European Journal of Applied Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Hormonal and metabolic responses across phases of combined oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle in young elite female athletes.","authors":"Katia Collomp, Agnès Olivier, Caroline Teulier, Juliette Bonnigal, Nathalie Crépin, Corinne Buisson, Magnus Ericsson, Emmanuelle Duron, Eric Favory, Mathieu Zimmermann, Virgile Amiot, Carole Castanier","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05745-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05745-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite the significant number of female athletes using combined oral contraceptives (COCs), there is scant literature on their hormonal and metabolic effects across different phases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to contribute to a wider knowledge of COC-action mechanisms involved in athletes' performance and health, we therefore examined the effects of low-dose monophasic COC (ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel) intake on sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, sex hormone binding protein (SHBG)) as well as on a large number of pituitary (LH, TSH, prolactin) and peripheral (triiodothyronine, cortisol, DHEA, DHEA-S, aldosterone, osteocalcin, 25(OH)D) basal hormone levels in nine young elite female athletes, across COC administration (first and second half of active hormone intake, washout phases), compared to eleven female athletes without hormonal contraception across their normal menstrual cycle (NMC, i.e., early follicular, end follicular/peri-ovulatory, mid-luteal phases).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>COC vs. NMC increased SHBG (p < 0.01), TSH, cortisol and 25(OH)D (p < 0.05), and decreased DHEA and DHEA-S (p < 0.05) concentrations. Across COC and NMC phases, higher estradiol and aldosterone concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed during the washout and mid-luteal phases, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In highly trained female athletes, COC vs. NMC induced several hormonal alterations, irrespective of the phases, leading to potential ergogenic and clinical repercussions that merit clarification. In NMC athletes, the impact of endogenous sex hormone fluctuations on the parameters studied appeared limited, perhaps mitigated by intense physical training, with only aldosterone change. Given the high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, it seems warranted to monitor this parameter, not yet routinely considered in female athletes, taking into account COC intake.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ID-RCB:2020-A02965-34, France.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1923-1932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple on-field fast knee-flexion test to assess acute knee flexor fatigue.","authors":"Cornelis J de Ruiter, Lucas M Baak, Yfke Westerling, Erik Wilmes","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05732-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05732-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In a practical setting, outside the laboratory, acute muscle fatigue may be underestimated because substantial recovery occurs during the elapsed time between the end of exercise and fatigue assessment. We introduce a simple field test to assess knee flexor contractile function quickly after exercise cessation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen young amateur football players performed maximally fast knee flexions (FKFs) in the prone position with their dominant leg, before (pre) and 20 s after finishing a series of fourteen fatiguing 40 m sprints (post) and again following 6 min recovery (rec). Peak angular acceleration (PAA) about the knee joint was measured with a small inertial measurement unit (IMU) firmly attached to the shin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although participants only practiced the FKFs for 1 min in the warm-up, the reliability of PPA was good with coefficients of variation of 3.0% (pre), 2.7% (post), and 3.6% (rec). Sprint time increased from 5.96 ± 0.40 s to 6.55 ± 0.37 s (p < 0.001, f = 0.89), PAA decreased from 107.1 ± 11.5 rad.s^-2 to 94.1 ± 11.7 rad.s^-2 (p < 0.001, f = 0.50) and following recovery (p < 0.05) values were 6.15 ± 0.39 s and 103.1 ± 10.7 rad.s^-2, respectively. The percentage decrease in PAA during FKFs was linearly related (r² = 0.48, p = 0.01) to the percentage increase in 40 m sprint time. In addition, PAA (pre) was related to the time of the first sprint (r² = 0.33, p = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed FKF test is reliable and can easily be executed to evaluate acute knee flexor muscle fatigue on the field. The presented relations between (changes in) sprint performance and peak knee angular accelerations during isolated fast knee flexions are promising but need confirmation in larger-scaled studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1961-1969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor control performance-related modulation of beta-band EEG-sEMG coherence differs between general and local muscular exercise-induced fatigue.","authors":"Changxiao Yu, Jianglong Zhan, Linfeng Xu, Junhong Zhou, Weijie Fu","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05714-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05714-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Exercise-induced fatigue can reduce motor control performance and increase the risk of sporting injuries, which are related to functional coupling within the corticomotoneuronal pathway. However, the differences in functional coupling caused by general and local muscular exercise-induced fatigue are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise-induced fatigue on the beta-band (16-30 Hz) functional coupling between the sensorimotor cortex (SM1) and muscles of the dominant lower limb under different fatigue protocols.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four healthy male participants were recruited to participate in randomized sessions of personalized constant speed running as general muscular exercise (GME) and maximum isokinetic ankle plantar-dorsiflexion as local muscular exercise (LME) to induce fatigue. These sessions were separated by 7 days. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of SM1 (e.g., FC1, FCz, and Cz) and surface electromyography signals (sEMG) of four muscles (soleus, SOL; medial gastrocnemius, MG; later gastrocnemius, and LG; tibialis anterior, TA) were simultaneously recorded before and after fatigue during the ankle plantar-dorsiflexion task, which were used for beta-band coherence analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following fatigue induced by GME, the EEG-sEMG coherence was significantly greater than that induced by LME (P < 0.04). Compared to pre-fatigue state, the coherence of FC1-SOL, FCz-SOL, and Cz-SOL increased significantly after general fatigue, while these coherences decreased significantly after local fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fatigue induced by GME indicates an enhancement in beta-band functional coupling between the SM1 and muscles of the dominant lower limb, which is related to higher motor control performance. In contrast, fatigue induced by LME diminishes the functional coupling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1869-1879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of burn injury size on cardiovascular responses to exercise in the heat.","authors":"Zachary J McKenna, Whitley C Atkins, Elizabeth A Gideon, Josh Foster, Isa A Farooqi, Craig G Crandall","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05731-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05731-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We tested the hypothesis that due to well recognized thermoregulatory impairments, resulting in greater thermal strain, adults with well healed burn injuries will have heightened cardiovascular responses to exercise in the heat. Adults with burn injuries covering 20-40% body surface area (n = 10), > 40% body surface area (n = 11), and non-burned controls (n = 10) performed 1 h of treadmill walking at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (~ 4.5 w/kg) in the heat (39 °C, 40% relative humidity). Core temperature, heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure were obtained at rest and during exercise. The increase in core temperature was 0.89 ± 0.40 °C for control, 0.92 ± 0.43 °C for 20-40%, and 1.30 ± 0.58 °C for > 40% (interaction: p = .08). Ending heart rate was greater in > 40% compared to control (142 ± 27 vs 118 ± 9 bpm; p = .03), however there was no difference between 20-40% and control (128 ± 24 vs 118 ± 9 bpm; p = .44). Ending rate pressure product was higher in the > 40% compared to control (21,326 ± 4327 vs 15,971 ± 2156 mmHg*bpm; p = .007), however there was no difference between 20-40% and control (18,698 ± 3741 vs 15,971 ± 2156 mmHg*bpm; p = .16). At 45-min into exercise, cardiac minute work was higher in the > 40% compared to control (577 ± 102 vs 467 ± 63 L/min*mmHg/m²; p = .02), but there was no difference between 20-40% and control (513 ± 82 vs 467 ± 63 L/min*mmHg/m²; p = .36). These findings show that well-healed burn survivors with large burn injuries, such as those covering > 40% of total body surface area, have increased cardiovascular strain during exercise heat stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1997-2005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143500090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test-retest reliability of performance variables during treadmill rollerski skating.","authors":"Thomas Losnegard, Paul André Solberg, Magne Lund-Hansen, Martin Skaugen, Joar Hansen, Knut Skovereng, Øyvind Sandbakk","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05746-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05746-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We examined the test-retest reliability of rollerski testing across a familiarization trial followed by three separate test trials (T1-T3) conducted within a 14-day period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten competitive cross-country skiers performed three sub-maximal tests (5%, speed range 10-16 km h^-1) and a maximal speed test until failure (MTF; ~ 5-8 min, 7%, > 10 km h^-1) on a rollerski treadmill using the Gear 3 ski skating sub-technique. Reliability was assessed as within-subject typical error, expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV%, [confidence limits]) intraclass correlation (ICC, [confidence limits]), and changes in mean (%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The speed at MTF demonstrated a mean CV (T1-T3) of 1.5% [1.1, 2.6] and an ICC of 0.96 [0.87, 0.99], but a systematic familiarization bias from T1 to T2 (1.2% [0.1, 2.3]) and T2 to T3 (2.2% [0.1, 4.3]). Peak oxygen uptake exhibited a mean CV of 2.2% [1.6, 3.8] and an ICC of 0.93 [0.78, 0.98], with no systematic changes from T1 to T2 (- 0.2% [- 2.0, 1.6]) and T2 to T3 (1.8% [- 1.1, 4.7]). VO₂ at submaximal load showed a mean CV of 2.1% [1.5, 3.3] and an ICC of 0.94 [0.84,0.99], with no systematic changes from T1 to T2 (- 0.7% [- 2.4, 1.1]) and T2 to T3 (- 0.1% [- 2.4, 2.3]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relatively low CV and high ICC for most measures suggest a high degree of test-retest reliability. However, the systematic mean changes in MTF indicate that familiarization trials are essential to provide valuable information about individual changes. Overall, these reliability measures can be used as a framework by practitioners to discern true changes when testing on a rollerski treadmill.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2015-2021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Test-retest reliability of performance variables during treadmill rollerski skating.","authors":"Thomas Losnegard, Paul André Solberg, Magne Lund-Hansen, Martin Skaugen, Joar Hansen, Knut Skovereng, Øyvind Sandbakk","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05809-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05809-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"2023-2026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 'muscular wisdom' fatigue hypothesis: historical perspectives and contemporary challenges.","authors":"Alexander M Zero, Charles L Rice","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05872-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05872-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying mechanisms of force loss (i.e., muscle fatigue) has been of long-standing interest. The muscular wisdom hypothesis (promulgated circa 1970) states the declining motor unit firing rates during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction do not contribute to force loss, but rather, i) lower rates provide appropriate excitation as contractile speed slows with fatigue, and ii) provides protection against peripheral conduction failure. This theory was predominant until further scrutiny and experimental evidence in the ensuing decades made it less clear whether the hypothesis was justified properly. Therefore, a central tenet in our understanding is whether the declining firing rates observed during maximal contractions are causative or preventative of force loss. Here we provide a historical perspective of the studies antecedent to the original hypothesis and an up-to-date comprehensive review of the factors involved. Overall, we summarize and evaluate the evidence as to whether force loss during maximal contractions is due to inadequate neural input or impairments in peripheral contractility. Alterations in motor unit function, (as 'the final common pathway') are the focus to explore these concepts from an integrated approach. Although some aspects may have been originally overstated, due mostly to a lack of a fuller understanding of various factors at the time, we conclude the decline in motor unit firing rates are preventive and not causative of force loss during sustained maximal contractions. Overall, the muscle wisdom hypothesis is a classic example of the capable adjustments in response to stress by mitigating impairments at one site through adaptations at another.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144539682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactic acidosis: implications for human exercise performance.","authors":"Simeon P Cairns, Michael I Lindinger","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05750-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05750-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During high-intensity exercise a lactic-acidosis occurs with raised myoplasmic and plasma concentrations of lactate^- and protons ([lactate^-], [H⁺] or pH). We critically evaluate whether this causes/contributes to fatigue during human exercise. Increases of [lactate^-] per se (to 25 mM in plasma, 50 mM intracellularly) exert little detrimental effect on muscle performance while ingestion/infusion of lactate^- can be ergogenic. An exercise-induced intracellular acidosis at the whole-muscle level (pH_i falls from 7.1-7.0 to 6.9-6.3), incorporates small changes in slow-twitch fibres (pH_i ~ 6.9) and large changes in fast-twitch fibres (pH_i ~ 6.2). The relationship between peak force/power and acidosis during fatiguing contractions varies across exercise regimes implying that acidosis is not the sole cause of fatigue. Concomitant changes of other putative fatigue factors include phosphate metabolites, glycogen, ions and reactive oxygen species. Acidosis to pH_i 6.7-6.6 at physiological temperatures (during recovery from exercise or induced in non-fatigued muscle), has minimal effect on force/power. Acidosis to pH_i ~ 6.5-6.2 per se reduces maximum force (~12%), slows shortening velocity (~5%), and lowers peak power (~22%) in non-fatigued muscles/individuals. A pre-exercise induced-acidosis with ammonium chloride impairs exercise performance in humans and accelerates the decline of force/power (15-40% initial) in animal muscles stimulated repeatedly in situ. Raised [H⁺]_i and diprotonated inorganic phosphate ([H₂PO₄^-]_i) act on myofilament proteins to reduce maximum cross-bridge activity, Ca²⁺-sensitivity, and myosin ATPase activity. Acidosis/[lactate^-]_o attenuates detrimental effects of large K⁺-disturbances on action potentials and force in non-fatigued muscle. We propose that depressive effects of acidosis and [H₂PO₄^-]_i on myofilament function dominate over the protective effects of acidosis/lactate^- on action potentials during fatigue. Raised extracellular [H⁺]/[lactate^-] do not usually cause central fatigue but do contribute to elevated perceived exertion and fatigue sensations by activating group III/IV muscle afferents. Modulation of H⁺/lactate^- regulation (via extracellular H⁺-buffers, monocarboxylate transporters, carbonic anhydrase, carnosine) supports a role for intracellular acidosis in fatigue. In conclusion, current evidence advocates that severe acidosis in fast-twitch fibres can contribute to force/power fatigue during intense human exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1761-1795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taurine supplementation as a strategy to enhance thermoregulation during low-intensity exercise.","authors":"Gabriela Ferreira Abud, Ellen Cristini de Freitas","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05776-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05776-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1743-1745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics during static and dynamic breath-holding.","authors":"Jérémie Allinger, Guillaume Costalat, Catherine Chiron, Marion Nouhliane, Gaelle Mediouni, Emilie Carré, Frédéric Lemaître","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05742-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00421-025-05742-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study investigated the changes in cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics elicited by the diving response during static (S_BH) and dynamic (DYN_BH) breath-holding (BH) in moderately trained recreational breath-hold divers (BHDs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nineteen BHDs (42.9 ± 7.8 years, 5.7 ± 2.5 years of breath-hold practice) participated in the study. Cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics, along with muscle and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation, were continuously tracked throughout a single S_BH and DYN_BH by means of arterial volume clamp, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured pre- and post-BH to evaluate potential neuronal stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the end of BH, the manifestations of the diving response were similar in both conditions, characterized by a bradycardic response (S_BH: - 14 ± 6%, p < 0.05; DYN_BH: - 13 ± 18%, p < 0.05) and an increase in total peripheral resistance (S_BH: + 127 ± 46%, p < 0.05; DYN_BH: + 116 ± 110%, p < 0.05). Mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity increased significantly more during S_BH (+ 139 ± 17%, p < 0.05) than DYN_BH (+ 109 ± 23%, p < 0.05). Relative changes in pre-frontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin were higher during DYN_BH compared to S_BH (+ 350 ± 106% vs. + 128 ± 27%, p < 0.05). NSE levels did not change pre- and post- S_BH and DYN_BH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to relatively attenuated increase in cerebral blood velocity, DYN_BH resulted in a greater imbalance between oxygen supply and pre-frontal oxygen consumption than S_BH. However, NSE levels remained unchanged from baseline values, suggesting that no acute neuronal damage occurred in either condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":"1855-1867"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}