European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Resting metabolic rate and energy efficiency in response to an intensive 84-day combat-swimmer training in the German Armed Forces.","authors":"Tony H Richter, Wiebke Braun, Lorenz Scheit, Jan Schröder, Rüdiger Reer, Volker Harth, Katrin Bender, Andreas Koch, Anja Bosy-Westphal, Manfred J Müller","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05659-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-024-05659-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>According to the 'constrained model', there are compensations in resting metabolic rate (RMR) at high levels of physical activity (PA). Here, we have used a standardized combat-swimmer training protocol (CST) to investigate whether changes in RMR (i) confirm the 'constraint model', and (ii) differ between successful participants and dropouts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Controlled 84d CST in 44 male soldiers with 13 finally successful. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance. RMR was assessed by indirect calorimetry, VO_2max, and work efficiency by treadmill spiroergometry. Plasma levels of thyroid hormones, testosterone, and cortisol were analysed by standard laboratory methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CST increased VO_2max (+ 6.9%) and exercise efficiency at low workloads of 10 and 12 km/h (+ 8.7 and + 6.5%; both p < 0.05). As energy balance was moderately negative (-356 ± 383 kcal/d), FFM and FM decreased (-2 and -16%; both p < 0.05). There was a considerable inter-individual variance but no change in in the mean values of RMR and RMR_adjFFM. RMR_adjFFM before CST had a negative association with its decrease with CST (p < 0.005). Concomitantly, plasma hormone levels were unchanged. When compared with dropouts, successful participants had a higher VO_2max at baseline (5.2 ± 0.6 vs. 4.9 ± 04 l/min; p < 0.05) that increased with CST (+ 4.4 vs. -0.4%; p < 0.05) at similar changes in body composition and energy balance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While CST increased VO_2max and exercise efficiency as a compensation, there was an inter-individual variance in exercise-related compensation of RMR with no differences between 'completers' and 'non-completers'. Trial registration DRKS00018850, November 27, 2019.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1101-1114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142715615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ultra-endurance event leads to changes in circulating regulatory T-cells, CD4+ naïve and CD8+ effector memory T-cells in the 48 h post-race recovery period.","authors":"Hannah Lithgow, Laura Gibson, Russell Wilson, Neil Guthrie, Lesley Ingram-Sills, Tom Clifford, Mark Ross","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05677-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-024-05677-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Exercise is known to acutely affect T-lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood, which is intensity- and duration-dependent. However, effects of longer duration endurance exercise (>5 h) on T-cells in the days following are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the circulating T-cell changes that occur in response to an ultra-endurance event, which may provide insight into the inflammatory response to ultra-endurance exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten individuals (m = 7, f = 3) completing an Ironman 70.3 event volunteered for the study. Peripheral blood samples were taken 1-2 days pre-race (PRE-RACE), and 1 day (RACE + 1) and 2 days (RACE + 2) post-race, with circulating T-cells enumerated by flow cytometry (total CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, regulatory T-cells [CD4+CD25+CD127-; T_REG], naïve [CD27+CD45RA+; NA], central memory [CD27+CD45RA-; CM], effector memory [CD27-CD45RA-; EM], and effector memory CD45RA+ [CD27-CD45RA+; EMRA]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no changes in total CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. T_REG RACE + 1 was significantly higher compared to PRE-RACE, as were the proportion of CD4+ NA cells and CD8+ CM cells at RACE + 2; CD8+ EM cells fell at RACE + 2 (absolute counts and proportion).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the ultra-endurance event evoked T-cell changes over the 48 h recovery period, with an increase in T-cells that regulate the immune response, and a reduction in circulating EM T-cells, most likely trafficked to sites of tissue damage and inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1129-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11950060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance but not endurance training suppresses glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) expression in human skeletal muscle.","authors":"Sebastian Paul, Lars Donath, Jessica Hoppstädter, Anne Hecksteden","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05644-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-024-05644-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Within human skeletal muscle, statin treatment leads to elevated levels of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). Further, GILZ mediates the muscle-related side effects of statins. Physical exercise leads to GILZ suppression, in a mechanosensitive manner. Given that statin treatment is rarely tolerated by habitually exercising individuals due to statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), it appears that the opposing regulation of GILZ facilitates this detrimental interaction of two key measures of cardiovascular prevention, specifically for exercise modalities with high muscle strain. Similarly, opposing regulation of atrophy associated genes (atrogenes) may be a further mechanism. If confirmed, these results might have implications for the exercise prescription of statin-users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository for studies reporting the acute effects of either endurance (END), conventional resistance (RT), or eccentric resistance training (ECC) was conducted. GILZ, as well as the expression of pivotal atrogenes (e.g., muscle atrophy F-box, cathepsin L, etc.) were quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>15 studies with 204 participants (22 females; 182 males) were included. RT resulted in the highest GILZ suppression, significantly differing from the expressional change after END ( - 0.46 ± 1.11 vs.  - 0.07 ± 1.08), but not from ECC ( - 0.46 ± 1.11 vs. - 0.46 ± 0.95). Similar results were seen for various atrogenes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results strengthen the assumption that mechanical loading can be considered a key mediator of exercise-induced changes in GILZ and atrogene expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1023-1036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy balance analysis suggests that lactate is not a direct cause of the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics.","authors":"Anna Taboni, Caterina Barilari, Giovanni Vinetti, Nazzareno Fagoni, Guido Ferretti","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05657-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-024-05657-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The mechanisms of oxygen uptake ( <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> ) slow component in the severe exercise intensity domain are still a matter of debate. We tested the hypothesis that the rate of blood lactate ([La]) accumulation above maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is a major cause of <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> slow component.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On 13 males exercising on a cycle-ergometer, we measured gas exchanges, heart rate, and [La] during maximal incremental exercise test to determine maximal aerobic power ( <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max) and at constant power exercise tests at 60%, 65%, 70%, and 80% of <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maximal <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> was 3.19 ± 0.37 l·min^-1, <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max was 283 ± 28 W. At 60% <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max all variables attained steady state in all subjects. Power at MLSS was 177 ± 21 W. At 80% <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max a clear <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> slow component was observed in all subjects, exercise lasted 11.3 ± 3.1 min and [La] was 7.4 ± 2.2 mmol at 5 min and 11.5 ± 3.6 mmol at 10 min. The energy balance computed at 80% <math><mover><mtext>w</mtext> <mo>.</mo></mover> </math> _max resulted compatible with the principles of the energetics of muscular exercise, if we assume linear [La] increase, and thus constant metabolic power provided by [La] accumulation. Conversely, the metabolic power provided by <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> slow component increases with time. This contrast is incompatible with the tested hypothesis that consequently must be rejected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study excluded [La] accumulation as a main cause of <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> slow component.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"957-966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142766604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The reliability of functional and systemic markers of muscle damage in response to a flywheel squat protocol.","authors":"Trevor J Dufner, Alexandria D Iacono, Jacob R Wheeler, Natalia B Lanier, Gabrielle Gillespie, Amalia E Proper, Jessica M Moon, Sarah K Fretti, Jeffrey R Stout, Marco Beato, Adam J Wells","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05656-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-024-05656-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize the magnitude, timescale, and reliability of changes in functional and systemic outcome markers following moderate (MIR) and high (HIR) isoinertial resistance flywheel squat protocols (FSP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four resistance-trained males completed two exercise trials (ET1 & ET2) separated by 32 days. Functional and systemic markers were assessed at pre-exercise (PRE), immediately post-exercise (IP), and 24 (24H), 48 (48H), and 72 (72H) hours post-exercise. Three-way group x trial x time repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to compare all dependent variables between groups (MIR & HIR) and experimental trials across time. Test-retest reliability between trials was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At IP, both groups exhibited significantly decreased active range of motion, perceived recovery status, squat maximal voluntary isometric contraction force, and vertical jump performance, along with significantly increased muscle thickness and echo intensity (ultrasound), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase when compared to PRE. Most outcomes remained perturbed at 24H and 48H, especially in the HIR group. By 72H, only a subset of variables remained significantly changed from PRE. No significant attenuation of outcomes between trials were observed and test-retest reliability between trials was excellent for the FSP and moderate to excellent for most outcomes in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that the FSP is a robust and repeatable exercise stimulus capable of eliciting significant exercise-induced muscle damage and reliable subsequent perturbations to functional and systemic markers of muscle damage. Our findings also support the use of crossover designs in future EIMD research designs with resistance-trained men.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1001-1021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review papers that push the boundaries of physiology and EJAP.","authors":"Michalis G Nikolaidis","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05772-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05772-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test-retest reliability of performance variables during treadmill rollerski skating.","authors":"Thomas Losnegard, Paul André Solberg, Magne Lund-Hansen, Martin Skaugen, Joar Hansen, Knut Skovereng, Øyvind Sandbakk","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05746-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05746-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We examined the test-retest reliability of rollerski testing across a familiarization trial followed by three separate test trials (T1-T3) conducted within a 14-day period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten competitive cross-country skiers performed three sub-maximal tests (5%, speed range 10-16 km h^-1) and a maximal speed test until failure (MTF; ~ 5-8 min, 7%, > 10 km h^-1) on a rollerski treadmill using the Gear 3 ski skating sub-technique. Reliability was assessed as within-subject typical error, expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV%, [confidence limits]) intraclass correlation (ICC, [confidence limits]), and changes in mean (%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The speed at MTF demonstrated a mean CV (T1-T3) of 1.5% [1.1, 2.6] and an ICC of 0.96 [0.87, 0.99], but a systematic familiarization bias from T1 to T2 (1.2% [0.1, 2.3]) and T2 to T3 (2.2% [0.1, 4.3]). Peak oxygen uptake exhibited a mean CV of 2.2% [1.6, 3.8] and an ICC of 0.93 [0.78, 0.98], with no systematic changes from T1 to T2 (- 0.2% [- 2.0, 1.6]) and T2 to T3 (1.8% [- 1.1, 4.7]). VO₂ at submaximal load showed a mean CV of 2.1% [1.5, 3.3] and an ICC of 0.94 [0.84,0.99], with no systematic changes from T1 to T2 (- 0.7% [- 2.4, 1.1]) and T2 to T3 (- 0.1% [- 2.4, 2.3]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relatively low CV and high ICC for most measures suggest a high degree of test-retest reliability. However, the systematic mean changes in MTF indicate that familiarization trials are essential to provide valuable information about individual changes. Overall, these reliability measures can be used as a framework by practitioners to discern true changes when testing on a rollerski treadmill.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a daily, home-based, 5-minute eccentric exercise program on physical fitness, body composition, and health in sedentary individuals.","authors":"Benjamin J C Kirk, Georgios Mavropalias, Anthony J Blazevich, Jodie L Cochrane-Wilkie, Aus Molan, Kazunori Nosaka","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05757-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05757-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined the effects of a 4-week home-based bodyweight eccentric exercise program, requiring just 5 min daily, on physical fitness, body composition, and both physical and mental health in sedentary individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-two sedentary but healthy individuals (4 men, 18 women; 32-69 years) completed a two-week control period followed by a 4-week intervention. The intervention involved daily exercises consisting of 10 repetitions each of chair squats, chair reclines, wall push-ups, and heel drops, including progressions if necessary. Assessments included isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), handgrip (HG) strength, push-up and sit-up endurance, sit-and-reach (S&R) flexibility, 3-min step test (3ST), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), body composition (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), physical health markers (blood based), and mental wellbeing (SF-36 survey and subjective vitality scale [SVS]). Measurements were taken before (PRE-1), after the control period (PRE-2), and after the 4-week training period (POST).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adherence to the program was 91±12% (18-28 sessions over 28 days). Intraclass correlation coefficients presented moderate-to-excellent reliability within the control period. No significant changes were observed in body composition, resting heart rate, blood pressure, HG, SJ, CMJ, or blood markers after training. However, significant improvements (p < 0.05) were noted in IMTP (13.0±18.5%), push-up (66.1±86.5%), sit-up (51.1±78.7%), S&R (9.1±20.0%), and 3ST heart rate (4.8±7.1% decrease). Mental health scores improved significantly (SF-36 by 16±29% and SVS by 20±3%, p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 5-minute daily eccentric exercise routine over 4 weeks significantly improved physical fitness and mental health in sedentary individuals, suggesting even a small dose of daily exercise can be beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of breath-holding in sports: physiological effects, challenges, and future directions.","authors":"Antonis Elia, Frédéric Lemaître","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05752-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05752-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Repeated breath-holding has been shown to elicit transient increases in haemoglobin and erythropoietin concentrations, while long-term engagement in breath-hold-related activities has been linked with improved hypercapnic tolerance, mental resilience, and favourable cardiorespiratory, cerebrovascular, and skeletal muscle adaptations. Given these findings, breath-holding was proffered as a possible performance optimisation strategy a little over a decade ago. This prompted practitioners and researchers to explore its broader application either as a priming strategy completed immediately before an endurance activity or as an alternative hypoxic-hypercapnic training method. Therefore, this review aims to offer an update of the acute and long-term physiological responses to breath-holding that are relevant to athletic performance and provide an overview of the existing body of knowledge surrounding its potential utility and efficacy as a performance enhancement strategy. Current evidence suggests that breath-holding may have potential as a priming strategy; however, further placebo-controlled studies are required to rigorously evaluate its efficacy. Additionally, it is evident that developing an effective protocol and administering it successfully is more complex than initially thought. Key factors such as the characteristics of the prescribed protocol, the timing of the intervention relative to the event, and the nature of the existing warm-up routine all require careful consideration. This highlights the need for adaptable, context-specific approaches when integrating breath-holding into real-world sporting environments. Finally, while dynamic breath-hold training shows the greatest potency as a performance optimisation strategy, further research is necessary to determine the optimal training protocol (i.e., hypoxaemic-hypercapnic dose), and duration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transitioning from stress electrocardiogram to cardiopulmonary exercise testing: a paradigm shift toward comprehensive medical evaluation of exercise function.","authors":"Omri Inbar, Or Inbar, Ron Dlin, Richard Casaburi","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05740-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05740-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has emerged as a powerful diagnostic tool, providing comprehensive physiological insights into the integrated function of cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems. Exploiting physiological interactions, CPET allows in-depth diagnostic insights. CPET performance entrains several complexities. Interpreting CPET data can be challenging, requiring significant physiological expertise. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced a transformative approach to CPET interpretation, enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and clinical decision-making. This review article explores the current state of AI applications in CPET, highlighting AI's potential to replace the traditional stress electrocardiogram (ECG) test as the preferred diagnostic tool in preventive medicine and medical screening. The article discusses the underlying principles of AI, its integration into CPET interpretation, and the associated benefits, including improved diagnostic accuracy, reduced interobserver variability, and expedited decision-making. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and considerations surrounding the implementation of AI in CPET such as data quality, model interpretability, and ethical concerns. The review concludes by emphasizing the significant promise of AI-assisted CPET interpretation in revolutionizing preventive medicine and medical screening settings and enhancing patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}