ETRI Journal最新文献

{"title":"Secrecy and reliability performance of an energy-harvesting-enabled two-user NOMA system","authors":"Alok Baranwal,&nbsp;Sanjay Dhar Roy,&nbsp;Sumit Kundu","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analyze the secrecy attributes of an energy-harvesting-enabled decode-and-forward relay-based cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in the presence of an eavesdropper. Information flow through the wireless channel exposes legitimate users to eavesdropping by unintended users on confidential information. We study the secrecy performance of two-user NOMA systems by calculating the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC). An eavesdropper overhears the signal from a source and relays it from a relay node. We evaluate the secrecy performance of both nodes (i.e., relay node (\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>) and distant node (\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>)) by developing a novel closed-form expression for node \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>. For node \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>, we evaluate an analytical but intractable expression of SOP and tractable analytical expression of ESC. We examine the effects of network parameters on secrecy and link outages. We also observe the reliability of the link outage probability of node \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math> and system outage probability. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results and evaluate the effect of SOP on imperfect channel state information and perfect channel state information.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"771-785"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal retrieval-augmented generation framework for machine translation","authors":"Shijian Li","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0196","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of multimodal machine translation (MMT) systems has attracted significant interest due to their potential to enhance translation accuracy with visual information. However, there are two limitations: (i) scarce large-scale corpus data in the form of (text, image, text) triplets and (ii) the semantic information learned by pre-training cannot transfer to multilingual translation tasks. To address these challenges, we propose a novel multimodal retrieval-augmented generation framework for machine translation, abbreviated as MRF-MT. Specifically, using the source text as a query, we retrieve relevant (image, text) pairs to guide image generation and feed the generated images into the image encoder of Multilingual Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (M-CLIP) for learning visual information. Subsequently, we employ a projection network to transfer visual information learned by M-CLIP as a decoder prefix to Multilingual Bidirectional and Auto-Regressive Transformers (mBART) and train the mBART decoder using a two-stage pre-training pipeline. Initially, the mBART decoder is trained for image captioning with a visual–textual decoder prefix from M-CLIP's image encoder projection network. Subsequently, it undergoes training for caption translation, using prefixes from M-CLIP's text encoder. Extensive experiments show that MFR-MT achieves promising performance compared with baselines.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"707-720"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilayer inverter with DQZ and neuro-fuzzy control for single maximum power point tracking of hybrid renewable sources","authors":"Akharakit Chaithanakulwat,&nbsp;Teerawut Savangboon,&nbsp;Nuttee Thungsuk,&nbsp;Taweesak Tanaram,&nbsp;Papol Sardyong","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multilayer inverters (MLIs) play an important role in their efficiency and effectiveness. This study proposes a new MLI that is optimally adapted using DQZ control and a vague neurological approach for tracking the single maximum power point of a hybrid renewable energy source. This MLI has a bidirectional fixed switch, the purpose of which is to reduce harmonics and increase the voltage level. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method proposed here is the only MPPT method that uses neuro-fuzzy control algorithms, making it superior to other methods. The proposed inverter consists of 12 power semiconductor switches (IGBTs) connected to three DC power sources—that is, photovoltaic, wind, and tidal energy power sources. The switching angle for pulse-width modulation can be calculated using the DQZ principle in the proposed MLI. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method uses MATLAB/Simulink simulations, the results being compared to those of the prototype mechanism. We also compare the performance of the MPPT algorithm and prototype mechanism, which is connected to a single-phase microgrid. The proposed method achieves total harmonic distortion (THD) efficiency with a satisfactory performance increase.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"657-671"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AGCSNet: High-contrast image-exposure correction with automatic illumination-map attention-based gamma and saturation correction","authors":"Min-ji Kim,&nbsp;Qikang Deng,&nbsp;DongWon Choo,&nbsp;Hyo Chul Ji,&nbsp;DoHoon Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-light image enhancement has made significant advancements in recent years. However, enhancing high-contrast images that exhibit both under- and overexposure remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose an exposure-correction method called AGCSNet. Two gamma corrections, \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math> and \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>, were applied separately to correct for underexposure and overexposure, producing two gamma-corrected images. An illumination map was used to differentiate between the underexposed and overexposed regions in the gamma-corrected images. To mitigate the saturation anomalies caused by the gamma corrections, we introduced a new saturation-correction method with a factor \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>s</mi></math>. Moreover, optimal values for \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>, and \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>s</mi></math> can be predicted using our factor-estimation deep-learning model. We evaluated our method on eight datasets. In comparison with over 20 prior methods, our method demonstrates competitive performance with and, in some cases, surpasses state-of-the-art methods that are closely aligned with human visual perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"737-752"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-speed and reduced energy delay product TCAM on FPGA for network routers","authors":"Sridhar Raj Sankara Vadivel,&nbsp;Shantha Selvakumari Ramapackiam","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used in the design of high-speed search engines such as network routers and artificial-intelligence-based applications. However, traditional TCAM designs suffer from two major drawbacks. Static random access memory (RAM)-based TCAMs do one operation at a time, causing the search operation to be suspended while the update operation is in progress, rendering them unsuitable for applications with high-frequency updates. Moreover, during the implementation of wider TCAMs, when the match results are transferred from one slice to another, the last look-up table (LUT) in the slice is always set to logic one, which results in resource wastages. This research aims to overcome the problems associated with traditional TCAM design. The proposed work used six-input (RAM64X1S) LUTs in field-programmable gate arrays by allowing both search and update operations to be performed simultaneously during the data update in a particular LUT. To overcome resource wastage, the proposed design used four RAM64X1S blocks instead of RAM64M blocks. Moreover, the proposed TCAM architecture was considerably simpler, comprising LUTs with AND slicing, thus reducing FPGA resources such as slice registers and slice logic. For TCAM sizes of 512 × 36 and 1024 × 144, the slice utilization was reduced by 17% and 29%, respectively, with their speed being increased by 17% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the lookup rate and the update rate of the designed TCAMs also improved considerably. The proposed architecture employed high-speed single-cycle searches, making it ideal for fast search applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 3","pages":"505-517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Reviewer List","authors":"","doi":"10.4218/etr2.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etr2.70008","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;A, Ashwini, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&amp;D Institute of Science and Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A, Revathi, SASTRA Deemed University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A, UMAMAGESWARI, SRM University - Ramapuram Campus&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abd El-Hafeez, Tarek, Minia University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abd Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin, Universiti Putra Malaysia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abdi, Asad, University of Derby&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abdullah, Hadeel, University of Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abebe, Abiy, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adewunmi, Mary, National Center for Technology Management&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Afify, Heba M., Higher Inst. of Engineering in Shorouk Academy&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ahmad, Mushtaq, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ahmed, Suhaib, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ahn, Sungsoo, Gyeongsang National University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Akbar, Son, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Akhriza, Tubagus, Kampus STIMATA&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Akoushideh, Alireza, Technical and Vocational University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-Araji, Ahmed S., University of technology - Iraq&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-Azzoni, Issam, Al Ain University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alfaverh, Fayiz, University of Hertfordshire&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;alghanimi, abdulhameed, Middle Technical Univ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ali, Dia M, Ninevah University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ali, Tariq, PMAS Arid Agriculture university&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alikhani, Nasim,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-Kaltakchi, Musab T. S., Mustansiriyah University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-kaltakchi, Musab, Mustansiriyah University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alkinoon, Mohammed, University of Central Florida&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-masni, Mohammed A., Sejong University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al-Sakkaf, Ahmed Gaafar, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Escuela Politécnica Superior&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ansarian, Sasan,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arora, Shashank, SUNY&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asgher, Umer, National University of Sciences and Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ashraf, Umer, NIT Srinagar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;atashbar, mahmoud, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Atrey, Pradeep, State University of New York&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Azim, Rezaul, University of Chittagong&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B, Srinivas, Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi Ram College of Engineering&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baek, Donghyun, Chung-Ang University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baek, Hoki, Kyungpook National University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Balbinot, Alexandre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;BANDI, SUDHEER, Panimalar Engineering College&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baranwal, Alok, NIT-Durgapur&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Baydargil, Husnu Baris, Institute for Basic Science&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Beniwal, Ruby, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Benrabah, Abdeldjabar,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bhattacharya, Ratnadeep, The George Washington University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bhowmik, Showmik, Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bonthagorla, Praveen Kumar, National Institute of Technology Goa&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Byun, Gangil, UNIST&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Byun, Hayoung, Myongji University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;C, Arunkumar Madhuvappan, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Callou, G., UFRPE&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cammarasana, Simone, CNR-IMATI&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Castillo-Soria, Francisco, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ceberio, Josu, University of the Basque Country&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cha, Ho-Young, Hongik University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chabir, Karim, ENIG&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chaudhary, Girdhari, Jeonbuk National University&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Che, Ren","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"167-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etr2.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective fingerprinting database construction through digital map-based RF signal modeling and partial measurements in indoor environments","authors":"Jung Ho Lee,&nbsp;Taehun Kim,&nbsp;Youngsu Cho,&nbsp;Juil Jeon,&nbsp;Kyeongsoo Han,&nbsp;Taikjin Lee","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a radio-frequency (RF) signal modeling technology that builds a fingerprinting database for indoor localization quickly and accurately. Fingerprinting-based localization technology uses location-specific signal characteristics as a database; therefore, it is less sensitive to multipath problems. The proposed approach predicts signal propagation paths and calculates attenuation based on an indoor map, reducing infrastructure installation and data collection time. Because the indoor map lacks accurate information about all structures, the modeling results contain errors when compared to measurements. To address this, measurements from a partial area improve modeling accuracy by accounting for received signal strength changes caused by indoor structures. In experiments with seven beacons, the proposed database construction method achieves an average error of 5.16 dBm and a localization error of 1.61 m, comparable to the 1.14-m error in measurement-based databases, while reducing database construction time by 41.06%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technology in rapidly and accurately building databases for indoor localization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"643-656"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of IPv6 routing attacks using ANN and a novel IoT dataset","authors":"Murat Emeç","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2023-0506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2023-0506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is an intelligent network paradigm created by interconnected device networks. Although the importance of IoT systems has increased in various applications, the increasing number of connected devices has made security even more critical. This study presents the ROUT-4-2023 dataset, which represents a step toward the security of IoT networks. This dataset simulates potential attacks on RPL-based IoT networks and provides a new platform for researchers in this field. Using artificial intelligence and machine-learning techniques, a performance evaluation was performed on four different artificial neural network models (convolutional neural network, deep neural network, multilayer perceptron structure, and routing attack detection-fed forward neural network [RaD-FFNN]). The results show that the RaD-FFNN model has high accuracy, precision, and retrieval rates, indicating that it can be used as an effective tool for the security of IoT networks. This study contributes to the protection of IoT networks from potential attacks by presenting ROUT-4-2023 and RaD-FFNN models, which will lead to further research on IoT security.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 2","pages":"350-361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2023-0506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategy optimization method based on UAVs-assisted detection of covert communication","authors":"Xiaohan Wang,&nbsp;Wen Tian,&nbsp;Guangjie Liu,&nbsp;Yuwei Dai","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are highly mobile and easily deployable devices that have become an important component of wireless communication countermeasures. Covert communication, the main method used to ensure wireless communication security, has been extensively studied in recent years. However, existing research primarily uses UAVs as auxiliary tools for covert communications, to improve communication performance, ignoring situations in which the detector utilizes UAVs for interference suppression. In this study, we propose a UAV-assisted jamming detection covert communication game model. Specifically, the UAV actively transmits noise to Alice's transmission channels to disrupt covert transmission when Willie detects a covert communication transmission. Furthermore, we analyze the adversarial process between the detector and Alice under UAV-assisted jamming based on game theory, theoretically verify the conditions for the existence of a Nash equilibrium, and formulate optimal strategies for both sides.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"603-616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sparse joint representation for massive MIMO satellite uplink and downlink based on dictionary learning","authors":"Qing-Yang Guan,&nbsp;Shuang Wu,&nbsp;Zhuang Miao","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We address the challenge of jointly representing uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channels for a massive multiple-input multiple-output satellite system. We employ dictionary learning for sparse representation with the goal of minimizing the number of UL/DL pilots and improving accuracy. Additionally, by considering the angular reciprocity, a common dictionary support can be established to enhance the performance. However, what type of dictionary model is suited for UL/DL channel representation remains an unknown field. Previous research has utilized predefined dictionaries, such as DFT or ODFT bases, which are unable to adapt to dynamic scenarios. Training dictionaries have demonstrated the potential to significantly improve accuracy; however, a lack of analysis regarding dictionary constraints exists. To address this issue, we analyze the conditional constraints of the dictionary for joint UL/DL channel representation, aiming to quantify the maximum boundary while proposing a constrained dictionary learning algorithm with singular value decomposition to obtain an effective representation and conduct an adaptability analysis in dynamic satellite communication scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 4","pages":"617-631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}