ETRI Journal最新文献

{"title":"Special issue on defense and disaster response technologies","authors":"Hea Sook Park, Jong-Moon Chung, Moosung Park, Youngok Kim, Ji-Bum Chung, Sangtae Ha, Yong-Yuk Won","doi":"10.4218/etr2.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etr2.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In today's technological landscape, the rapid and widespread adoption of new technologies is crucial to enhance the capabilities, robustness, and efficiency of military defense and disaster response operations. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile communication, and the Internet of Things have enriched battlefield communication, surveillance, tactical decision-making, and early warning systems. This trend is common across various fields, including disaster response technologies, and has led to considerable improvements in disaster prediction, mitigation, response, and recovery applications.</p><p>The emergence of new technologies has resulted in dramatic changes in the operational environment. For example, the increasing diversity of connections between combat/rescue equipment, weaponry, and operational headquarters imposes complex communication requirements related to availability, reliability, and latency, as well as the need for safe processing of unprecedented volumes of data. Conversely, responses to disasters must consider their potential impacts, including their high frequency, widespread damage, and global scale. Additionally, preemptive interventions that allow for accurate forecasting of disasters are essential for modern disaster response. Overall, myriad factors collectively contribute to the complexity of developing efficient solutions for military defense and disaster response applications.</p><p>The Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Journal is a peer-reviewed open-access journal launched in 1993 and published bimonthly by ETRI (Republic of Korea), aiming to promote worldwide academic exchange in the fields of information, telecommunications, and electronics. This special issue explores recent research trends in the technological advances driving the digital transformation of military defense and disaster response systems. It presents notable, cutting-edge studies aimed at improving the efficiency, safety, and real-time responsiveness of these critical domains. Given the central role of technologies such as virtual training, robotic navigation, drone countermeasures, and secure communications in the modernization of defense operations, the contributions in this special issue offer valuable insights into the future direction of digitalized military defense and disaster response strategies. Accordingly, we have selected eight critical papers on three aspects of military defense and disaster response technology for this special issue. A brief review regarding commitments for this special issue follows.</p><p>The first invited paper [<span>1</span>], entitled “Next-generation wireless communication technologies for improved disaster response and management” by Song et al., introduces next-generation wireless communication technologies that can improve disaster response and management. This study proposes an integrated disaster-response communication framework with the potential to achieve ul","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"371-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etr2.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance mean-square loss function for ordinal text classification of emergency service response codes in disaster management","authors":"Eungyeol Lee,&nbsp;Sungwon Byon,&nbsp;Eui-Suk Jung,&nbsp;Eunjung Kwon,&nbsp;Hyunho Park","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0478","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The National Fire Agency (NFA) and National Police Agency (NPA) have defined risk levels based on the severity of disasters. Risk-level data possess the characteristics of ordinal data such as NPA's Emergency Service Response Code (ESRC) data, which are classified based on their magnitudes (from C0 to C4). In this study, we propose a distance mean-square (DiMS) loss function to improve the accuracy of ordinal data classification. The DiMS loss function calculates loss values based on the distances between the predicted and true labels: value distances (commonly used in regression analysis for magnitude data) and probability distances (typically used in classification analysis). Therefore, the DiMS loss function contributes to improved accuracy when classifying ordinal data, such as ESRC. In addition, using the DiMS loss function, we achieved state-of-the-art performance in classifying the SST-5 data, which is a representative ordinal dataset. The DiMS loss function for ordinal classification enabled accurate risk recognition. Thus, accurate risk recognition using the DiMS loss function enhances disaster response.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"472-479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marker-based adaptive virtual military training system for enhanced immersion and realism","authors":"Hoseok Tong,&nbsp;Seongjean Kim,&nbsp;Hyunse Yoon,&nbsp;Jungsu Kim,&nbsp;Soyeon Lee,&nbsp;Sangjoon Park,&nbsp;Blagovest Vladimirov,&nbsp;Sanghoon Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0456","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The complexity of modern battlefields demands advanced military training systems that prepare forces for realistic scenarios. Even though traditional training methods are effective, they are costly and time consuming and are associated with safety risks. Virtual training systems offer a safer and more cost-effective alternative; however, current solutions often compromise realism because of the need for multiple sensors and wearable devices that can diminish immersion. To address these limitations, we propose a marker-based, adaptive, virtual military training system (MAVMTS) that enhances realism by using a minimal set of fiducial markers and multiview cameras to estimate the trainee's posture and weapon orientation without cumbersome wearables. The system integrates action recognition to generate responsive virtual adversaries, thereby creating dynamic and immersive training environments. MAVMTS reduces considerably the equipment burden and enhances the realism of virtual military training, thereby offering a more effective solution for preparing personnel for modern warfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"393-409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-generation wireless communication technologies for improved disaster response and management","authors":"Hwankyu Song,&nbsp;Jong-Moon Chung","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0546","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper introduces next-generation wireless communication technologies applicable to disaster response. With recent technological advances—such as 5G new radio vehicle-to-everything (NR-V2X)—real-time communication, decision-making, and emergency operations can be enhanced through ultralow latency and high-speed transmission. Additionally, several technologies—such as autonomous mobility, drones, and Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensor networks—can improve rescue operations and mitigate human risks during disasters. Moreover, future communication technologies—including platooning, digital twins, and cell on wheels (COW)—can support situational awareness and rapid decision-making in disaster environments. Consequently, we propose industrial applications and standardization strategies to effectively utilize next-generation communication technologies for disaster response. Lastly, we analyze current wireless technologies and suggest future research directions for optimizing disaster preparedness and response.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"375-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantic potential field for mobile robot navigation using grid maps","authors":"Truong Son Nguyen,&nbsp;Huy Nhat Cao,&nbsp;Minh Trien Pham","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0454","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional navigation methods for mobile robots face significant challenges in dynamic environments, including local minima avoidance and efficient path planning. This paper introduces the semantic potential field (SPF) method, which synergizes geometric and semantic data using a semantic grid map to improve navigation efficiency and adaptability. The key features of the SPF method include (i) a semantic grid map combining light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and camera data to distinguish static and dynamic obstacles and (ii) a dynamically modulated potential field incorporating semantic weights for adaptive path planning and obstacle avoidance. The experimental results demonstrate that the SPF method significantly reduces the travel distance and computation time compared with those of traditional methods, ensuring robust navigation in diverse environments. By addressing the limitations in real-time navigation systems, the SPF represents a significant advancement in mobile robot path planning, with promising applications in disaster response, autonomous logistics, and defense.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"422-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5G defense network using commercial gNodeB with zero trust architecture","authors":"Woocheol Kim,&nbsp;Sunji Oh,&nbsp;Chang-Gyu Lim,&nbsp;Kiwon Kim,&nbsp;Jongkuk Lee,&nbsp;Hea-Sook Park","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0476","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As 5G technology expands globally, the demand for secure and reliable military communication is growing significantly. This study examines 5G military network architectures that integrate commercial 5G elements, ranging from isolated to shared configurations, to balance security, cost, and coverage. We propose a network leveraging commercial next-generation Node B (gNodeB or gNB) with a military Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) ID, ensuring extensive coverage, robust security, and cost efficiency. To enhance secure access, a zero trust (ZT) architecture using a software-defined perimeter (SDP) is employed. The connection process for user equipment accessing private networks is detailed through 5G authentication and ZT access management. Simulated 5G analysis compares scenarios before and after applying SDP under denial-of-service (DoS) and IP scanning attacks. Results demonstrate that SDP mitigates IP scanning threats, improves throughput during DoS attacks, and maintains performance. Validation on a real-world 5G testbed confirms feasibility, robust security, and stability. These findings underscore the potential of ZT-based 5G military networks for modern defense communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"445-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximization of near-infrared modulation by optimizing the transparent conducting–electrode resistance","authors":"Jisu Han,&nbsp;Sang Kyu Lee,&nbsp;Juhyun Park,&nbsp;Jugyeong Lee,&nbsp;Chil Seong Ah,&nbsp;Tae-Youb Kim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0474","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional camouflage focuses on visual concealment, but the growing use of infrared (IR) detection systems has created a need for materials that can manipulate IR wavelengths. Electrochromic devices—commonly used for light and heat control—offer a promising solution for dynamic IR control. These systems rely on transparent conducting electrodes, with indium tin oxide (ITO) being the most common. However, ITO presents a challenge, as it generally blocks IR light transmissions. In this study, we optimize for IR transmissions by adjusting the ITO thickness, demonstrating excellent modulation in electrochromic devices. Devices with ITO thicknesses of 40 nm, 75 nm, and 302 nm are tested, with the 75-nm electrode achieving 67.73% transmittance modulation in the visible range and 51.41% in the near-infrared range. Response times for bleaching and coloration are 4.0 s and 2.8 s, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"433-444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-modem-based FHSS-drone takeover with precision spoofing","authors":"Jae Gu Kang,&nbsp;Byeong Cheol Choi","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional radio frequency (RF)-based anti-drone technologies focus on jamming the command and control (C2) RF signal or global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal of a target drone. Although these methods efficiently neutralize target drones, they may generate unintended RF collisions with other equipment and cause the drone to crash. We introduce a method for hijacking a frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)-based drone through C2 signal emission for takeover and a precision spoofing signal to invalidate the owner's transmitter signal using a multi-modem in this work. The proposed method simultaneously transmits C2 signals to the target drone for safe takeover and precision spoofing signals to neutralize the owner's transmitter, thereby minimizing RF collisions with other equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"410-421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of specific situation estimation function using multi-robot system in military operations","authors":"Donggyu Choi,&nbsp;Jaeuk Baek,&nbsp;Chang-eun Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0477","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern warfare, involving both conventional combat and terrorism, often occurs in urban environments. As opposed to traditional outdoor operations, urban operations rely on indoor concealment, creating many hazardous situations. Operations inside buildings result in numerous hiding spots and challenges, such as stairs and varying ceiling heights, which can endanger friendly forces. Effectively responding to enemy concealment and anticipating threats in such environments are critical. The development and research of small equipment for situational awareness have increased rapidly in recent years. This study proposes a framework that uses edge devices, which are widely used in current robotics, in clusters to support effective indoor military operations. The framework enables real-time object location estimation and risk zone identification, even in environments in which the resources required for robot movement are limited. The proposed framework provides auxiliary and intuitive information for situational assessment during indoor military operations, such as building clearing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"459-471"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0477","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-speed and reduced energy delay product TCAM on FPGA for network routers","authors":"Sridhar Raj Sankara Vadivel,&nbsp;Shantha Selvakumari Ramapackiam","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used in the design of high-speed search engines such as network routers and artificial-intelligence-based applications. However, traditional TCAM designs suffer from two major drawbacks. Static random access memory (RAM)-based TCAMs do one operation at a time, causing the search operation to be suspended while the update operation is in progress, rendering them unsuitable for applications with high-frequency updates. Moreover, during the implementation of wider TCAMs, when the match results are transferred from one slice to another, the last look-up table (LUT) in the slice is always set to logic one, which results in resource wastages. This research aims to overcome the problems associated with traditional TCAM design. The proposed work used six-input (RAM64X1S) LUTs in field-programmable gate arrays by allowing both search and update operations to be performed simultaneously during the data update in a particular LUT. To overcome resource wastage, the proposed design used four RAM64X1S blocks instead of RAM64M blocks. Moreover, the proposed TCAM architecture was considerably simpler, comprising LUTs with AND slicing, thus reducing FPGA resources such as slice registers and slice logic. For TCAM sizes of 512 × 36 and 1024 × 144, the slice utilization was reduced by 17% and 29%, respectively, with their speed being increased by 17% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the lookup rate and the update rate of the designed TCAMs also improved considerably. The proposed architecture employed high-speed single-cycle searches, making it ideal for fast search applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"505-517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}