Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Precise pesticide application-an earthworm field study.","authors":"Jörg Hanisch, Gunnar Henkes, Michael Faupel, Daniel Ruf, Jan-Dieter Ludwigs","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf145","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the course of the advancing digitalization of agriculture, the precision application of pesticides is coming more and more into focus. Today's technology enables farmers to apply products only on spots or areas where needed. This leads to more heterogeneous pesticide spraying patterns compared with conventional full-area application. Consequently, soil organisms are exposed to correspondingly heterogeneous chemical stress regarding the field perspective. However, understanding how such \"precise application\" of pesticides affects soil organisms at the field level is limited, and these application methods are not yet standardized in pesticide regulation due to lack of concrete data. Therefore, an earthworm field effect study was conducted comprising standardized precision pesticide application patterns. Carbendazim was applied in a checkerboard design in three different scales with 50% treated and 50% untreated area. Results show that the earthworm community was less negatively affected in partially treated fields than blanket-sprayed fields. Further, results show that the scale of the spraying patterns matters, with the effects in the largest scaled pattern being less pronounced than in finer spraying patterns. Generally, treatments affected anecic earthworms more than endogeic earthworms. Additionally, anecic earthworms in the largest scaled spraying pattern did not show initial abundance decreases as they did in the two smaller scaled spraying patterns, indicating differences in responses of ecological groups to spraying patterns. This study is the first to demonstrate that application patterns matter. We aim to contribute to more sustainable pesticide use, integrating ecosystem services and providing baseline data for future soil risk assessments. Therefore, it would be desirable to have more empirical data on environmental risk assessment studies, especially compared with theoretical studies already available.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2331-2338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144247057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure and hormone associations of pesticides and flame retardants among primates in Uganda.","authors":"Tessa Steiniche, William Green, Richard Mutegeki, Colin A Chapman, Richard W Wrangham, Jessica M Rothman, Marta Venier, Michael D Wasserman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primates exhibit diverse diets and related dietary adaptations which are expected to play a role in the exposure and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. In the habitat of four primate species in Kibale National Park, Uganda, we quantified brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air samples (n = 9), dietary plant samples (n = 32), and fecal samples from adult males and juveniles (n = 53). We also measured the fecal hormone metabolites cortisol and estradiol in juveniles (n = 38). In dietary plant samples, Σ32 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) ranged from 12-22 ng/g and Σ21OCPs ranged from 61-334 ng/g across primate species. In primate fecal samples, median Σ32BFRs ranged from 6-158 ng/g and Σ21OCPs s ranged from 39-261 ng/g. In juveniles, higher Σ32BFRs were associated with decreased cortisol in baboons and chimpanzees as well as total polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dechlorane plus in baboons and chimpanzees, respectively. In red-tailed monkeys, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate and Σ21OCPs were positively associated with cortisol. No significant associations between targeted pollutants and hormones were found in red colobus nor between estradiol and any chemical for any species. Our results indicate that despite their phylogenetic relatedness, the exposure, movement, and potential endocrine activity of pollutants varies across primate species. We suggest future studies exploring the mechanisms underlying phytochemical detoxification may help further elucidate connections between dietary niche and pollutant sensitivity in primates and at a broad taxonomic scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2244-2257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12311215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous determination of mixture mineralization and constituent-specific primary degradation in a modified ready biodegradability test.","authors":"Heidi Birch, Karen Scharling Dyhr, Ann Flemming Nielsen, Philipp Mayer","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf146","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ready biodegradability screening tests are the first step in regulatory persistence assessments of chemicals. However, current ready biodegradability tests are not applicable to substances of unknown and variable composition, complex reaction products, and biological materials (UVCBs), because they cannot demonstrate the degradation of all UVCB constituents. The mineralization of the majority of constituents could mask the lack of degradation of persistent constituents. The aim of this study was to develop and apply a new whole UVCB ready biodegradability test, where oxygen depletion is applied to determine whole UVCB mineralization, and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine constituent specific primary degradation. The method development and design optimization addressed oxygen-related and UVCB-related challenges. The designed test system consisted of 100 ml clear injection flasks with oxygen sensor spots mounted inside, closed with crimp caps and butyl/polytetrafluoroethylene septa. The new test was applied to black pepper essential oil (EO) as a model UVCB. The composition of black pepper EO is well defined and contains a balance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes permitting validation of the approach across a broad spectrum of naturally occurring components. The EO test concentration was lowered to 10 mg/L to avoid substrate inhibition, and a headspace ratio of 25% ensured aerobic conditions. Mineralization of black pepper EO reached the pass level of 60% within less than 12 days, and primary degradation was rapid and consistent for all measured constituents. The mineralization of the UVCB and the primary degradation of its constituents provide two lines of evidence for black pepper EO being readily biodegradable. The developed approach is a modified rather than an enhanced Organisation for Economic Co-operation and D 301 method, because substance-specific test challenges motivated and justified the test modifications. This approach seems now applicable for improved biodegradation testing and persistence assessment of UVCBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2108-2116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic toxicity of the ultraviolet filter octocrylene to the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.","authors":"Emily E Burns, Carys Mitchelmore, John Williams, Andrew Heyes, Michael Gonsior, Iain A Davies","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf122","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With increasing concern over the environmental safety of cosmetic and personal care product ingredients discharged to the aquatic environment, a need to evaluate the risk of recreational ultraviolet filter (UVF) emissions in coastal marine environments has grown in prominence. A commonly used UVF, octocrylene (OC), has been detected in several monitoring studies of coastal environments, emphasizing the need for a marine environmental safety assessment. A review of the literature identified that there is a paucity of reliable marine chronic toxicity data available to generate toxicological thresholds for OC. While leveraging freshwater data is possible, this results in the incorporation of significant uncertainty in the assessment as key marine taxa (such as echinoderms, mollusks, or cnidarians) cannot be suitably represented. To help remedy this, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Test Method 1008.0 (Sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, Fertilization Test) was conducted to evaluate the chronic toxicity of OC on sea urchins. All test acceptability criteria were met, and concentrations of OC were adequately maintained in the test system. The resultant fertilization 10% effect concentration was 41.5 µg/L, indicating that A. punctulata fertilization is less sensitive to OC exposure than freshwater invertebrate reproduction results to date. This data point serves to further the octocrylene marine chronic ecotoxicological profile, but ultimately more data are needed prior to conducting a robust environmental safety assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2186-2197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Eco-friendly\" road deicers may not be so friendly: assessing the toxicity of beet-juice brine and potassium chloride to Daphnia pulicaria.","authors":"Abigail Fee, Troy Martin, Lisa Cicchetti, Pedro S Manoel, Shelley E Arnott","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf110","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is increasing concern over rising salinity in freshwater ecosystems, which is often associated with deicing salt usage in temperate regions that experience cold winters. Negative impacts of deicing salts on the environment include changes to aquatic community composition and loss of biodiversity. Consequently, many municipalities are increasing their usage of alternative deicers that are reported to be \"eco-friendly\" and require lower application rates. One example of an organic alternative is a beet juice and salt brine mixture that contains degraded beet sugar and chloride salts. There is limited research on the effects of these products on aquatic organisms, including zooplankton, which are critical components of freshwater food webs. To address this knowledge gap, we compared the acute toxicities of a beet-brine product (Fusion 2330) with potassium chloride (KCl, >99% pure) and sodium chloride (NaCl, >99% pure), which are components of beet-juice brine, to a single iso-female line of Daphnia pulicaria using 48-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity tests. We found that Daphnia pulicaria was more tolerant to NaCl and KCl than beet-juice brine with 48-hr LC50 values of 1,812 mg Cl-/L, 254 mg Cl-/L, and 82 mg Cl-/L, respectively. Considering toxicity related to K+, we determined 48-hr LC50 values of 276.7 mg K+/L and 10.3 mg K+/L for KCl and beet-juice brine, respectively. We also found that dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with increasing concentration of the beet-juice brine product, which may contribute to the negative impact of beet-juice brine application. These results suggest that caution should be taken when using organic deicers, as beet-juice brine is more toxic to D. pulicaria than the commonly used rock salt (NaCl).</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2089-2097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hidden toxicity of solid phase extraction blanks in water analysis.","authors":"Yan Wang, Mafalda Castro, Selina Tisler, Mathias B Jørgensen, Kristoffer Kilpinen, Jason Devers, Austeja Luckute, Johan Lundqvist, Jan H Christensen, Nina Cedergreen","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf127","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nontoxic blank samples are a prerequisite in effect-directed analysis to ensure that any measured bioassay activity stems from chemicals in the environmental sample, and not from chemicals added through the sampling and sample preparation procedures. In a study on wastewater, solid phase extraction (SPE) blank samples, prepared by extracting clean water (such as tap water, demineralized water, etc.) using the same methodology as real wastewater, showed toxic effects in algae, daphnia, and in vitro bioassays. The aim of this study was to pinpoint the origin of the chemicals responsible for the observed toxicity, and to provide guidance on how to remediate their occurrence. Analysis revealed that the elution solvents optimized for SPE, composed of methanol (MeOH), NH4OH, and formic acid, constituted a significant source of toxicity, even when evaporated to dryness. Ammonium was the primary source of toxicity in the algae assay. Formic acid released toxic metal ions from the system and SPE materials, particularly Cu and Zn, which strongly affected daphnia. Switching to pure MeOH as the elution solvent alleviated most of the toxicity, although some metals remained. Further reductions in toxicity were achieved by replacing ultra-pure water with an ion-rich artificial freshwater medium for preparing blank samples. Three tested SPE materials (graphitized carbon, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, and ENV+) released unidentified toxic chemicals correlating with algae toxicity and estrogen receptor activity, but these could be eliminated through extensive MeOH washing before packing the cartridges. Nontoxic levels of plasticizers were detected from system components. In conclusion, altering SPE elution solvents, washing SPE materials, and using artificial freshwater as blanks minimized the release of chemicals and ensured nontoxic blank samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2154-2165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological effects and mechanism of RAW246.7 cells exposed to U(VI).","authors":"Huiyun Ming, Zhuna Yan, Hao Li, Jun Liang, Lei Liu, Wencheng Song","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, biological effects and mechanisms of hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) damage on immune cells RAW264.7 were investigated by biological experiments and transcriptome analysis. Cell viability, cell cycle, colony formation, and transcriptomes of RAW264.7 were examined after 24 h exposure to U(VI). The results showed a marked decrease in viability and arrest of the G2/M phase after U(VI) treatment, and 1092 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and 1127 DEGs were down-regulated relative to the control group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data revealed that DEGs were primarily involved in the transcriptional dysregulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway, etc The Gene Ontology (GO) classification revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes. The trends of four DEGs assayed by Western Blotting (WB) were consistent with that of the RNA-seq. These findings will establish a theoretical foundation for future research into the immune system toxicity of U(VI).</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of the tire antioxidant 6PPD on early life stages of the popular sport fish species, the largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans).","authors":"Katryna J Seabrook, Louise M Winn, Markus Brinkmann, Julie E Adams, Ashley Canete, Linna Xie, Hui Peng, Stacey A Robinson, Diane M Orihel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a widely used rubber antioxidant, entering aquatic ecosystems through roadway runoff of tire wear particles. A transformation product of 6PPD, 6PPD-quinone, has been detected in watersheds at concentrations acutely toxic to some salmonid fish species. We evaluated the toxicity of 6PPD to early-life stage largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans) in a series of outdoor aquatic microcosm experiments. Wild-collected embryos were chronically exposed to 6PPD and its potential transformation products in natural lake water under ambient environmental conditions. In a preliminary 96-h experiment, 6PPD was toxic to largemouth bass embryos with a 96-h LC50 of 42.8 µg/L. Interestingly, we found that exposure to 6PPD-quinone did not cause mortality in largemouth bass embryos beyond concentrations of maximum solubility in water. To further investigate the developmental toxicity of 6PPD, largemouth bass were exposed to 6PPD (modelled time-weighted average concentrations ranging from 0.1-3.7 µg/L) for 10 d, which spanned the embryonic to yolk-sac larval life stages. Exposure to 6PPD decreased yolk sac absorption as well as increased the occurrence and severity of malformations compared to the solvent control. As the first toxicological assessment of 6PPD with largemouth bass, our findings provide an important first step in understanding how 6PPD affects the development of the early life stages under environmentally realistic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Availability is a Critical Factor in Microplastic Toxicity Testing using Daphnia magna.","authors":"Mira Ghosh, Chelsea Rochman, Ludovic Hermabessiere, Garth A Covernton","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment and can have toxic effects on organisms. The effects of microplastics can include food dilution. This occurs when an animal feels full after consuming particles but does not gain nutrition from them. This satiety signal might limit further feeding, resulting in malnutrition. Environmental concentrations of microplastics and food are relevant to the risk of food dilution. The ratio of ingested microplastics to food by volume should determine the degree of food dilution and other toxicity pathways. To examine the possibility of a relationship between food availability and the effects of microplastics on animal health, we used a fully factorial design experiment exposing Daphnia magna to three concentrations of microplastic fragments (none, low, high). We exposed Daphnia to a mixture of three microplastic polymers (polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene) and three levels of food availability (low, medium, high). We found that microplastics negatively affected survival only in the high exposure treatment and that food availability improved survival across all treatments. Higher survival of Daphnia in the high microplastics, high food treatment compared with the high microplastics, medium and low food treatments suggests that the two factors interact additively. Food availability also positively influenced reproduction and growth, whereas microplastic exposure did not. Future studies and the interpretation of past work should closely consider the relationship between food availability and microplastics, as the effect of microplastics on survival appears to be mediated by the abundance of food. Exposures to the same microplastic concentration across different levels of food will produce different experimental outcomes, which will affect the thresholds determined by risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of Dilution Factors for 1st Tier Exposure Assessment in Asian Rivers Using a High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Chemical Exposure Analysis Model.","authors":"Mariko Okada, Michihiro Murata, Takahiro Suzuki, Yuto Amano, Hiroshi Honda, Masayuki Yamane, Tomoya Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the environmental impacts of down-the-drain chemicals on consumer products have received increasing attention. For a comprehensive environmental risk assessment, dilution factors (DF), which are used for 1st tier exposure assessment, are lacking, especially for the direct discharge scenario. In this study, DFs were derived for 101 rivers in nine Asian countries, considering two exposure scenarios for chemicals discharged from households into rivers-wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and direct discharge. DFs were derived separately for both scenarios with a high spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km. River flow analysis was performed using the chemical exposure analysis model, Global-SHANEL Asia model, which is originally developed to estimate chemical concentrations in Asian rivers, based on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology's Standardized Hydrology-based AssessmeNt tool for chemical Exposure Load (AIST-SHANEL). It can also estimate anthropogenic discharge based on population density. The DF values were taken from the lower percentile or minimum of those analyzed under low-flow conditions, since screening assessments require the use of realistic worst-case values. The 5th percentile of DFs for the direct discharge and WWTP discharge scenarios were calculated as 64-5100 and 1.3-4.2, respectively, and were used to assess linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) exposure. Although the DFs for the direct discharge scenario were larger than those for the WWTP discharge scenario, the predicted environmental concentrations of LAS in the direct discharge scenario were higher in some countries, making a risk assessment based solely on WWTP discharge insufficient in some cases. This study provides basic information for an initial risk assessment of chemicals in high-concentration local areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}