ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0356
Jeong-Uk Bang, Seung-Hoon Han, Byung-Ok Kang
{"title":"Alzheimer's disease recognition from spontaneous speech using large language models","authors":"Jeong-Uk Bang, Seung-Hoon Han, Byung-Ok Kang","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0356","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0356","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose a method to automatically predict Alzheimer's disease from speech data using the ChatGPT large language model. Alzheimer's disease patients often exhibit distinctive characteristics when describing images, such as difficulties in recalling words, grammar errors, repetitive language, and incoherent narratives. For prediction, we initially employ a speech recognition system to transcribe participants' speech into text. We then gather opinions by inputting the transcribed text into ChatGPT as well as a prompt designed to solicit fluency evaluations. Subsequently, we extract embeddings from the speech, text, and opinions by the pretrained models. Finally, we use a classifier consisting of transformer blocks and linear layers to identify participants with this type of dementia. Experiments are conducted using the extensively used ADReSSo dataset. The results yield a maximum accuracy of 87.3% when speech, text, and opinions are used in conjunction. This finding suggests the potential of leveraging evaluation feedback from language models to address challenges in Alzheimer's disease recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139657399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0396
Keehoon Hong, Kihong Choi
{"title":"Single-shot phase-shifting on Michelson interferometry for incoherent digital holography","authors":"Keehoon Hong, Kihong Choi","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0396","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A single-shot phase-shifting method in incoherent digital holography (IDH) based on Michelson interferometry is proposed herein. The proposed method uses polarization-modulating optical elements and a polarization sensor in the Michelson interferometer optics to induce a geometric phase shift. It acquires four holograms with different geometric phase retardations in a single exposure to eliminate the bias and conjugate noise using a phase-shifting technique. The proposed optical system enables real-time bias and conjugate term removal from a recorded hologram without requiring sequential recording for phase shifting. Furthermore, because it is based on Michelson interferometry, it can be implemented using simple reflective optics without expensive or difficult-to-produce optical elements for single-shot phase shifting. The principles of self-interference and geometric phase shifting in the proposed optical structure were analyzed mathematically. A real-time IDH-recording experimental setup was constructed to verify the proposed method. The experimental results of single-shot phase-shifting IDH and hologram movie recordings confirm the feasibility of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"102-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139587523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0163
Mostafa Noohi, Adel Pourmand, Habib Badri Ghavifekr, Ali Mirvakili
{"title":"Design and simulation of a rectangular planar printed circuit board coil for nuclear magnetic resonance, radio frequency energy harvesting, and wireless power transfer devices","authors":"Mostafa Noohi, Adel Pourmand, Habib Badri Ghavifekr, Ali Mirvakili","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0163","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0163","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a planar printed circuit board (PCB) coil with FR4 substrate was designed and simulated using the finite element method, and the results were analyzed in the frequency domain. This coil can be used in wireless power transfer (WPT) as a transmitter or receiver, eliminating wires. It can also be used as the receiver in radio frequency energy-harvesting (RF-EH) systems by optimizing the planar PCB coil to convert radio-wave energy into electricity, and it can be employed as an excitation (transmitter) or receiver coil in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This PCB coil can replace the conventional coil, yielding a reduced occupied volume, a fine-tuned design, reduced weight, and increased efficiency. Based on the calculated gain, power, and electromagnetic and electric field results, this planar PCB coil can be implemented in WPT, NMR spectroscopy, and RF-EH devices with minor changes. In applications such as NMR spectroscopy, it can be used as a transceiver planar PCB coil. In this design, at frequencies of 915 MHz and 40 MHz with 5 mm between coils, we received powers of 287.3 \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>W and 480 \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>W, respectively, which are suitable for an NMR coil or RF-EH system.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 4","pages":"581-594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139501410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2022-0371
Jiangli Zeng, Sanya Liu
{"title":"Polar coded cooperative with Plotkin construction and quasi-uniform puncturing based on MIMO antennas in half duplex wireless relay network","authors":"Jiangli Zeng, Sanya Liu","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2022-0371","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2022-0371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, polar code has attracted the attention of many scholars and has been developed as a code technology in coded-cooperative communication. We propose a polar code scheme based on Plotkin structure and quasi-uniform punching (PC-QUP). Then we apply the PC-QUP to coded-cooperative scenario and built to a new coded-cooperative scheme, which is called PCC-QUP scheme. The coded-cooperative scheme based on polar code is studied on the aspects of codeword construction and performance optimization. Further, we apply the proposed schemes to space–time block coding (STBC) to explore the performance of the scheme. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed cooperative PCC-QUP-STBC scheme can obtain a lower bit error ratio (BER) than its corresponding noncooperative scheme.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 2","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2022-0371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0056
Baik Song An, Myung Hoon Cha, Sang-Min Lee, Won Hyuk Yang, Hong Yeon Kim
{"title":"Providing scalable single-operating-system NUMA abstraction of physically discrete resources","authors":"Baik Song An, Myung Hoon Cha, Sang-Min Lee, Won Hyuk Yang, Hong Yeon Kim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0056","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With an explosive increase of data produced annually, researchers have been attempting to develop solutions for systems that can effectively handle large amounts of data. Single-operating-system (OS) non-uniform memory access (NUMA) abstraction technology is an important technology that ensures the compatibility of single-node programming interfaces across multiple nodes owing to its higher cost efficiency compared with scale-up systems. However, existing technologies have not been successful in optimizing user performance. In this paper, we introduce a single-OS NUMA abstraction technology that ensures full compatibility with the existing OS while improving the performance at both hypervisor and guest levels. Benchmark results show that the proposed technique can improve performance by up to 4.74\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mo>×</mo></math> on average in terms of execution time compared with the existing state-of-the-art open-source technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 3","pages":"501-512"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139482336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0065
Hyebin Park, Seung Hyun Yoon
{"title":"Deep reinforcement learning for base station switching scheme with federated LSTM-based traffic predictions","authors":"Hyebin Park, Seung Hyun Yoon","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0065","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To meet increasing traffic requirements in mobile networks, small base stations (SBSs) are densely deployed, overlapping existing network architecture and increasing system capacity. However, densely deployed SBSs increase energy consumption and interference. Although these problems already exist because of densely deployed SBSs, even more SBSs are needed to meet increasing traffic demands. Hence, base station (BS) switching operations have been used to minimize energy consumption while guaranteeing quality-of-service (QoS) for users. In this study, to optimize energy efficiency, we propose the use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to create a BS switching operation strategy with a traffic prediction model. First, a federated long short-term memory (LSTM) model is introduced to predict user traffic demands from user trajectory information. Next, the DRL-based BS switching operation scheme determines the switching operations for the SBSs using the predicted traffic demand. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme outperforms existing approaches in terms of energy efficiency, signal-to-interference noise ratio, handover metrics, and prediction performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 3","pages":"379-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139482721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2023-12-16DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0336
Seokwon Jang, Namseok Ko, Jaewook Lee, Yeunwoong Kyung, Haneul Ko
{"title":"Joint user plane function instance and base station scheduling in mobile networks","authors":"Seokwon Jang, Namseok Ko, Jaewook Lee, Yeunwoong Kyung, Haneul Ko","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0336","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To guarantee a high data transmission rate in heterogeneous mobile networks, sufficient small base stations (SBSs) and user plane function (UPF) instances should be active. However, the excessive operation of SBSs and UPF instances can increase the operating expenditure (OPEX) for the network operator. To balance the data rate and OPEX, we propose a joint UPF instance–SBS scheduling algorithm (J-UBSA). In the proposed J-UBSA, a controller periodically determines the appropriate number of active SBSs and UPF instances based on estimated variations in session requests. The decision-making process is formulated as a constrained Markov decision process and converted into a linear programming model to obtain the optimal solution using a traditional algorithm with low complexity. Evaluation results demonstrate that J-UBSA can substantially reduce the OPEX while guaranteeing a suitable average data rate for mobile devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 6","pages":"977-986"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2022-0333
Euisok Chung, Hyun Woo Kim, Byunghyun Yoo, Ran Han, Jeongmin Yang, Hwa Jeon Song
{"title":"Dialog-based multi-item recommendation using automatic evaluation","authors":"Euisok Chung, Hyun Woo Kim, Byunghyun Yoo, Ran Han, Jeongmin Yang, Hwa Jeon Song","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2022-0333","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2022-0333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we describe a neural network-based application that recommends multiple items using dialog context input and simultaneously outputs a response sentence. Further, we describe a multi-item recommendation by specifying it as a set of clothing recommendations. For this, a multimodal fusion approach that can process both cloth-related text and images is required. We also examine achieving the requirements of downstream models using a pretrained language model. Moreover, we propose a gate-based multimodal fusion and multiprompt learning based on a pretrained language model. Specifically, we propose an automatic evaluation technique to solve the one-to-many mapping problem of multi-item recommendations. A fashion-domain multimodal dataset based on Koreans is constructed and tested. Various experimental environment settings are verified using an automatic evaluation method. The results show that our proposed method can be used to obtain confidence scores for multi-item recommendation results, which is different from traditional accuracy evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 2","pages":"277-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2022-0333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0142
Aare Gopal, Desireddy Krishna Reddy, Srinivasarao Chintagunta
{"title":"Symbol interferometry and companding transform for PAPR reduction of OTFS signal","authors":"Aare Gopal, Desireddy Krishna Reddy, Srinivasarao Chintagunta","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0142","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents methods for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) signal. These methods mainly consist of two operations: symbol interferometry (SI) and either \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>-law or \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>A</mi></math>-law companding. SI spreads the data of one OTFS symbol onto all symbols and is implemented using a simple inverse fast Fourier transform operation on each OTFS symbol. During the second operation, the PAPR of the OTFS signal is significantly reduced. For our performance analysis, the complementary cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and bit error rate are illustrated through simulations performed in MATLAB. The performance is also analyzed using a solid-state power amplifier at the transmitter and compared with OTFS, \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>-law-based OTFS, and SI OTFS systems. The results indicate that the proposed OTFS system achieves a low PAPR.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 4","pages":"595-603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138561963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ETRI JournalPub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2023-0125
Ha Duy Hung, Hoang Van Toan, Tran Trung Duy, Le The Dung, Quang Sy Vu
{"title":"On the block error rate performance of cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access short-packet communications with full-duplex relay and partial relay selection","authors":"Ha Duy Hung, Hoang Van Toan, Tran Trung Duy, Le The Dung, Quang Sy Vu","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0125","DOIUrl":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we mathematically investigate a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system for short-packet communications (SPC) in which the near users are used as full-duplex (FD) relays to forward intended signals from the source to a far user. In addition, partial relay selection is employed to enhance the performance of the FD relays under the impact of imperfect interference cancellation. At the far user, selection combining (SC) or maximal ratio combining (MRC) is employed to combine the signals received from the source and the selected FD relay. The analytical expressions for the average block error rate (BLER) of two users over flat Rayleigh fading channels are derived. Furthermore, closed-form asymptotic expressions of the average BLERs at the near and far users in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes are obtained. The numerical results show that the analytical BLERs of the near user and far user closely match the simulation results.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"46 3","pages":"446-460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138562361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}