ETRI Journal最新文献

Adaptive sampling-driven workload balancing for distributed data stream processing 分布式数据流处理的自适应采样驱动工作负载平衡

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-03-19 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0175

Jiawei Tan, Li Yang, Wei Zhang, Xiong Xiao

{"title":"Adaptive sampling-driven workload balancing for distributed data stream processing","authors":"Jiawei Tan, Li Yang, Wei Zhang, Xiong Xiao","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0175","url":null,"abstract":"Partitioning scheme in distributed stream processing systems is a critical factor in processing large-scale real-time data streams. Existing solutions either suffer from poor partition quality or high overhead in partitioning time, resulting in severe workload imbalance and backpressure problems. This paper proposes an adaptive sampling-driven workload balancing (ASWB) scheme to solve the above problem. ASWB introduces two core innovations: (1) an adaptive sampling rate algorithm driven by backpressure signals, which dynamically controls the stream sampling rate to avoid prediction bottlenecks and alleviate workload imbalance, and (2) a high-frequency key prediction module that leverages a variable-size window to reduce hash collisions and improve frequency estimation accuracy. This design accelerates the identification of high-frequency keys within the partition operator, thereby enhancing partitioning quality. We implement ASWB on Apache Flink and evaluate it using large-scale real-world datasets. Experimental results show that ASWB improves system throughput by up to 55.03% and reduces processing latency compared with state-of-the-art approaches.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"677-692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mix-MaxETTS: A text-to-emotional speech synthesis model based on a deep encoder–decoder structure for the transfer of secondary emotions Mix-MaxETTS：一种基于深度编码器-解码器结构的文本-情感语音合成模型，用于次要情感的传递

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0058

Seyyed Mahdi Hassani, Mohammad Reza Kangavari

{"title":"Mix-MaxETTS: A text-to-emotional speech synthesis model based on a deep encoder–decoder structure for the transfer of secondary emotions","authors":"Seyyed Mahdi Hassani, Mohammad Reza Kangavari","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Given the importance of emotions in social interactions, emotional speech synthesis has attracted significant attention in the field of human–computer interaction. Remarkable advancements have been made in emotional text-to-speech synthesis, but most previous studies have concentrated on imitating styles associated with a specific primary emotion, neglecting secondary emotions that arise from mixtures of primary emotions. Therefore, there is a need to leverage both primary and secondary emotions in speech synthesis to facilitate more engaging, realistic, and natural interactions among artificial social agents. To address this gap, we propose a text-to-emotional speech synthesis model designed to generate nuanced mixtures of emotions that effectively convey secondary emotions during interactions. By adjusting the values of each basic emotion, we can control the mix of emotions in the synthetic speech. Our proposed method distinguishes between primary emotions and variations in mixed emotions while learning emotional styles. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was validated through both objective and subjective evaluations.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"693-710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Ka-Band GaN low-noise amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit using external source interconnect for gate-side parasitic suppression 一种采用外源互连的ka波段GaN低噪声放大单片微波集成电路，用于门侧寄生抑制

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0282

Woojin Chang, Jong Yul Park, Kyu Jun Cho, Junhyung Jeong, Hong-Gu Ji, Byoung-Gue Min, Jong-Min Lee, Junhyung Kim, Gyejung Lee, Dong Min Kang

{"title":"A Ka-Band GaN low-noise amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit using external source interconnect for gate-side parasitic suppression","authors":"Woojin Chang, Jong Yul Park, Kyu Jun Cho, Junhyung Jeong, Hong-Gu Ji, Byoung-Gue Min, Jong-Min Lee, Junhyung Kim, Gyejung Lee, Dong Min Kang","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a Ka-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) using a GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structure designed to minimize gate–source parasitic capacitance (Cgs). In conventional multigate GaN HEMTs, internal source interconnects tie split sources, increasing parasitic coupling near the gate and degrading the minimum noise figure (NFmin) at millimeter-wave frequencies. To overcome this limitation, an external source interconnect is routed outside the active region, effectively suppressing gate-side parasitics and reducing Cgs, without compromising circuit integrity or layout compactness. The proposed five-stage common-source LNA MMIC, fabricated using ETRI's 0.15 μm GaN-on-SiC process, achieves a gain of 23–28 dB and a noise figure of 2.1–2.3 dB across 26–30 GHz. Compared with recently reported Ka-band GaN LNA MMICs, the design attains figures of merit: FoM1 = 724 GHz/mm2 and FoM2 = 0.72 GHz/mW·mm2. These improvements result from the reduced Cgs enabled by the external source interconnect and compact layout, confirming the suitability of the proposed HEMT structure for high-performance millimeter-wave front-end receivers requiring low-noise and efficient integration.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"731-746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial magnetic conductor-integrated high-gain quad-port hexagonal antenna for conformal ultra-wideband applications 共形超宽带人工磁导体集成高增益四口六角形天线

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0252

Bandi Alekya, Neelaveni Ammal Murugan, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav

{"title":"Artificial magnetic conductor-integrated high-gain quad-port hexagonal antenna for conformal ultra-wideband applications","authors":"Bandi Alekya, Neelaveni Ammal Murugan, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0252","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a hexagonal multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with dimensions of 60 × 60 × 0.1 mm3 on a flexible substrate operating within the 2–12 GHz frequency range. The design includes a specially engineered defective ground structure that improves inter-element isolation to >25 dB. The proposed design achieves an impedance bandwidth of 142.85% (|\u0000<math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mn>11</mn>\u0000 </msub></math>| < −10 dB). A circular split-ring-shaped artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) of size 80 × 80 × 0.1 mm3 is placed beneath the engineered radiator to enhance gain by up to 9.6 dBi and reduce the specific absorption rate (SAR). Both the antenna and AMC structure are printed on a 0.1-mm-thin polyamide substrate. The performance of key diversity metrics of the proposed MIMO antenna is evaluated, and the results confirm its efficacy. On-body performance analysis reveals that the SAR remains <0.06 W/kg when the radiator is placed on the forearm and <0.16 W/kg when placed on the leg and head. A prototype is fabricated and evaluated through testing, confirming that the proposed structure is highly suited for wireless body area network and 5G communication applications.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"604-619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance comparison of object detection models for video analytics under varying video compression quality conditions 不同视频压缩质量条件下视频分析目标检测模型的性能比较

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0363

Kholidiyah Masykuroh, Hendrawan, Eueung Mulyana

{"title":"Performance comparison of object detection models for video analytics under varying video compression quality conditions","authors":"Kholidiyah Masykuroh,  Hendrawan, Eueung Mulyana","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0363","url":null,"abstract":"Video analytics (VA) systems are becoming increasingly reliant on deep-neural-network-based object detection, where video compression parameters such as resolution, bitrate, and quantization significantly affect inference accuracy. This paper presents a benchmarking study on five object detection models, namely Fast R-CNN, EfficientDet, YOLOv5, YOLOv8, and DETR, which were evaluated using three encoder-defined video quality levels (High, Medium, and Low). Performance was assessed using bitrate (Mbps), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR, dB), and detection accuracy to provide a reproducible framework for analyzing compression-induced performance variations. Experimental results reveal that PSNR scales approximately linearly with bitrate, whereas detection accuracy exhibits saturation with diminishing returns at higher bitrates. YOLOv5 exhibited the highest robustness to compression, followed by Fast R-CNN and DETR, whereas EfficientDet and YOLOv8 were more sensitive to quality degradation. We identify practical operating points that balance accuracy and bandwidth efficiency, providing actionable guidance for model–codec co-design in surveillance and smart-city VA applications.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"620-634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimized artificial neural network for vocal gender expression classification 语音性别表达分类的优化人工神经网络

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0608

Mohamed Mansoor Roomi Sindha, Priya Kannapiran, Uma Maheswari Pandyan, Mathu Sudhanan Sreenivasan

{"title":"Optimized artificial neural network for vocal gender expression classification","authors":"Mohamed Mansoor Roomi Sindha, Priya Kannapiran, Uma Maheswari Pandyan, Mathu Sudhanan Sreenivasan","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0608","url":null,"abstract":"Gender expression is a complex and multidimensional characteristic that goes beyond traditional binary models, especially regarding vocal attributes. Existing voice gender recognition systems often rely on binary classification, which fails to capture the subtle spectrum of gender expressions in natural speech. To address this limitation, we introduce the FEMASC dataset, which is a novel resource that categorizes voice signals into five classes (absolute male, strong male, ambiguous, strong female, and absolute female) reflecting varying degrees of masculinity and femininity. In addition, we propose an optimized artificial neural network that uses feature fusion and Bayesian hyperparameter tuning to effectively model subtle variations in vocal features. Our approach not only overcomes the constraints of binary classification but also achieves robust performance with a precision of 86.8%, recall of 86.1%, F1 score of 86.2%, and accuracy of 82% on the FEMASC dataset. These results demonstrate that a multiclass framework supported by a carefully designed dataset and advanced modeling techniques offers significant improvement in voice gender expression recognition.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"663-676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Proactive handover optimization via multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in integrated LEO satellite–terrestrial networks for high-mobility terminals 基于多智能体深度强化学习的高机动性LEO星地融合网络主动切换优化

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-04-02 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0240

Huiyeon Jang, Junyoung Kim, In-Sop Cho, Minsu Shin, Joon Gyu Ryu, Soyi Jung

{"title":"Proactive handover optimization via multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in integrated LEO satellite–terrestrial networks for high-mobility terminals","authors":"Huiyeon Jang, Junyoung Kim, In-Sop Cho, Minsu Shin, Joon Gyu Ryu, Soyi Jung","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0240","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a predictive handover decision framework for optimizing handover planning in integrated low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite–terrestrial networks. To forecast the fluctuations in received signal reference power (RSRP) caused by the high mobility of mobile terminals (MTs) and satellites accurately, we employ a convolutional neural network–long short-term memory encoder–decoder architecture. This forecasting model enables each MT to predict its future RSRP levels independently over a given time horizon. By leveraging the predicted RSRP trajectories, each MT autonomously determines its handover strategy, including its optimal target and timing. To enhance the performance of these decentralized handover decisions, we integrate a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach based on the QMIX algorithm. This approach enables coordinated policy learning among MT agents while preserving decentralized execution, thereby improving overall system stability and handover efficiency in highly dynamic environments.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"577-589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Size-agnostic file fragment classification via fixed byte slicing 通过固定字节切片进行大小无关的文件片段分类

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-04-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0314

Hyeongsik Kim, Sisung Liu, Je Hyeong Hong

引用次数: 0

Operation-level scheduling framework for efficient deep learning inference on embedded systems using directed acyclic graphs 基于有向无环图的嵌入式系统高效深度学习推理的操作级调度框架

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0201

Mooseop Kim, SuGil Choi, Sungjun Wang, Chi Yoon Jeong

{"title":"Operation-level scheduling framework for efficient deep learning inference on embedded systems using directed acyclic graphs","authors":"Mooseop Kim, SuGil Choi, Sungjun Wang, Chi Yoon Jeong","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0201","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an operation-level scheduling framework for efficient deep learning inference on heterogeneous embedded systems. Motivated by the observation that deep neural networks comprise diverse operations in which the execution latency is highly dependent on the target hardware and input dimensions. The framework hypothesizes that accurate latency prediction and fine-grained scheduling of individual operations reduce end-to-end inference time. It follows a three-stage approach: (i) offline profiling of operation latencies across varying input sizes and devices; (ii) training latency prediction models using input-aware features; and (iii) directed acyclic graph-based runtime scheduling to assign each operation to a central processing unit, graphics processing unit, or both. The framework is evaluated on two embedded platforms (Jetson Nano and ODROID-XU4) and demonstrates an inference latency reduction of up to 74% across multiple deep learning models. These results indicate that the framework is adaptable, lightweight, and effective for resource-constrained artificial intelligence deployments.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"635-649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing secrecy in RIS–fountain code-aided multi-cluster satellite–terrestrial NOMA networks under eavesdropping threats 监听威胁下RIS-fountain码辅助多集群星地NOMA网络的保密性增强

IF 2 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2026-08-18 Epub Date: 2026-05-26 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0234

Nguyen Van Toan, Pham Ngoc Son, Tran Trung Duy, Lam-Thanh Tu

{"title":"Enhancing secrecy in RIS–fountain code-aided multi-cluster satellite–terrestrial NOMA networks under eavesdropping threats","authors":"Nguyen Van Toan, Pham Ngoc Son, Tran Trung Duy, Lam-Thanh Tu","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0234","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a hybrid satellite–terrestrial relay network that integrates advanced technologies, such as physical layer security, fountain coding, non-orthogonal multiple access, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), and partial relay selection (PRS). The satellite transmits fountain-coded packets to terrestrial relays, where the best relay selected using the PRS algorithm employs the decode-and-forward technique to deliver data to two user clusters with RIS support. This setup enhances both reliability and security. Meanwhile, eavesdroppers attempt to intercept the RIS-reflected signals. Exact closed-form expressions are derived for the outage probability (OP) and system OP of legitimate users, as well as the intercept probability (IP) and system IP of eavesdroppers. Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the analytical results and examined the effects of the key parameters. Additionally, two benchmark models were developed to facilitate performance and security comparisons with the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 4","pages":"590-603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0