Cannabidiol and Alzheimer Disease: A Comprehensive Review and In Silico Insights Into Molecular Interactions

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a set of multifactorial conditions that progressively impair memory processing and cognitive function. The study of this pathology is particularly challenging due to its complex etiology, which involves several pathological hallmarks, including amyloid plaque formation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and other contributing factors—all leading to neuronal loss. The primary therapeutic approach for AD involves the use of anticholinesterase agents; however, these treatments are associated with adverse effects, and their efficacy has been increasingly questioned. Against this backdrop, researchers have investigated cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential complementary treatment for AD. This study compiles and synthesizes current evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of CBD in the context of AD, examining its impact on the amyloid cascade, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, the cholinergic pathway, glucose and lipid metabolism, behavioral alterations, and physiological changes. In addition, an in silico analysis was conducted based on studies that identified differential gene expression in response to CBD. Through this analysis, we mapped the gene network and biological pathways involved in CBD's mechanism of action in AD, contributing to the identification of potential gene targets for further research and providing deeper insight into its therapeutic potential.