Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Photo-induced degradation of single-use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics under laboratory and outdoor environmental conditions.","authors":"Zachery A Kasuske, Kailash Arole, Micah J Green, Todd A Anderson, Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that induce microplastic fragmentation and degradation within the environment. This research aimed to quantify the combined degradative effects that mechanical abrasion in conjunction with photo-oxidation and hydrolysis, have on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics. To accomplish this, common routes of degradation were evaluated. Degradation was assessed using three indices indicative of polymer degradation: Carbonyl Index (CI), Carbon-to-Oxygen Index (COI), and Hydroxyl Index (HI). This study assessed the effects that mechanical abrasion (MA), photo-oxidation, and various simulated environmental conditions: aqueous (Aq), aqueous + ultraviolet (UV), and UV only within two distinct settings (lab vs outdoor) have on PET microplastic degradation. Photo-oxidation exposure across a 60-d period induced significant degradation on PET microplastics resulting in a 1-22% increase in carbonyl groups across all treatments except UV and Aq. + UV Chamber (MA). A 6-214% increase in hydroxyl groups across all treatments. A 1-10% decrease in carbon-to-oxygen groups in all treatments except the Chamber Aqueous and Outdoor UV (MA). Mechanical abrasion seemed to accelerate this degradation in combination with both UV and aqueous treatments. Using simulated environmental conditions to induce degradation upon PET microplastics, in both lab and simulated environmentally relevant settings, revealed that the combined effects of hydrolysis and photo-oxidation can accelerate the process, especially in conjunction with mechanical abrasion. The novel findings presented here provide insight into the complex relationship between various polymer degradation pathways and the effects that mechanical abrasion can have on them, while also providing additional data for an understudied yet prevalent plastic polymer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap between hypothesis-based test results and point-estimates in freshwater chronic toxicity tests: a meta-analysis.","authors":"James R Justice, Brian Schnitker, Kathryn Gallagher","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been a history of debate within the ecotoxicological community on the use of point estimates (e.g., effect concentration for 20% of test organisms; EC20) versus effect levels determined through hypothesis-based testing, such as the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). This study provides analyses of the percent effect that is expected to occur at the NOEC, LOEC, and maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) based on available chronic data but does not debate the merits of point estimates versus hypothesis-based test results. We also developed adjustment factors that can be applied to NOECs, LOECs, MATCs, EC20, and EC10 values to equate them to EC5 values, which generally represent an effect level that is within the variability of control responses (e.g., NOEC/Adjustment Factor = Approximate EC5). Our analyses showed median percent effect occurring at the NOEC (8.5%), LOEC (46.5%), and MATC (23.5%) was not strongly influenced by chemical or taxon type (invertebrate vs. vertebrate). The median NOEC, LOEC, and MATC to EC5 adjustment factors were 1.2, 2.5, and 1.8, respectively. The median EC20 to EC5 adjustment factor was 1.7, and the median EC10 to EC5 adjustment factor was 1.3. Adjustment factors were not strongly influenced by chemical or taxon type, suggesting they can be applied across chemicals and taxa. Our results provide context to the use of hypothesis-based testing results. The adjustment factors developed could be considered in efforts to streamline screening-level ecological risk assessments and individual-level endangered species evaluations by providing an approach that could be used to adjust commonly reported toxicity test results (i.e., NOEC, LOEC, MATC, EC20, EC10) into approximate EC5 values.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake and elimination of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in earthworms exposed to spiked artificial soil or aqueous medium.","authors":"Guilherme Lotufo, Robert E Boyd, Paige M Krupa, Zhao Yang, Jennifer E Guelfo, Michael Simini, Roman G Kuperman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Uptake kinetics and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were determined using a mixture of 16 PFAS by exposing earthworms to spiked artificial soil for up to 28 d. Two treatments were used, with the low treatment targeting environmentally relevant concentrations. The concentrations of PFAS remained relatively unchanged during the exposures and statistically significant rates of uptake were estimated for most individual PFAS. For the 0.01 mg/kg treatment (target concentration of each PFAS), steady state was reached for all PFAS except PFHpS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFTeDA, and PFTrDA. For the 0.01 mg/kg treatment, bioaccumulation factors (BAF; kg/kg-dry wt.) ranged from 4 to 49 for most PFAS, but were higher for PFHxS (72), PFTeDA (271), and PFUnA (299). Organic-carbon-normalized BAFs were within the range of published values. The BAF values increased with increasing length of the alkyl chain for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), but not for perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Uptake rates and BAFs were lower for the 1 mg/kg treatment, typically by over one order of magnitude, likely because of sublethal physiological impairment. Fast and steep decreases in tissue concentrations of PFAS occurred when earthworms were transferred to clean soil, even for long chain PFAS, overall agreeing with previous reports. However, measured elimination rates were faster than predicted from the uptake experiments and the causes remain unknown. Bioaccumulation of PFAS was also investigated in exposures to aqueous medium for up to 7 d to derive bioconcentration factors (BCFs). Comparison of BCFs and BAFs suggests that uptake from soil may have higher relevance compared to dermal uptake from porewater for long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diclofenac activates antioxidant defenses and affects ovarian growth in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium borellii.","authors":"Marina Zanitti, Ariel Calabró López, Ismael E Lozano, Daniel A Medesani, Ariadna G Battista, Laura S López Greco, Enrique M Rodríguez","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovigerous females of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium borellii were exposed to three sublethal concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L) of diclofenac sodium salt, for 74 d, in order to measure several variables related to both reproductive success and oxidative stress. Although no differences (p > 0.05) were noted in either the egg incubation time or the postlarvae survival, the number of hatched postlarvae (actual fecundity) decreased to some extent, together with a low percentage of abnormal larvae. At the end of the assay, the ovarian size of re-maturating shrimps exposed to 1 mg/L of diclofenac was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of controls, showing an acceleration of ovarian growth by the effect of this drug. Taken together, though, these results showed no evident increase of the reproductive output. Concerning oxidative stress, both the reduced glutathione level and total antioxidant capacity were enhanced without altering glutathione-S-transferase activity and lipid peroxidation. Concomitantly, no damage to the hepatopancreas structure was observed in females. We conclude that diclofenac caused an imbalance in gonadal growth, likely by affecting the endocrine control exerted by prostaglandins, while oxidative stress could be efficiently controlled by the induction of antioxidant defenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the presence of nanoplastics in freshwater chironomids from glacial habitats using Raman spectroscopy.","authors":"Andrea Masseroni, Gabriella F Schirinzi, Sara Villa, Serena Pozzi, Francesca Paoli, Jessica Ponti, Andrea Valsesia, Valeria Lencioni","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The detection of nanoplastics (NPs) in the natural ecosystems is challenging due to the size and the low concentrations of NPs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of NPs in larvae of two chironomid species (Diamesa zernyi and Diamesa tonsa) colonizing two high-altitude glacier-fed streams (Mandrone and Amola streams, Trentino, Italy). The analytical method developed in this work combines enzymatic and oxidative digestion followed by a purification step in ethanol to enable on-chip identification through Raman spectroscopic analysis. To validate the extraction procedure, three pools of 100 mg (wet weight) each of Diamesa zernyi larvae from the Mandrone stream were spiked with polystyrene NPs of 500 nm in size at two different theoretical concentrations (107 and 109 particles/mL). Quantification of the particles in the residual matrix was performed using Single Particle Extinction and Scattering (SPES) analysis. The results demonstrate good recovery rates, respectively of 109 ± 28% and 82 ± 12% for the high and low concentration spiked samples. This methodology enabled the effective identification of plastic particles using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Successively, three pools of 100 mg (wet weight) of non-spiked specimens of Diamesa tonsa from the Amola stream were analysed revealing the presence of polystyrene particles. Despite the low number of replicates from only one analysed sampling site and the detection limits of the Raman spectroscopy, this approach represents the first reliable analytical extraction procedure to demonstrate the accumulation of NPs by aquatic insect larvae and, consequently, the potential environmental pollution of glacial streams from Italian Alps.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light Emitting Diode (LED) light as an alternative to fluorescent for Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) organism reference toxicity testing and culturing.","authors":"Orithea Z Regn, Ashley M Romero, Jennifer L Bouldin","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the global transition from fluorescent to light emitting diode (LED) lights, there has been limited research to determine the impact of different light types on whole effluent toxicity (WET) test organisms. This study compared WET testing results, using sodium chloride as the reference toxicant, for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, and Pimephales promelas kept under fluorescent and LED lights. Inter-laboratory comparisons were made for acute and chronic C. dubia, acute D. pulex, and acute D. magna test results, where seasonality impacts were determined for all tests. One lab further evaluated culturing board effects over 12-week periods for C. dubia and D. magna and compared different LED light temperatures for C. dubia. Time of year differences were found with inconsistencies observed between labs. LED light temperature did not affect C. dubia culturing or WET test performance. In conclusion, LED lights are a viable alternative to fluorescent in WET testing except for chronic P. promelas and potentially chronic D. magna testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated analysis of lethal and sublethal effects of rice pesticides on the natural predator Microvelia Pulchella (Insecta: Hemiptera: Veliidae): insights into direct and indirect effects.","authors":"Arledys Albino-Bohórquez, Yeisson Gutiérrez, German Bohórquez, Tito Bacca","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the lethal and sublethal effects of commonly used rice crop pesticides-cypermethrin, butachlor, and carbendazim-on the broad-shouldered water strider, Microvelia pulchella. Conducted under controlled conditions, the research aimed to elucidate the direct and indirect impacts of these pesticides on key life-history traits of this aquatic predatory insect. Initial dose-response bioassays revealed that cypermethrin was the most toxic, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.79 ppm, followed by butachlor (LC50 = 2.53 ppm) and carbendazim (LC50 = 15.63 ppm). Subsequently, using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), we investigated causal relationships between sublethal pesticide exposure and life-history traits in M. pulchella. The results demonstrated that sublethal concentrations induced significant biological disruptions, with pronounced sex-specific effects on wing development, body size, longevity, fecundity, and offspring hatching success. Cypermethrin exposure markedly reduced female body size and longevity in both sexes, indirectly diminishing egg production and offspring hatching success. Butachlor similarly reduced body size in both sexes and male longevity, with cascading effects on reproductive output. Specifically, decreased egg production was linked to smaller female body size, reduced male longevity, and an indirect effect of butachlor on female longevity mediated by body size. In contrast, carbendazim exposure led to reductions in body size and significant impairments in wing development. Its effects on fertility, however, were dose-dependent, showing a slight decline at lower concentrations but an unexpected increase at higher doses, suggesting a complex, non-linear relationship between exposure levels and reproductive outcomes. These findings highlight the detrimental ecological consequences of cypermethrin, butachlor, and carbendazim on M. pulchella, disrupting its role as a natural predator and impairing its ability to regulate pest populations. The study concludes with evidence-based recommendations for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices and regulatory policies aimed at preserving beneficial predatory species like M. pulchella and fostering sustainable agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring cumulative effects of aquaculture chemicals in sediment on adult sea urchin behavioural, immunological, and metabolomic endpoints.","authors":"Davide Asnicar, Lauren Jonah, Benjamin de Jourdan, Dounia Hamoutene","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Stepwise Prioritization of Chemicals Detected in Great Lakes Tributaries (2008-2018).","authors":"E M Maloney, S R Corsi, M A Pronschinske, L A DeCicco, J R Frisch, N Fuller, A K Baldwin, K Kimbrough, M Edwards, S L Hummel, N Vinas, D L Villeneuve","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Through the U.S. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, a ten-year, multi-agency chemical monitoring effort was undertaken across the Great Lakes. In this effort 586 chemicals were monitored and 334 were detected in grab/composite water samples. To help inform potential future actions, a stepwise prioritization framework was used to identify compounds for which publicly accessible water quality guidelines or effects information suggested there was potential aquatic ecotoxicity. As water quality guidelines were only available for some chemicals, this framework also used apical toxicity data collated from publicly accessible databases (e.g., the ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase). It also used alternative data, including literature-derived non-apical effect concentrations, in vitro bioactivities from high throughput screening, and modeled ecotoxicity. To account for the diverse levels of confidence in these data, chemicals were prioritized within specific action categories, which suggested potential management or experimental activities that may be considered based on the types of data available for each compound. Overall, 11 detected chemicals were identified as high priority in different action categories. This included 4 chemicals prioritized for environmental management or targeted risk assessment, 3 chemicals prioritized for effects-based monitoring, 1 chemical prioritized for apical effects assessment and 3 chemicals targeted for non-apical evaluation. This framework also identified 164 low priority chemicals, among which over 50% were prioritized based on water quality guidelines or apical effect concentrations (thus could be considered low priority for future risk assessment or management activities). Results aim to help regulatory agencies, environmental managers, and other stakeholders focus available resources on carrying out monitoring, experimental, and risk assessments for the chemicals that display the greatest potential to adversely impact Great Lakes ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphibian studies to investigate the endocrine disrupting properties of chemicals through the thyroid modality: a comparison of their statistical power.","authors":"Simone Rizzuto, Franco Maria Neri, Valeria Ercolano, Alessio Ippolito, Alberto Linguadoca, Laura Villamar Bouza, Maria Arena","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amphibians are the current model species for investigating the endocrine disrupting (ED) properties through the thyroid modality in non-mammalian species. A recurrent question in the EU regulatory endocrine assessment of pesticide active substances (2018/605) is whether the positive results from an in vivo screening test, ie, Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA) can be considered sufficient to conclude on the ED properties of a pesticide active substance, or whether the Larval Amphibian Growth and Developmental Assay (LADGA) is a necessary step to further clarify the concerns identified in the AMA. Another one is the consideration of the Extended AMA (EAMA). To further clarify some of the uncertainties around the use of the LAGDA, and to help further consideration of the EAMA in regulatory context, the statistical power of the three test designs was tested for all the parameters entailed to be measured in the respective study design (except for thyroid histopathology) by using data from real experimental studies. Our findings showed that the statistical power of the EAMA is in line with other OECD standardized tests ie, AMA, LAGDA. Our results also confirmed that the LAGDA is more powerful to detect effects on relevant parameters, ie, time to reach metamorphosis, compared to other in vivo tests. However, the difference in power was small, questioning its contribution to an overall weight of evidence already supporting the identification of a substance as an ED. These findings should be considered only in the context of hazard-based endocrine assessment of active substances (ie, EU regulatory ED assessment of pesticide active substances, 2018/65), while they may not be fully applicable for risk assessment-based approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}