ETRI Journal最新文献_第7页

IRS-aided cognitive radio short-packet communications over Nakagami-m fading channels: BLER analysis and deep learning evaluation irs辅助认知无线电短包通信在Nakagami-m衰落信道：BLER分析和深度学习评估

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0576

Tu-Trinh Thi Nguyen, Xuan-Xinh Nguyen

{"title":"IRS-aided cognitive radio short-packet communications over Nakagami-m fading channels: BLER analysis and deep learning evaluation","authors":"Tu-Trinh Thi Nguyen, Xuan-Xinh Nguyen","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0576","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted cognitive radio (CR) short-packet communication (SPC) networks. In the secondary network, a base station communicates with a user with support from an IRS in a Nakagami-\u0000<math>\u0000 <mi>m</mi></math> fading environment. We aimed to evaluate the block error rate (BLER) performance of the secondary network under a limited interference temperature for scenarios with the presence and absence of a direct base station-user link. To this end, we employed two approaches: (i) conventional mathematical analysis and (ii) data-driven performance evaluation. For the former, closed-form expressions of the average BLER and asymptotic average BLER of the secondary user were derived analytically. For the latter, a deep neural network (DNN) model was constructed to evaluate BLER as a regression problem. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was adopted to verify the accuracy of the derived analytical BLER and DNN-based BLER performance evaluations. We determined that coherently utilizing both direct and IRS-reflecting links can significantly enhance the BLER performance of IRS-aided CR SPC networks.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"7-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Robust Mahalanobis distance-based lazy learning method for fault detection in high-dimensional processes 基于鲁棒Mahalanobis距离的惰性学习方法在高维过程中的故障检测

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0253

Jungwon Yu, Kwang-Ju Kim, In-Su Jang

{"title":"Robust Mahalanobis distance-based lazy learning method for fault detection in high-dimensional processes","authors":"Jungwon Yu, Kwang-Ju Kim, In-Su Jang","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0253","url":null,"abstract":"When using lazy learners based on the Mahalanobis distance (MD) function for process fault detection (FD), due to the curse of dimensionality, type I errors can increase significantly as the number of process variables increases. In high-dimensional data spaces, certain regions exist in which data samples are sparsely distributed. From the perspective of dense regions, the outlierness (i.e., degree of being statistical outliers) of samples in sparse regions increases as the data dimensions increase, leading to unstable estimations of classical covariance matrices for calculating MD function values. To solve this problem, a lazy learning method is proposed based on a robust MD function, where robust covariance matrices are estimated using a minimum covariance determinant method. Here, k-nearest neighbors and local outlier factor are employed as baseline learners. The proposed method can be applied to all types of lazy learning techniques. To verify FD performance, the proposed method is applied to two benchmark processes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can perform FD on very high-dimensional processes successfully without rapid increases in type I errors.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"865-880"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trends in intelligent sensor-based customized management technologies for sewer infrastructures 基于智能传感器的下水道基础设施定制管理技术的发展趋势

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0601

Mi-Seon Kang, Hyan-Su Bae, Kyoungoh Lee, Ki-Young Moon, Jung-Won Yu, Jin-Hong Kim, Doo-Sik Kim, Yun-Jeong Song, Je-Youn Dong, Kwang-Ju Kim, Sang-Soo Baek

{"title":"Trends in intelligent sensor-based customized management technologies for sewer infrastructures","authors":"Mi-Seon Kang, Hyan-Su Bae, Kyoungoh Lee, Ki-Young Moon, Jung-Won Yu, Jin-Hong Kim, Doo-Sik Kim, Yun-Jeong Song, Je-Youn Dong, Kwang-Ju Kim, Sang-Soo Baek","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0601","url":null,"abstract":"Sewer infrastructure management is essential for public health, environmental protection, and urban stability. Aging networks and the impacts of climate change emphasize the need for advanced management solutions. Traditional methods, such as periodic inspections and reactive maintenance, are insufficient to address the complexities of modern sewer systems. This study surveys intelligent-sensor-based management technologies aimed at improving sewer infrastructure. Key technologies include Internet-of-Things-driven data collection, machine learning and deep learning analytics, cloud and edge computing, and autonomous robotics. Based on case studies from South Korea, Germany, Japan, and the United States, the practical benefits of these technologies were explored, including real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance, as well as challenges such as sensor durability, robotic mobility, and data analysis limitations. Rather than proposing solutions, this study evaluates the current state of these technologies and identifies gaps that require further research and innovation. It provides a comprehensive overview that serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners and contributes to the advancement of sustainable and efficient sewer management systems.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"797-814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

End-to-end reading classification in the wild using 2D EOG signal images and ResNet variants 使用2D EOG信号图像和ResNet变体的野外端到端阅读分类

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0051

Chi Yoon Jeong, Youngmi Song, Sungjun Wang, Mooseop Kim, SuGil Choi

{"title":"End-to-end reading classification in the wild using 2D EOG signal images and ResNet variants","authors":"Chi Yoon Jeong, Youngmi Song, Sungjun Wang, Mooseop Kim, SuGil Choi","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0051","url":null,"abstract":"User reading status provides valuable insights into cognitive processes. Most reading classification methods rely on electrooculography (EOG). However, classifying EOG signals in uncontrolled environments poses challenges because of noise and limited data. To address this issue, methods based on self-supervised learning or nested architectures have been proposed. However, their performance is often limited because they do not optimize the model in an end-to-end manner. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end network for two-dimensional (2D) signal images generated from reshaped EOG signals. A 2D signal image was generated by reshaping EOG signals to incorporate both horizontal and vertical eye movements along with their magnitudes. We designed a ResNet-based network to classify 2D signal images and introduced data augmentation techniques commonly used in image classification tasks. Our experiments, conducted using a publicly available dataset, evaluated various factors such as network structures, segmentation strategies, sampling rates, and sensor modalities. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves classification accuracy compared with existing methods.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"153-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Privacy-preserving labeling-free occupancy counting sensor based on ToF camera and clustering 基于ToF相机和聚类的隐私保护无标记占用计数传感器

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2025-0022

Jaeik Jeong, Wan-Ki Park

{"title":"Privacy-preserving labeling-free occupancy counting sensor based on ToF camera and clustering","authors":"Jaeik Jeong, Wan-Ki Park","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2025-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2025-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Occupancy detection systems are crucial for optimizing energy efficiency in smart cities and buildings but often face privacy and data dependency challenges. YOLO (you only look once), a widely used real-time detection framework, relies on identifiable image data and labeled datasets. This study proposes a privacy-preserving, labeling-free occupancy sensor using a time-of-flight (ToF) camera, and a clustering algorithm. Positioned above doorways, the ToF camera captures depth data that inherently protect privacy by avoiding identifiable information. Using the mean shift clustering algorithm, it performs real-time detection and tracking without labeled data, generating bounding boxes for movement analysis. Unlike traditional ToF-based or unsupervised methods, the proposed system adapts dynamically to varying occupant behaviors and environmental conditions for robust real-time detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves over 90% accuracy in standard single-entry and exit scenarios. By addressing existing limitations, it offers a data-efficient, privacy-sensitive solution for building digital twins in energy optimization and resource management.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"841-854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2025-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic partitioning graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition 基于骨架的动作识别的动态划分图卷积网络

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0598

Sungjun Jang, Yongju Lee, Taejae Jeon, Han Byeol Bae

{"title":"Dynamic partitioning graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition","authors":"Sungjun Jang, Yongju Lee, Taejae Jeon, Han Byeol Bae","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0598","url":null,"abstract":"In skeleton-based action recognition, most state-of-the-art models are based on graph convolutional networks (GCNs), and propose various graph topologies to capture the inherent relationships between joints more effectively. However, existing GCN-based methods are constrained by their reliance on independently proposed graph topologies, and often overlook the potential benefits of incorporating various graphs. To address this limitation, we propose a dynamic partitioning GCN (DPGCN) that can capture the dynamic dependencies of the skeletal structure and learn the relationships among subgraphs. The DPGCN, inspired by dynamic convolution, includes a dynamic partitioning graph convolution (DP-GC) designed to extract features from subgraphs and predict dynamically adjusted weights. DP-GC assigns predicted weights to multiple kernels and combines them, allowing the model to focus on the structural patterns. Our proposed DPGCN outperforms or achieves a performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods on three benchmark datasets: NTU RGB+D, NTU RGB + D 120, and NW-UCLA.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147268911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental verification of coil rotation and phase-shift control for enhancing wireless power-transfer efficiency 提高无线电力传输效率的线圈旋转和相移控制的实验验证

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0565

Patrick Danuor, Myeong-Jun Oh, Jung-Ick Moon, Young-Bae Jung

{"title":"Experimental verification of coil rotation and phase-shift control for enhancing wireless power-transfer efficiency","authors":"Patrick Danuor, Myeong-Jun Oh, Jung-Ick Moon, Young-Bae Jung","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0565","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology offers a promising solution for powering electronic devices without a physical connection. However, achieving high power-transfer efficiency (PTE) while minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI) remains a critical challenge, especially for flexible and unrestricted device positioning. This study explores the use of coil rotation and phase-shift control to optimize the PTE by adjusting the transmitter (TX) coil orientation and phase shifts. Analytical expressions based on the Neumann formula are employed to derive the mutual inductance between two coaxially aligned coils with varying receiver (RX) coil orientations. A prototype magnetic resonance WPT (MR-WPT) system is developed to validate the feasibility of the proposed efficiency enhancement methods. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that optimizing the TX coil phase-shift and coil-rotation angle can maximize the RX voltage and improve the PTE by approximately 30%, while also reducing EMI levels.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1139-1151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-criteria gateway selection algorithm for hybrid mobile ad hoc networks 混合移动自组网的多准则网关选择算法

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0365

Sungwook Kim

{"title":"Multi-criteria gateway selection algorithm for hybrid mobile ad hoc networks","authors":"Sungwook Kim","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0365","url":null,"abstract":"Under ubiquitous smart environments, the convergence of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and infrastructure networks enables new communication patterns. In this hybrid MANET (H-MANET) platform, gateways critically affect network performance. We address the gateway selection problem by proposing a novel decision mechanism that considers multiple metrics. Using a multi-criteria decision method and bargaining game theory, we develop a novel gateway selection algorithm. First, routing paths are discovered. Second, decision criteria—route distance, queue length, connectivity degree, and link complexity—are evaluated. Third, each gateway's adaptability is assessed through the combination of Kalai–Smorodinsky and Nash bargaining solutions. Finally, the most adaptable gateway is selected for data transmission. Our main contribution is integrating both bargaining solutions' concepts for multi-criteria-based gateway selection. Simulation results demonstrate the performance benefits of our proposed approach over existing methods. The proposed method can also address other real-world multi-criteria decision problems.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1003-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

M3D-MDA: New scratchpad memory for enhancing GPU performance and energy efficiency M3D-MDA：用于增强GPU性能和能效的新型刮刮板内存

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.4218/etrij.2024-0538

Cong Thuan Do

{"title":"M3D-MDA: New scratchpad memory for enhancing GPU performance and energy efficiency","authors":"Cong Thuan Do","doi":"10.4218/etrij.2024-0538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0538","url":null,"abstract":"Applications in various fields, such as deep learning and scientific computing, naturally exhibit data access patterns along both the row and column dimensions of static random access memory (SRAM). However, traditional SRAM architectures only support asymmetric access, typically in the row dimension. Accordingly, to perform operations that require both row-wise and column-wise data, SRAM must activate multiple rows sequentially to obtain column-wise data. Such time-consuming operations significantly degrade not only the performance but also the energy efficiency of graphics processing units (GPUs). In this study, we exploited monolithic 3D (M3D) integration to construct a large-scale SRAM architecture supporting accessing data in both the row and column dimensions (that is, multi-dimensional access [MDA]). When our M3D-MDA memory is utilized for GPU scratchpad memory, it provides average performance improvements of 68% and 23.4% for fundamental operations and workloads that exhibit MDA access patterns, respectively, compared with traditional 2D memory. The M3D-MDA memory also substantially reduces energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":11901,"journal":{"name":"ETRI Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4218/etrij.2024-0538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 1.6 4区计算机科学

ETRI Journal Pub Date : 2025-08-27

引用次数: 0