{"title":"Effects of 8-week ischemic preconditioning on swimming performance and power output in male 100-m freestyle swimmers: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Wenwei Yang, Ziyue Ou, Guoqin Xu, Shibin Zheng, Xinying Bo, Xu Yan, Weiwei Huang","doi":"10.1007/s00421-025-05982-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an 8-week ischemic preconditioning (IPC) intervention on the athletic performance of male freestyle swimmers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen male 100-m freestyle swimmers were randomly assigned to either the IPC group (n = 9) or the sham operation group (n = 9), with interventions administered three times per week over the course of 8 weeks. Athletic performance was evaluated through 100-m freestyle race tests and Wingate 30-s tests at baseline, at the 4th week, and at the 9th week. The data were analyzed via two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 8 weeks of intervention, the IPC group demonstrated significantly improved performance in the 100-m race compared with the placebo group (57.57 ± 2.30 vs. 59.90 ± 2.30, p = 0.048, d = 1.01). The enhancement in the second half of the 100-m performance was more pronounced in the IPC group than in the placebo group (30.15 ± 1.00 vs. 32.32 ± 1.97, p = 0.009, d = 1.39). Significant increases in peak power (817.27 ± 144.77 vs. 674.93 ± 54.75, p = 0.014, d = 1.30), mean power (679.60 ± 85.12 vs. 541.64 ± 78.33, p = 0.003, d = 1.69), and blood lactate levels (16.07 ± 1.22 vs. 14.7 ± 0.97, p = 0.018, d = 1.24) were detected. Conversely, a significant decrease was noted in the fatigue index (51.28 ± 6.20 vs. 60.34 ± 10.60, p = 0.042, d = 1.04) and time to peak (2942.67 ± 1782.08 vs. 4758.00 ± 1830.71, p = 0.049, d = 1.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An 8-week IPC intervention can effectively enhance the athletic performance of freestyle swimmers, potentially by improving anaerobic power output and delaying fatigue, as measured by the Wingate 30 s test. This finding suggests a novel intervention strategy for swim training.</p>","PeriodicalId":12005,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"European Journal of Applied Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05982-0","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an 8-week ischemic preconditioning (IPC) intervention on the athletic performance of male freestyle swimmers.
Methods: Eighteen male 100-m freestyle swimmers were randomly assigned to either the IPC group (n = 9) or the sham operation group (n = 9), with interventions administered three times per week over the course of 8 weeks. Athletic performance was evaluated through 100-m freestyle race tests and Wingate 30-s tests at baseline, at the 4th week, and at the 9th week. The data were analyzed via two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, the IPC group demonstrated significantly improved performance in the 100-m race compared with the placebo group (57.57 ± 2.30 vs. 59.90 ± 2.30, p = 0.048, d = 1.01). The enhancement in the second half of the 100-m performance was more pronounced in the IPC group than in the placebo group (30.15 ± 1.00 vs. 32.32 ± 1.97, p = 0.009, d = 1.39). Significant increases in peak power (817.27 ± 144.77 vs. 674.93 ± 54.75, p = 0.014, d = 1.30), mean power (679.60 ± 85.12 vs. 541.64 ± 78.33, p = 0.003, d = 1.69), and blood lactate levels (16.07 ± 1.22 vs. 14.7 ± 0.97, p = 0.018, d = 1.24) were detected. Conversely, a significant decrease was noted in the fatigue index (51.28 ± 6.20 vs. 60.34 ± 10.60, p = 0.042, d = 1.04) and time to peak (2942.67 ± 1782.08 vs. 4758.00 ± 1830.71, p = 0.049, d = 1.00).
Conclusion: An 8-week IPC intervention can effectively enhance the athletic performance of freestyle swimmers, potentially by improving anaerobic power output and delaying fatigue, as measured by the Wingate 30 s test. This finding suggests a novel intervention strategy for swim training.
目的：探讨为期8周的缺血预处理（IPC）干预对男子自由泳运动员运动成绩的长期影响。方法：18名男子100米自由泳运动员随机分为IPC组（n = 9）和假手术组（n = 9），每周进行3次干预，为期8周。在基线、第4周和第9周，通过100米自由泳测试和Wingate 30-s测试来评估运动表现。数据采用双向重复测量方差分析。结果：干预8周后，与安慰剂组相比，IPC组在100米赛跑中表现明显改善（57.57±2.30 vs. 59.90±2.30,p = 0.048, d = 1.01）。与安慰剂组相比，IPC组在100米运动后半段的增强更为明显（30.15±1.00 vs. 32.32±1.97,p = 0.009, d = 1.39）。峰值功率（817.27±144.77 vs. 674.93±54.75,p = 0.014, d = 1.30）、平均功率（679.60±85.12 vs. 541.64±78.33,p = 0.003, d = 1.69）、血乳酸水平（16.07±1.22 vs. 14.7±0.97,p = 0.018, d = 1.24）均显著升高。相反，疲劳指数（51.28±6.20 vs. 60.34±10.60,p = 0.042, d = 1.04）和峰值时间（2942.67±1782.08 vs. 4758.00±1830.71,p = 0.049, d = 1.00）显著降低。结论：8周的IPC干预可以有效提高自由泳运动员的运动成绩，可能通过提高无氧功率输出和延迟疲劳来实现。这一发现为游泳训练提供了一种新的干预策略。
期刊介绍：
The European Journal of Applied Physiology (EJAP) aims to promote mechanistic advances in human integrative and translational physiology. Physiology is viewed broadly, having overlapping context with related disciplines such as biomechanics, biochemistry, endocrinology, ergonomics, immunology, motor control, and nutrition. EJAP welcomes studies dealing with physical exercise, training and performance. Studies addressing physiological mechanisms are preferred over descriptive studies. Papers dealing with animal models or pathophysiological conditions are not excluded from consideration, but must be clearly relevant to human physiology.
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