European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Optic Flow on Electrocortical Dynamics During Walking and Stepping Over Virtual Obstacles","authors":"Marco A. Bühler,&nbsp;Joyce Fung,&nbsp;Anouk Lamontagne","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70694","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70694","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Successful obstacle avoidance relies on complex visuomotor processes. Although optic flow provides critical information about self-motion and object motion, the neural mechanisms underlying its role during obstacle avoidance remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we developed a treadmill-based virtual reality paradigm to investigate cortical dynamics during obstacle avoidance performed with and without optic flow. Accordingly, 24 healthy adults walked on a treadmill and stepped over virtual obstacles in two environments: one with optic flow (textured walls/ceiling) and one without. Electroencephalography data were recorded, decomposed with independent component analysis, and clustered within the sensorimotor, parietal, and occipital regions. Time-frequency power was compared across conditions in the theta, alpha, and beta bands. Results revealed transient theta synchronizations shortly after obstacle presentation and before obstacle clearance were observed in all regions and conditions, together with sustained alpha/beta desynchronizations throughout the planning phase. Optic flow enhanced pre-obstacle alpha desynchronizations and uniquely induced sustained occipital theta synchronization in the same period. These modulations in electrocortical activity in the optic flow condition before obstacle presentation likely reflect responses associated with self-motion, whereas its persistence after obstacle presentation suggests a shared contribution of self- and object-motion processing. Sensorimotor alpha power decreased after obstacle presentation, indicating increased engagement in motor planning. Together, these findings demonstrate that optic flow shapes electrocortical dynamics during obstacle avoidance by eliciting distinct neural signatures associated with visual motion processing and motor planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Somatic Mosaicism of the Brain: The Functional Implications of Post-Zygotic Mutations to Neural Circuits","authors":"Maher Abdulrazzaq Al-Hakeem,&nbsp;Yasir Qasim Almajidi,&nbsp;Samer Saleem Alshkarchy,&nbsp;Ali Kamil Kareem,&nbsp;Roopashree Rangaswamy,&nbsp;Zahraa Khudhair Al-Khafaji,&nbsp;Priya Priyadarshini Nayak,&nbsp;Kattela Chennakesavulu,&nbsp;Renu Sharma,&nbsp;Wesam R. Kadhum","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70689","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The human brain is a genomic mosaic shaped by post-zygotic mutations that accumulate from the earliest embryonic divisions through aging. This review synthesizes current evidence on the origins, detection, functional consequences and disease relevance of neural somatic mosaicism. We find that somatic variants—including single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variations, mobile element insertions, structural rearrangements and aneuploidies—arise through distinct molecular mechanisms such as replication errors, oxidative stress, defective DNA repair and transposable element activity, each leaving characteristic mutational signatures. The developmental timing of mutations is the primary determinant of their clonal distribution and functional impact: early mutations generate widespread clones, whereas later events produce localized or single-cell mosaics. We demonstrate that even small populations of mutant neurons can disrupt network dynamics when key signalling pathways are affected, as shown in mTOR-related cortical malformations where non-cell-autonomous mechanisms drive epileptogenesis. Our analysis reveals that somatic mosaicism provides a unifying explanation for diverse neurological conditions, from focal epilepsies and neurodevelopmental disorders to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, including mechanisms invisible to conventional blood-based genetic testing. We conclude that understanding the brain as a dynamic mosaic of billions of distinct genomes—rather than a single-genome organ—is essential for accurate disease modelling, diagnostics and the development of targeted therapies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Dependent Enhancement of Motor Dexterity and Cerebellar Function via Premotor–Cerebellar Associative Stimulation","authors":"Kazuki Tanaka,&nbsp;Atsushi Shima,&nbsp;Erika Omae,&nbsp;Miyabi Toriyama,&nbsp;Tomoaki Miyake,&nbsp;Masako Yamada,&nbsp;Yedi Cao,&nbsp;Tatsuya Mima,&nbsp;Satoko Koganemaru","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70688","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70688","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paired associative stimulation (PAS) techniques are key to understanding neuromodulation and plasticity. Because of the tight interconnections between the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, noninvasive cerebro-cerebellar associative stimulation may enhance cerebellar function; however, this has not been studied in humans. This study investigated whether PAS of the cerebellar hemisphere and premotor cortex (PMC) modulates human cerebellar function in a time-dependent manner. The inclusion criteria were as follows: right-handedness and no history of brain disease. Cerebellar-target PAS was performed by repeating paired stimuli on the left cerebellar hemisphere preceded by the right PMC using interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 5, 20, or 40 ms on three different days. Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) and motor dexterity (9-Hole Peg Test and line-tracing tests using the left hand) were evaluated. Twenty-three healthy volunteers aged 20–29 years participated in this study. The CBI of the left cerebellum showed significant enhancement after cerebellar-target PAS with an ISI of 20 ms (CBI-3, <i>p</i> = 0.0031; CBI-5, <i>p</i> = 0.0006; and CBI-10, <i>p</i> = 0.0052) and a significant decrease after an ISI of 5 ms. The performance time on the 9-Hole Peg Test and line tracing tests decreased after an ISI of 20 ms and increased after an ISI of 5 ms. Cerebellar-target PAS with an ISI of 20 ms targeting the left cerebellum improved motor dexterity in the left hand. The effects of cerebellar-target PAS depend on the stimulation interval, which could be a potential therapeutic approach for the neurorehabilitation of patients with cerebellar disorders.</p>\u0000 <p><b>Study Registration:</b> jRCT1052210071</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148988656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Morin Against Chemical-Induced Neurotoxicities and Neurodegenerative Disease Models","authors":"Bidemi Emmanuel Ekundayo,&nbsp;Motunrayo Comfort Ekundayo,&nbsp;Sunday Ayodele Alonge,&nbsp;Blessing Ariyo Obafemi,&nbsp;Tajudeen Olabisi Obafemi,&nbsp;Sogolo Lucky Lebelo,&nbsp;Monde McMillan Ntwasa","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70692","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70692","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Morin (3,5,7,2′,4′-pentahydroxyflavone) is a dietary flavonol with broad neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions across central and peripheral nervous system models. This synthesis consolidates evidence from in vitro and rodent studies—covering neurodegenerative proteinopathies (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's), neuropathic pain, epilepsy, stress- and schizophrenia-like phenotypes, and chemo-/toxicant-induced neurotoxicity—to evaluate morin's consistent benefits on survival, motor/cognitive performance, and biochemical normalization. Morin mitigated neurotoxicity induced by doxorubicin, ifosfamide, vincristine, acrylamide, heavy metals, and endocrine disruptors. Context-specific effects included modulation of disease-defining pathways (<i>GSK3β</i>/CDK5, mTORC1, PARP, and AMPK–ULK1–TFEB), microglial polarization, and normalization of neurotransmission (dopamine, GABA, 5-HT, and reduced AChE). Core mechanisms included the following: restoration of redox and mitochondrial homeostasis via <i>Nrf2</i>/HO-1 activation; replenishment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH); decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO); and preserved mitochondrial potential/fusion; suppression of innate immune and inflammasome signaling through downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB and ERK–p65, reduced TNF-α, IL-1β/IL-6, iNOS/COX-2; inhibition of NLRP3/caspase-1; and rebalancing of cell-death programs (↓<i>Bax</i>/caspase-3, ↑<i>Bcl-2</i>; attenuation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis). Formulation strategies (intranasal microemulsions, pluronic micelles, and more soluble derivatives) have enhanced brain exposure and efficacy, but translation now warrants optimized delivery, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic mapping, target engagement biomarkers, and rigorously controlled trials to define dose, route, and indications as adjunctive to standard care in neurodegeneration, neuropathic pain, and toxicant-related brain injury. Collectively, morin emerges as a multitarget neuroprotective scaffold with reproducible functional and mechanistic benefits.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological and Physiological Characteristics of Synaptic Transmissions From the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Onto Noradrenergic Neurons and Inhibitory Interneurons in the Mouse Locus Coeruleus","authors":"Pin-Huan Lai,&nbsp;Wei-Chen Hung,&nbsp;Ming-Yuan Min,&nbsp;Hsiu-Wen Yang","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70667","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70667","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The locus coeruleus (LC) is the brain's primary source of norepinephrine. It modulates the brain's overall state of arousal. Recent evidence suggests that the LC also regulates immediate attentional responses by resetting related cortical networks to optimize behavioral outcomes. Cortical regions associated with high cognitive function, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are theorized to influence LC output directly to regulate behavior. However, the available evidence is insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and properties. To address this gap in knowledge, we employed a combination of ex vivo whole-cell recording and optogenetic techniques to investigate the synaptic transmission of inputs from the mPFC to noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the LC, as well as to inhibitory interneurons (iINs) that synapse onto NA neurons. Our findings suggest that the mPFC forms monosynaptic connections with both LC-NA neurons and LC-iINs. These synaptic connections demonstrate disparities in glutamate release properties specific to cell type. Compared to LC-iINs, mPFC fibers synapsing onto LC-NA neurons exhibit a higher paired-pulse ratio, indicating lower release probability, and demonstrate presynaptic enhancement of glutamate release efficacy when stimulated by a paradigm mimicking mPFC unit activity during decision-making behavior. We propose that the simultaneous connections onto LC-NA neurons and LC-iINs, along with cell type–specific differences in transmitter release plasticity, may enable the mPFC to effectively multiplex information to the LC for adaptive behavioral regulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Night Modulation of Change Detection ERPs to Foreign Speech Sound Features During N2 Sleep","authors":"Qin Li,&nbsp;Jari L. O. Kurkela,&nbsp;Jarmo A. Hämäläinen,&nbsp;Xueqiao Li,&nbsp;Piia Astikainen","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70670","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70670","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The sleeping brain can discriminate speech sounds, but evidence for cross-night changes in neural responses to foreign speech in adults remains limited. Here, Finnish-speaking adults naïve to tonal languages were exposed during Stage N2 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep to small and large deviations in tone (pitch contour) embedded in vowel /a/ across four consecutive nights, while electroencephalography was recorded. Event-related potentials (ERPs) P2 and P450 revealed robust change detection responses to tone deviations during sleep, and importantly, P450 amplitude decreased from night 1 to night 4. No evidence of perceptual learning was found in waking change detection ERPs or in behavioural performance measured with the same stimuli before and after the four-night sleep exposure. In conclusion, the sleeping brain remained sensitive to deviations in vowel tone, and the amplitude reduction of the late ERP deflection suggests a change in auditory processing across nights of exposure. However, in the absence of transfer effects to wakeful measures, these findings do not provide evidence for phonetic learning-related plasticity, and the extent to which the effects are speech-specific remains unclear. These findings provide new insight into the dynamics of auditory processing during sleep and contribute to broader neuroscientific understanding of sensory processing in altered states of consciousness.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148976225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality Attention Tasks in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: I. Behavioural Responses","authors":"Fjorda Kazazi,&nbsp;Peter Howell","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70691","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Differences in executive functioning associated with working memory and different components of attention including sustained, selective, divided and attentional switching have been reported in people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Traditional laboratory tasks have limited ecological validity, whereas existing virtual reality studies have focused mainly on sustained attention, with multi-attention-form assessment remaining relatively unexplored. Sixty-four participants (34 people with self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity traits and 30 neurotypical participants) were included. Participants were tested for stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits and phonological working memory and then completed 10 virtual reality tasks that measured all four forms of attention. The self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group showed significantly lower attention scores, higher stuttering scores and lower phonological working memory scores. Behavioural results from the virtual reality tasks revealed that this group differed in sustained attention. Lower accuracy, higher omission error rates and reduced sensitivity occurred in this group in the traditionally formatted task based on the continuous performance test (Task 2). Logistic regression showed that all measures, except for sensitivity in Task 2, significantly predicted group membership. Results from the questionnaires indicated that overall, all participants felt present and immersed in the tasks. Findings suggest that attentional differences are form-specific and mostly observed under sustained attention tasks. Virtual reality can be used as an ecologically valid tool for detecting form-specific attentional differences under real-life scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive Feedback Mechanisms in Pain Modulation and Chronic Pain","authors":"Min Zhuo","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70679","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Feedback controls play important roles in biological systems, from the cellular level to systemic levels. Positive and negative feedback are two major feedback mechanisms. In this review, I will mainly investigate the positive feedback system involved in pain transmission, modulation and plasticity. At the level of the spinal cord, descending facilitation from different regions of supraspinal structures exert facilitatory effects on spinal nociceptive transmission. At the level of the cortex, positive feedback at synaptic and cellular levels contribute to long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission. Several key signalling pathways for positive feedback will be discussed, in particular, NMDA receptor-adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1)–dependent signalling pathways. Finally, at both physiological and pathological points of view, the importance of positive feedback in chronic pain will be discussed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PPARGC1A Modulation Attenuates Ferroptosis-Related Injury and Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: Potential Involvement of PPARγ Signaling","authors":"Deli Wang,&nbsp;Bing Wu,&nbsp;Chuanpeng Liu,&nbsp;Yafeng Wu,&nbsp;Xinyu Meng,&nbsp;Xijing He","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70672","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition with limited therapeutic options. Emerging evidence implicates ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, in secondary injury cascades following SCI. However, the molecular regulators linking mitochondrial quality control to ferroptosis in the injured spinal cord remain incompletely characterized. Here, through integrated bioinformatics analysis of the GEO dataset GSE155610 combined with ferroptosis gene screening and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified PPARGC1A (PGC-1a) as a hub gene at the intersection of ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Clinical validation in a retrospective cohort of 186 acute SCI patients demonstrated that serum ferritin, PPARGC1A, and PPARg expression levels in spinal cord tissue were significantly associated with neurological prognosis. In vitro, PPARGC1A overexpression in oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated SH-SY5Y cells attenuated ferroptosis by reducing intracellular ferrous iron (Fe2+), lipid reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde while restoring glutathione levels and GPX4 expression. Mechanistically, PPARGC1A promoted PPARg nuclear translocation and upregulated CD36 and CPT1A transcription, while enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. These protective effects were abolished by PPARGC1A knockdown and partially reversed by PPARg agonism. In a rat contusion SCI model, AAV-mediated PPARGC1A overexpression improved BBB locomotor scores, preserved spinal cord tissue architecture, and restored PPARg/GPX4 expression and mitophagy markers in vivo. Collectively, these findings reveal that the PPARGC1A/PPARg axis orchestrates a lipid metabolism mitochondrial quality-control network that protects against ferroptosis in SCI, positioning this pathway as a potential therapeutic target.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148962643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Traditional Tasks to Hyperscanning: Exploratory Evidence for Selective Modulation of Sensorimotor Neurodynamics Using Time-Resolved Generalized Additive Model Analysis","authors":"Francisco J. Parada,&nbsp;Aitana Grasso-Cladera,&nbsp;Alejandra Rossi","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70677","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70677","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sensorimotor rhythms in the mu (8–13 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) frequency ranges provide a canonical window into action-related neural dynamics. While these rhythms are known to reflect movement preparation, execution, and postmovement regulation, less is known about how their temporal organization varies across increasingly ecological interactional contexts. Here, we used a four-tier scalable experimental design (SED) based on the rock–paper–scissors (RPS) game to examine sensorimotor event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) across contexts ranging from individual computer-based tasks to real-time dyadic hyperscanning. Mu, beta, and a mu + beta composite ERD/ERS activity were analyzed over canonical central sensorimotor electrodes and aligned to a common motor event (button press). Time-resolved generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to estimate nonlinear trajectories. Pairwise contrasts were evaluated using max-statistic permutation testing across time. Most comparisons among computer-based conditions did not survive correction. Suprathreshold clusters found were selective rather than widespread. Across measures, statistical differences were seen in contrasts involving the hyperscanning condition: during real-time reciprocal interaction. Given that ecological embedding, participant cohort, acquisition system and interactional features were partially bundled across tiers, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory evidence for temporally structured modulation rather than causal isolation of interactional context. Nevertheless, the results are consistent with the possibility that engagement and/or reciprocity-related processes may contribute to the temporal organization of sensorimotor neurodynamics. Finally, the study illustrates how SEDs and time-resolved analyses can help bridge traditional laboratory paradigms and increasingly ecological approaches to human neuroscience.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}