Zakrewski","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06335-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06335-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The presence of sex differences in various vascular assessments in younger to middle-aged adults is inconsistent in the literature.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Determine whether sex differences are present across four different indices of vascular health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy, recreationally active premenopausal females (N = 30) and similarly aged males (N = 30) aged 18-54 yrs performed four vascular assessments. Assessments included resting augmentation index (AIx%), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV, ms^- 1), and simultaneous digital thermal monitoring (temperature rebound; TR%) and near-infrared spectroscopy-based microvascular reactivity (10s reperfusion slope; slope 2, %s^- 1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AIx (p = 0.006) was significantly lower in males vs. females. Sex differences were eliminated after covarying for mean adjusted height (8.9 ± 9.1% vs. 16.8 ± 11.9% in males and females, respectively; p = 0.360) or when examining a subset of individuals (N = 14 males and N = 14 females) with similar body height (13.0 ± 8.7% vs. 16.4 ± 7.9% in males and females, respectively; p = 0.286). Cf-PWV was significantly higher in males (6.0 ± 0.8 ms^- 1) vs. females (5.2 ± 0.7 ms^- 1; p < 0.001). We found no differences between males and females in TR (1.2 ± 1.1% vs. 1.1 ± 0.8%, respectively; p = 0.771), or StO₂ slope 2 (2.2 ± 0.6%s^- 1 vs. 1.9 ± 0.9%s^- 1, respectively; p = 0.254).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After accounting for confounding variables, differences in cf-PWV were detected between sexes, while sex differences in other assessments of vascular health were not observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5265-5280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running in the heat reduces time to task failure, attenuates biomarkers of muscle microtrauma, and exacerbates low-frequency force depression and cardiac vagal withdrawal over 72-h post-exercise.","authors":"Yago Medeiros Dutra, Paloma Tavares Mendonça, João Pedro Fialho Lopes, Michael R Esco, Elvis de Souza Malta, Rodrigo Araújo Bonetti de Poli, Alessandro Moura Zagatto","doi":"10.1007/s00421-026-06367-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-026-06367-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>As exercise in the heat becomes increasingly common, a better understanding of post-exercise responses is essential to guide the appropriate use of fatigability monitoring tools and recovery strategies. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of running in the heat on neuromuscular function, cardiac autonomic modulation, and plasma markers of muscle microtrauma during post-exercise recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve participants (V̇O_2max: 44.8 ± 3.5 mL/kg/min) ran to task failure at a velocity associated with the respiratory compensation point (vRCP) in temperate (22.4 ± 0.9 °C) and hot (38.8 ± 0.7 °C) environments. Voluntary and evoked contractions of the knee-extensors, heart rate variability (HRV), and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were assessed pre-exercise, within the first hour post-exercise, and at 24-, 48, and 72-h post-exercise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Running in the heat reduced time to task failure (TTF, 17.8 ± 4.4 min vs. 42.3 ± 20.1, p < 0.01, d = 1.96) and attenuated the increase in plasma CK at 24 h post-exercise (condition×time interaction, post-hoc p < 0.05). Neuromuscular function and cardiac autonomic modulation were impaired within the first hour post-exercise (time effects, p < 0.05) and returned to baseline values at 24-h post-exercise in both conditions (post-hoc p > 0.05). Aggregated data (condition effects, post-hoc p < 0.05) over the 72-h monitoring time evidenced exacerbation of low-frequency force depression (reduced Db10_Force/Db100_Force) and cardiac vagal withdrawal (reduced high-frequency HRV power) after running in the heat.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Running in the heat at vRCP reduced TTF. Although heat reduced exercise duration, it specifically exacerbated low-frequency force depression and cardiac vagal withdrawal for 72-h post-exercise while attenuating the increase in plasma markers of muscle microtrauma at 24-h post-exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"5675-5690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}