European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"The effect of age on heart rate variability indices during and following high-intensity continuous exercise in masters and young cyclists.","authors":"Nattai R Borges, Peter R Reaburn, Scott Michael, Thomas M Doering","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05588-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05588-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compared heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of cardiovascular autonomic regulation between well-trained masters and young cyclists at rest, during and following a continuous cycle (CTS) protocol. Ten masters (age = 56 ± 5 years) and eight young (age = 26 ± 3 years) cyclists completed a 100 min experimental protocol consisting of a 60 min CTS cycling bout at 95% of Ventilatory Threshold 2 followed by 40 min of supine recovery. Beat-to-beat heart rate was measured continuously, and HRV parameters analysed at standardised 5 min intervals during rest, exercise and recovery. The root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), low-frequency power and high-frequency power parameters were corrected by division of the R-R interval (time domain), or R-R interval squared (frequency domain). Further, the RMSSD and RMSSD:RR for successive 60-s R-R intervals at the onset (0-10 min) and offset (60-70 min) of CTS exercise were analysed over 10-min periods. The natural logarithm (Ln) of skewed parameters was taken for analysis. Significant interaction effects (P < 0.05) for 5 min segments were found for (LnRMSSD, LnRMSSD:RR, LnHF and LnHF:RR². Masters cyclists demonstrated lower values of parasympathetic activity at rest and during recovery (15-20 min and 35-40 min) compared to younger cyclists. However, similar HRV responses were observed during exercise, including throughout the acute onset and offset periods (P > 0.05). This data shows that cardiac autonomic regulation during, or immediately following CTS exercise may not be influenced by age, but masters athletes may exhibit a lower baseline for parasympathetic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the mechanisms of stress-induced human spleen contraction: training for a higher blood oxygen-carrying capacity.","authors":"Alexandros Sotiridis, Anastasios Makris, Maria Koskolou, Nickos D Geladas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05589-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05589-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite its comparatively limited size in humans, spleen has been shown able to expel red-blood cells in the circulation and thus augment blood oxygen-carrying capacity under certain physiologic conditions. In the present state-of-the-art review, the short- and long-term regulation of spleen volume will be discussed. With regards to the physiological mechanism underlying spleen contraction, sympathetic activation stands as the prime contributor to the response. A dose-dependent relationship between specific interventions of apnea, exercise and hypoxia (imposed separately or in combination) and spleen contraction alleges to the trainability of the spleen organ. The trainability of the spleen is further substantiated by virtue of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reporting robust increases in both organ volume at rest and subsequent spleen contraction. Alternative ways to assess the relationship between hematologic gains and the magnitude of spleen contraction (i.e., the reduction of spleen volume) will be presented herein. In extension of changes in the conventional measures of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, assessment of hemoglobin mass and total blood volume using the (safe, low-cost and time-efficient) CO-rebreathing technique could deepen scientific knowledge on the efficiency of human spleen contraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy cost of running uphill as compared to running on the level with impeding horizontal forces.","authors":"Cristian Osgnach, Katja Koren, Boštjan Šimunič, Anton Ušaj, Pietro Enrico di Prampero","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05587-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05587-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We have previously shown that accelerated running on flat terrain is biomechanically equivalent to running uphill at a constant speed. This hypothesis was further investigated comparing the energy cost of running at a constant speed either uphill, or on flat terrain against an equivalent horizontal impeding force, mimicking acceleration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Steady-state O₂ consumption and the corresponding energy cost (per unit body mass and distance) were determined on 12 male subjects during treadmill running at speeds between 2.11 and 2.89 m/s: (i) on the level, (ii) uphill at 10 or 20% incline ( <math><mi>I</mi></math> ), or (iii) on the level against a horizontal traction force of 10 or 20% of the subject's body weight ( <math><mrow><mi>TF</mi></mrow> </math> ). This allowed us to estimate the net efficiency ( <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>η</mi></mrow> </math> ) of running against horizontal or vertical forces, as given by the ratio between the additional mechanical work output under <math><mrow><mi>TF</mi></mrow> </math> , or the corresponding <math><mi>I</mi></math> condition, and the difference between the appropriate energy cost above that for running at constant speed on flat terrain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>η</mi></mrow> </math> values when running uphill ( <math><mi>I</mi></math> ) amount to 0.35-0.40, whereas those for running against an equivalent impeding force ( <math><mrow><mi>TF</mi></mrow> </math> ) are about 10% greater (0.45-0.50), a fact that may be due to a greater recovery of elastic energy in the <math><mrow><mi>TF</mi></mrow> </math> as compared to the <math><mi>I</mi></math> condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Making allowance for these small differences, these data support the view of considering accelerated running on flat terrain biomechanically equivalent to running at a constant speed, up an equivalent slope.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-response effects of caffeine during repeated cycling sprints in normobaric hypoxia to exhaustion.","authors":"Yinhang Cao, Wei He, Li Ding, Tze-Huan Lei, Zachary Schlader, Toby Mundel, Ran Wang, Li Guo, Jue Liu, Olivier Girard","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05576-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05576-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>With limited studies exploring the dose-response of caffeine consumption on repeated sprint ability in hypoxia, this study aimed to determine the optimal caffeine dose (low, moderate or high) during repeated sprints in hypoxia to exhaustion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On separate visits, twelve active males randomly performed four experimental trials in normobaric hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction: 16.5 ± 0.2%). Participants ingested placebo (PLA) or caffeine capsules (3, 6 or 9 mg/kg or LOW, MOD and HIGH, respectively) 1 h before exercise and then underwent a repeated cycling sprint test (10 s sprint/20 s active recovery) to exhaustion. Total sprint number and work done, peak and mean power output, blood lactate concentration, cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total sprint number was greater in MOD and HIGH compared to PLA (20 ± 7 and 18 ± 8 vs. 13 ± 4; all P < 0.05), with MOD also higher than LOW (15 ± 6; P = 0.02). Total work done was greater in MOD (111 ± 40 kJ) and HIGH (100 ± 35 kJ) compared to LOW (83 ± 29 kJ) and PLA (76 ± 25 kJ) (all P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in total sprint number or total work done between MOD and HIGH (all P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was higher in both MOD and HIGH compared to PLA (all P < 0.05). However, peak and mean power outputs, fatigue index, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ across different caffeine dosages (all P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A moderate dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg) is the optimal amount for enhancing repeated cycling sprint ability when compared to low and high doses in moderate normobaric hypoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing exercise performance and recovery through sodium bicarbonate supplementation: introducing the ingestion recovery framework.","authors":"William H Gurton, David G King, Mayur K Ranchordas, Jason C Siegler, Lewis A Gough","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation is an ergogenic strategy for athletes competing in high-intensity exercise, but the efficacy of SB for accelerating recovery from exercise and thus improving performance during repeated bouts of exercise is not fully understood. In a similar fashion to using SB as a pre-exercise buffer, it is possible accelerated restoration of blood pH and bicarbonate following an exercise bout mechanistically underpins the use of SB as a recovery aid. Physiological mechanisms contributing to beneficial effects for SB during repeated bout exercise could be more far-reaching however, as alterations in strong ion difference (SID) and attenuated cellular stress response might also contribute to accelerated recovery from exercise. From inspection of existing literature, ingestion of 0.3 g kg^-1 body mass SB ~60-90 min pre-exercise seems to be the most common dosage strategy, but there is evidence emerging for the potential application of post-exercise supplementation timing, gradual SB doses throughout a competition day, or even ingestion during exercise. Based on this review of literature, an SB ingestion recovery framework is proposed to guide athletes and practitioners on the use of SB to enhance performance for multiple bouts of exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of heart rate and heart rate variability after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in novice female runners.","authors":"Piia Kaikkonen, Kati Pasanen, Jari Parkkari, Iida Mustakoski, Tommi Vasankari, Mari Leppänen","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05580-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05580-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Previous studies have shown delayed cardiac vagal reactivation after high-intensity endurance exercise when estimated with heart rate variability (HRV). However, the recovery dynamics of RR intervals (RRI) and HRV after a maximal incremental exercise test have been studied less in non-athletic population and especially in females. The main aim of the study was to examine the recovery dynamics of RRI and HRV immediately after a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in adult females.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight healthy, novice recreational female runners (33.7 ± 4.2 years) were selected to participate in this study from a larger group of participants (Run RCT). RRIs were collected continuously during a controlled rest, a CPET on a treadmill and a 15-min controlled, passive recovery. Minute-by-minute recovery dynamics were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dynamic phase of RRI and heart rate recovery (HRR) (from 192.2 ± 9.9 to 111.4 ± 2.4, P < 0.001) occurred during the first 4.5 min with HRR of 36 ± 10 beats during the first minute of the recovery. Resting heart rate was negatively associated (r =  - 0.53, P = 0.016) with HRR during the recovery. No recovery of root mean square of successive RRIs (RMSSD) was detected during the 15-min recovery. RMSSD was 15.0 ± 9.2% of resting values at the end of the recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No recovery of vagal-derived HRV was detected immediately after a CPET in novice recreational female runners despite marked changes in sympathovagal balance, detected by rapid recovery of RRI during the first 5 min after exercise cessation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioimpedance analysis of fat free mass and its subcomponents and relative associations with maximal oxygen consumption in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.","authors":"Oscar Crisafulli, Giorgio Bottoni, Jessica Lacetera, Federico Fassio, Luca Grattarola, Emanuela Lavaselli, Giuseppe Giovanetti, Rossella Tupler, Massimo Negro, Giuseppe D'Antona","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05581-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05581-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fat free mass (FFM) is considered the metabolically active component of human body and is positively associated with maximal oxygen uptake ( <math> <mrow><msub><mtext>VO</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </math> ). However, FFM is composed of metabolically active and inactive subcomponents whose proportion can vary depending on body composition and clinical condition, possibly affecting such association. Although it is known that in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) peculiar changes in body composition occur, it is unclear whether there are alterations in FFM composition and, if so, whether such alterations affect the association towards <math> <mrow><msub><mtext>VO</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </math> compared to healthy subjects (HS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this issue, 27 FSHD patients (mean age 37.3; 9 female) and 27 sex and age matched HS, underwent an assessment of <math> <mrow><msub><mtext>VO</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </math> by cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) and body composition, with reference to FFM and its subcomponents, by bioimpedance analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In between-groups comparison, patients showed lower amounts of body cell mass (BCM) and intracellular water (ICW) which reflect in lower BCM/FFM ratio and higher extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW). Patients' <math> <mrow><msub><mtext>VO</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </math> was lower than HS and, even if with lower associative values than HS, correlated with FFM and BCM, while BCM/FFM and ECW/ICW ratios associations were observed only in HS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FSHD patients showed lower amount of BCM and ICW. BCM resulted as the parameter with the highest associative value with VO2max in both groups. Since <math> <mrow><msub><mtext>VO</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </math> is associated with functional ability in dystrophic patients, BCM, rather than FFM, could be an additional body composition-based clinical stratification factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of ischemic pre-conditioning on electrically stimulated contractions.","authors":"Ruben Allois, Pasquale Pagliaro, Ermini Leonardo, Silvestro Roatta","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05577-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05577-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) offers protection against future ischemic events and may improve sports performance due to several mechanisms at local and systemic levels. This study investigates the local effects on muscle contractility in electrically induced muscle contractions, thus effectively excluding any uncontrolled change in the motor drive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one subjects were divided into two groups: 12 subjects in the IPC group (3 × 5/5 min right arm ischemia/reperfusion; cuff pressure 250 mmHg) and 9 subjects in the SHAM group (same treatment at 20 mmHg). The adductor pollicis was contracted by supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve with single pulses, trains of stimuli (5, 8, 10 and 12 Hz, 1-s duration) and bursts (4 pulses, 25 Hz), all separated by 5-s intervals. The stimulation sequence was delivered before and 15 and 30 min after IPC/SHAM treatment. The isometric contraction force, the superficial electromyographic signal, and tissue oxygenation were continuously monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant force decrease in time was observed at 8, 10 (p < 0.01) and 12 Hz (p < 0.05) along with a decrease in half-relaxation time in single twitches and bursts (p = 0.01), regardless of treatment. This general time-related weakening was more marked in IPC than SHAM at 5-Hz stimulation. No effects were observed on the magnitude of the superficial electromyographic signal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data indicate that IPC does not increase muscle force during electrically stimulated contractions, supporting the idea that IPC's ergogenic effects are not due to increased muscle contractility.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of lactate measurements from earlobe and fingertip capillary blood using Biosen S-Line and lactate scout analyzers.","authors":"Fogen Zhong, Zhili Chen, Zhengqiu Gu, Xinxin Wang, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Yongming Li","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05585-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05585-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to compare variations between the earlobe and fingertip sampling sites in exercises dominated by upper body muscle exertion. It also sought to investigate capillary blood lactate differences between Lactate Scout 4 (LS4) and a bench-top analyzer (Biosen S-Line analyzer, BSL) during Double Poling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples were collected from the earlobe and fingertip immediately before exercise, at the end of each of five stages, and at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-min post-exercise. Forty healthy university students participated as volunteers. During the study, they performed double poling on a ski ergometer with progressively increasing load. Lactate levels were measured using both the BSL and LS4 analyzers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fingertip Bla values were significantly higher than earlobe values, with a mean bias of -0.66 mmol/L, reaching -0.86 mmol/L in the 4-8 mmol/L range. At the earlobe, the highest CCC between BSL and LS4-a was 0.84 (> 8 mmol/L), and for BSL and LS4-b, it was 0.85 (> 8 mmol/L). At the fingertip, the highest CCC between BSL and LS4-c was 0.68 (> 8 mmol/L), and for BSL and LS4-d, it was 0.52 (> 8 mmol/L). Comparing LS4-a and LS4-b at the earlobe, the highest CCC was 0.83 (0-4 mmol/L). At the fingertip, comparing LS4-c and LS4-d, the highest CCC was 0.68 (> 8 mmol/L).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Blood lactate concentrations are higher at the fingertip than the earlobe during SkiErg double poling. The LS4 is less reliable, especially at the fingertip, so using the earlobe with the BSL analyzer is recommended for accurate measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A proposed test to determine physical working capacity at pain intensity threshold (PWC_PIT).","authors":"Danielle A Sterner, Jeffrey R Stout, Brandi B Antonio, Abigail T Anderson, David H Fukuda","doi":"10.1007/s00421-024-05583-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05583-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to establish a new threshold parameter called the physical working capacity at pain intensity threshold (PWC_PIT) using a pain intensity scale and mathematical methods similar to those used to develop the physical working capacity at oxygen consumption threshold (PWC_VO2) and physical working capacity at heart rate threshold (PWC_HRT). The study had two objectives: (i) to examine the relationship between PWC_PIT and traditional PWC measures and (ii) to explore the physiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between pain perception and capacity thresholds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen male volunteers (age 21 ± 2 years, height 176 ± 6 cm, weight 76 ± 9 kg, VO_2peak 37.8 ± 7.8 ml/kg/min^-1) underwent an incremental exhaustion test and four 8-min randomly ordered work bouts on different days at 70-100% peak power output (119-320 W) to establish their PWC_PIT, PWC_HRT and PWC_VO2. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests and a zero-order correlation matrix were used to analyze these thresholds.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PWC_PIT significantly correlated with PWC_HRT (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), PWC_VO2 (r = 0.84, P < 0.001), and gas exchange threshold (GET) (r = 0.7, P = 0.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The model for estimating PWC_HRT and PWC_VO2 can be applied to determine the PWC_PIT. By examining how PWC_PIT aligns with, differs from, or complements existing PWC threshold measures, researchers may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that govern endurance performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}