Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"A multi-estuary assessment of pharmaceutical exposure and risk of pharmacological effects in a recreational fishery.","authors":"Jennifer S Rehage, Nicholas A Castillo, Andy Distrubell, Shakira Trabelsi, Rolando O Santos, W Ryan James, Ryan J Rezek, Daniel Cerveny, Ross E Boucek, Aaron J Adams, Jerker Fick, Tomas Brodin","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf125","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence of coastal and marine pharmaceutical pollution is increasing, yet most studies examining pharmaceuticals are conducted in temperate regions, while research in subtropical and tropical regions lags behind. These studies have been conducted at small spatial scales, with a need for larger spatial assessments. We examined pharmaceutical occurrence and pharmacological risk for 94 pharmaceuticals in a coastal recreational fish, the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), across nine Florida (USA) estuaries. To evaluate risk of pharmacological effects, we compared plasma concentrations to the one-third human therapeutic plasma concentration (1/3 HTPC) and to the full HTPC. Pharmaceuticals were detected in all estuaries and in 93% of plasma samples analyzed, with an average of 2.1 pharmaceuticals per red drum. A total of 17 pharmaceuticals were detected, and dissimilarity in the pharmaceutical assemblage across estuaries was high. Cardiovascular medications, opioid pain relievers, and psychoactive medications accounted for 90.6% of detections. For pharmacological effects, we observed medium risk in 25.7% and high risk in 15.9% of the red drum sampled. Of the 17 pharmaceuticals detected, five were observed at concentrations above the 1/3 HTPC, with a psychoactive pharmaceutical (flupentixol) showing the highest pharmacological risk. Across estuaries, risk of pharmacological effects was observed in five of nine estuaries, with 33%-60% of the red drum above the 1/3 HTPC threshold, whereas risk was minimal in the other four estuaries (only 0%-7% exceedances). Pharmacological risk was highest on the west coast of Florida and in both large and densely-populated watersheds, as well as small and sparsely populated ones. Our findings highlight the need expand beyond documenting occurrence to estimating toxicological risk, the value of assessing internal concentrations in wild biota, and the importance of expanding the diversity of biota used in pharmaceutical studies to account for pharmacological effects in conservation and management actions, such as recreational fisheries.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2832-2847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus in natural and artificial soil.","authors":"Sam van Loon, Bart G van Hall, Sven Janse, Cornelis A M van Gestel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides with vastly different modes of action are needed to combat pests that have become multipesticide resistant. One proposed alternative is the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr. This propesticide needs bioactivation by CYP450 enzymes to form the more potent metabolite tralopyril. However, its effects on nontarget soil organisms are largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus, two model species for soil ecotoxicology, following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Tests were performed in Lufa 2.2 natural soil and in OECD artificial soil containing 5% sphagnum peat (OECD5). Folsomia candida were exposed for 28 days, E. crypticus for 21 days. High toxicity of chlorfenapyr was observed to F. candida, with 10% lethal concentrations (LC10s) of 1.88 and 0.64 mg/kg dry soil and LC50s of 2.44 and 1.01 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. For reproduction, 10% effect concentrations (EC10s) were 0.36 and 0.25 mg/kg dry soil and EC50s 0.79 and 0.35 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. Chlorfenapyr was not toxic to E. crypticus within the tested concentration range (i.e., no observed effect concentration >900 mg/kg dry soil), indicating no immediate hazard to enchytraeids in the field. The observed effect concentrations for F. candida are within the predicted environmental concentrations for agricultural use of chlorfenapyr and therefore indicate an immediate hazard towards Collembola. The differences in toxicity observed between the two test soils and the two test species show the importance of using different soils and different test organisms in the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2948-2956"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity of three carbon dioxide/butadiene-derived monomers.","authors":"Yuxuan Niu, Jialin Xu, Bo-Lin Lin","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf158","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a raw material for synthesizing CO2-based polymers presents a promising large-scale strategy for its consumption and transformation. The recent successful syntheses of degradable and monomer-recyclable polyesters from CO2 and butadiene-derived monomers represent a series of significant advancements. These monomers include 1,2-ethylidene-6-vinyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (δ-L), 3,6-diethyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (HL), and 3-ethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro2H-pyran-2-one (δLH2). These developments are promising in meeting the urgent needs to achieve a circular economy in the current plastic industry. Herein, we reported the first study on the cytotoxicity of δ-L, HL, and δLH2. The effect concentration causing 50% inhibition of cell viability after 72 hr was determined to be < 0.25 mM for δ-L, 2.01 mM for HL, and 1.98 mM for δLH2. Mechanistic studies showed that the surprisingly high cytotoxicity of δ-L cannot be rationalized solely by the reactivity of its conjugated olefin as a Michael acceptor towards thiols. Based on these findings, δLH2 and HL are considered relatively suitable for potential large-scale applications, whereas δ-L requires additional protective measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2703-2706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy and current-use contaminants in Pacific Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stocks and their contribution to Resident killer whale (Orcinus orca) contaminant burdens.","authors":"Stephanie Holbert, Katerina Colbourne, Frank A P C Gobas, Tanya M Brown","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf166","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Endangered Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW, Orcinus orca) face significant threats, including reduced abundance and quality of their primary prey (Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and high levels of endocrine disrupting contaminants while experiencing a decrease in population growth over the past several decades. The sympatric Northern Resident killer whales (NRKW) also primarily consume Chinook but have lower contaminant burdens and have experienced consistent population growth for nearly five decades. This study characterized concentrations of 19 legacy and current-use contaminants in priority Chinook stocks/groups consumed by SRKWs and NRKWs, calculated Chinook contaminant body burden, estimated daily contaminant intake (EDI) from Chinook salmon in SRKW diet across seasons, and compared Chinook salmon-related EDI between SRKW and NRKW during the months of May-October. Shelf Resident Chinook had higher mean muscle ∑contaminant19 concentrations and mean ∑contaminant19 body burdens than Columbia (4.9- and 2.6-fold, respectively) and Far North/Offshore Chinook (5.7- and 2.1-fold, respectively). This resulted in a disproportionately higher contaminant intake by SRKW from Shelf Resident Chinook throughout the year relative to Far North/Offshore Chinook. From May-October, an average SRKW consumed approximately 15% more Shelf Resident Chinook a day than an average NRKW, resulting in a 5.3-fold higher EDI from Shelf Resident Chinook and an overall 1.6-fold higher EDI (1410 μg ∑contaminants19/day) from all three Chinook groups compared with NRKW EDI (869 μg ∑contaminants19/day). Results provide an updated characterization of contaminant exposure for SRKWs and NRKWs, insights into the current levels of priority contaminants in Chinook salmon, and an explanation as to why SRKW have higher contaminant loads than NRKW. Recovering at-risk wild Chinook salmon populations that have a more offshore rearing distribution and lower contaminant body burdens (i.e., Columbia and Far North/Offshore Chinook stocks) should be a top priority to ensure the recovery of SRKW.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2848-2863"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Ammonia Toxicity of Texas Unionid Mussels.","authors":"Lee J Gudgell, Somerley J Swarm, Ericah D Beason, Tara L Lanzer, Clinton R Robertson, Astrid N Schwalb","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Degradation of water quality, including wastewater discharges and non-point source nutrient pollution threatens freshwater mussels. Early life history stages of unionid mussels are highly sensitive to ammonia, and toxicity increases with rising water temperatures. Although ammonia toxicity is a known threat to several federally endangered mussel species endemic to the state of Texas, lethal concentrations of most species' early life stages in the state remain unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine acute lethal concentrations (LC50s and LC05s) of ammonia for mussel glochidia (24-hours exposure) and newly metamorphosed juveniles (96-hours exposure). We tested three federally protected and five non-protected species following ASTM International standards. For glochidia, the average LC50s for Cylonaias necki, Lampsilis bergmanni, L. hydiana, L. satura, L. teres, Fusconaia askewi, F. mitchelli, and Potamilus purpuratus ranged between 32.5 and 88.8 mg/L of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at pH 7. Juvenile LC50s for juvenile life stages of L. bergmanni, L. hydiana, L. satura, and P. purpuratus ranged from 29.5 to 43.1 mg/L of TAN (at pH 7). The average LC05s for glochidia ranged from 5.6 to 51.3 mg/L, and for juveniles from 5.9 to 19.1 mg/L. The acute ammonia toxicity concentrations found in this study are comparable to existing literature, supporting the suitability of current U. S. Environmental Protection Agency aquatic life ambient water quality criteria for ammonia in freshwater to guide future regulatory protections and conservation efforts for unionid mussels in Texas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary kinetics of a PFAS mixture in the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus): laboratory insights into trophic transfer of PFAS.","authors":"Andrew G East, Mike Simini, Emily E Stricklin, Guilherme R Lotufo, Jennifer L Guelfo, Zhao Yang, Travis Gallo, Michael J Quinn, Roman G Kuperman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf180","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in environmental media and are a concern for food web-driven exposure to ecological receptors. Terrestrial life stage amphibians concurrently represent taxa that have high potential for exposure but are generally data-poor in comparison to their aquatic life stages. Adult American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) likely have high dermal exposure to soil and eat terrestrial organisms that are likely to accumulate chemicals from soil. To better understand the relationship between dietary PFAS and toads in a trophic transfer context, toads were fed earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to PFAS-spiked soil for 28 days and then were fed clean earthworms for 28 days-a 28-day uptake phase and 28-day elimination phase. Toad blood, liver, and remaining tissues were sampled weekly. Concentrations of PFAS were quantified in soil, earthworm diet, and toad tissues. Toxicokinetics of PFAS in toad livers, remainder, and estimated whole animal were evaluated using the methods of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline #305, a nonlinear regression approach, and a physiologically-based method. Definitive models were selected via a leave-one-out cross validation method and model parameters were used to determine kinetic trophic transfer coefficients (TTCs). Our TTC approach indicates perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and perfluorodecanoate are likely to magnify and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate and perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid are likely to transfer or dilute in the worm-toad transition. Most PFAS have similar uptake rates, but elimination rates are clustered, suggesting that kinetics are driven by elimination mechanisms. These laboratory data use field-representative exposure approaches and provide inference about internal kinetics of individual PFAS as well as the potential for trophic transfer from soil invertebrates to terrestrial life stage amphibian predators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"3051-3066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing technical understanding of the double-seeded gill cell culture system for drug uptake studies in fish.","authors":"Aya Takesono, Maciej Trznadel, Francesca Molinari, Chrisna Matthee, Anke Lange, Stewart F Owen, Charles R Tyler","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf153","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is required for new drug approvals in Europe and the United States, driving the demand for reliable bioassays to model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) uptake in fish. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) primary gill cell culture system, developed on double-seeded inserts (DSIs), mimic key properties of intact gill tissue, which includes high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and shows promise for assessing API uptake in freshwater fish. Although previous studies have demonstrated its potential, broader application has been limited by variability in achieving high TEER values and tolerance to apical water exposure, both critical for replicating functional gill epithelium. In this study, we reassessed the DSI methodology in detail and explored key factors influencing assay success. These included the donor fish's body size/developmental stage, potential seasonal influences, and conditions of cell washing and insert-membrane precoating. In most DSI cultures, we observed a sharp TEER decline-near-baseline within 24 hr-after apical freshwater application. This prompted us to implement a practical adjustment using serum-free L-15 medium for apical exposure, which effectively maintained TEER and enabled reproducible API transfer data across different classes and doses of APIs. Expanding on previous findings, this work provides critical insights into the technical variables affecting DSI culture success and offers practical refinement to enhance its reproducibility, supporting standardization and future application in regulatory ERA frameworks. Nonetheless, further optimization of the DSI system, particularly to improve apical freshwater tolerance, is needed. A valuable next step may be to investigate the composition of isolated gill cell populations and gain a deeper understanding in their roles in the reconstitution of a functional gill epithelium in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"3024-3036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a multiple linear regression model for chronic nickel toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia: performance of bicarbonate vs. pH as toxicity modifying factors.","authors":"Jordana L Van Geest, Jennifer M Daley, James R Elphick, Melanie Gallant, Kevin V Brix, Nick A Manklow, Mariah C Arnold, Mark Digel, Adrian M H de Bruyn","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf201","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple linear regression models were developed to predict chronic nickel (Ni) toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia under an expanded range of conditions relative to published datasets. Test conditions were expanded to study Ni toxicity under very high hardness (up to 1,020 mg/L as CaCO3) and bicarbonate (up to 366 mg/L HCO3) by conducting tests in synthetic waters and mine-influenced site waters. Toxicity modifying factors (TMFs) identified by the models were hardness, dissolved organic carbon, and either pH or bicarbonate. Because high pH and high bicarbonate co-occur in some mine-influenced waters and their relative importance as TMFs for Ni is unclear, we compared the performance of models with each candidate TMF. The model with bicarbonate performed better than the model with pH and showed closer alignment between site-specific and published datasets, supporting bicarbonate as a TMF in both datasets. The model with bicarbonate performed well across the expanded range of conditions and is expected to be more robust than previous Ni models under the high hardness and bicarbonate conditions studied. Comparison of TMF effects on Ni toxicity to other invertebrates indicated stronger support for a bicarbonate TMF effect than pH for some species, including C. dubia. Further support came from site-specific testing that indicated bicarbonate is not toxic to C. dubia at the concentrations in our dataset. These findings suggest bicarbonate may play an important role in modifying chronic Ni toxicity to C. dubia in alkaline waters. More work is needed to understand the mechanism for bicarbonate and pH TMF effects and why TMF effects are species-specific to reduce uncertainties associated with collinearity in model datasets and in applying models across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2983-2995"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics, exposure risk, and occurrence of environmental persistent free radicals in PM2.5: a case study in Baoding.","authors":"Jiaojiao Xie, Mingyu Li, Chun-Gang Yuan, Yiran Fu, Yixian Long, Shuang Deng","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf112","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) can help the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage to people. In this study, electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used to detect EPFRs in PM2.5. The exposure risks were evaluated by an equivalent cigarette model. The occurrence of EPFRs in PM2.5 was studied by linking the EPFRs with heavy metals in PM2.5 and traditional gaseous air pollutants. The results indicated that carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms (O-C-•) dominated EPFRs in PM2.5, with the g-factor ranged from 2.0031 to 2.0042. Environmental persistent free radicals in summer samples showed a higher g-factor indicated a greater proportion of oxygen-centered (O-•) EPFRs. The concentration of PM2.5-EPFRs in Baoding City in different seasons was in the order of winter > summer/spring > autumn, with the highest concentration of 1.99 × 1017 spins/g and 2.45 × 1013 spins/m3. Exposure risk assessment indicated that the exposure risk caused by PM2.5-EPFRs inhalation was the highest in December and equivalent to 0.39 cigarettes smoked per day. Heavy metals, such as Cd, Zn, and As, and gaseous pollutants, such as NO2, O3, and CO, were related to the occurrence of PM2.5-EPFRs. Air pollution control in the past few years in China significantly decreased the risk of PM2.5-EPFRs. This study will enhance our understanding of the environmental fate and health risks associated with EPFRs in PM2.5, as well as the current state of atmospheric pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during the new energy era.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2996-3003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and human health: a review of exposure routes and potential toxicities across the lifespan.","authors":"Cindy Shin Ly Yeoh, Layan Abdulilah Alrazihi, Siew Tung Wong, Shew Fung Wong","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf172","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on toxicity, removal, and degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has increased tremendously in the number of publications in recent years. The aim of this review was to summarize the source, exposure route, and potential toxicological effects of PFAS to humans. Relevant articles published between 2010 and 2022 were selected from PubMed and Scopus on the PFAS occurrence, exposure route, and potential toxicity effects on human health. This review discusses the potential exposure pathways to PFAS across various life stages, including contaminated food, drinking water, breastfeeding, indoor or outdoor air, and PFAS-containing consumer products. Furthermore, this paper highlights the possible associations between PFAS exposure and various health effects, and the mechanisms underlying these toxicological effects, including immune dysregulation and respiratory impacts, endocrine system disruptions (thyroid and pancreatic functions), lipid and metabolic dysregulation, systemic toxicities affecting the liver, cardiovascular system, and kidneys, as well as adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, and the nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2754-2786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}