Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity of Chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus in natural and artificial soil.","authors":"Sam van Loon, Bart G van Hall, Sven Janse, Cornelis A M van Gestel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides with vastly different modes of action are needed to combat pests that have become multi-pesticide resistant. One proposed alternative is the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr. This pro-pesticide needs bioactivation by CYP450 enzymes to form the more potent metabolite tralopyril. However, its effects on non-target soil organisms are largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus, two model species for soil ecotoxicology, following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Tests were performed in Lufa 2.2 natural soil and in OECD artificial soil containing 5% sphagnum peat (OECD5). F. candida were exposed for 28 days, E. crypticus for 21 days. High toxicity of chlorfenapyr was observed to F. candida, with LC10s of 1.88 and 0.64 mg/kg dry soil, and LC50s of 2.44 and 1.01 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. For reproduction, EC10s were 0.36 and 0.25 mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s 0.79 and 0.35 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. Chlorfenapyr was not toxic to E. crypticus within the tested concentration range (ie No-Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) >900 mg/kg dry soil), indicating no immediate hazard to enchytraeids in the field. The observed effect concentrations for F. candida are within the predicted environmental concentrations for agricultural use of chlorfenapyr and therefore indicate an immediate hazard towards Collembola. The differences in toxicity observed between the two test soils and the two test species show the importance of using different soils and different test organisms in the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of body mass and legacy of pesticide contamination on oxidative stress biomarkers in larval Rana sylvatica under baseline and NaCl-contaminated conditions.","authors":"Kyra Ricci, Emily Ronan, Grascen Shidemantle, Nicholas Buss, Devin DiGiacopo, Katarzyna Affek, Ivan Gomez-Mestre, Jessica Hua","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring biomarkers of physiological stress (e.g., oxidative stress) in sensitive wildlife populations can allow conservationists to identify, quantify, and make predictions about the impacts of global change. However, interpretation of stress responses can be complicated by multiple interacting factors (e.g., individual development, evolved physiological tolerance to stressors) which alter biomarker expression. To better understand the relative influences of these factors, we used wood frog (Rana sylvatica) populations with known variation in ontogenetic and contaminant tolerance traits. We examined how both individual ontogenetic traits and population-level tolerance traits influence oxidative stress responses under baseline and NaCl-contaminated environmental conditions. We exposed tadpoles from six noninteracting populations with known variation in ontogeny, pesticide tolerance, and NaCl tolerance to either baseline or NaCl-contaminated conditions and evaluated five biomarkers of oxidative stress. We found that individual body mass was a significant predictor of two oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase and glutathione reductase) in baseline conditions only, such that greater mass predicted lower enzyme activity. Separately, population pesticide tolerance was a significant predictor of one oxidative stress biomarker (glutathione peroxidase) in NaCl-contaminated conditions only, such that higher pesticide tolerance predicted higher enzyme activity. Our results demonstrate that both individual traits (mass) and population history (selection for pesticide tolerance) can explain some variation in oxidative stress biomarkers. However, these associations are largely dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced. Our findings demonstrate that individual development and population history influence stress responses. This underscores the need for future applications of oxidative stress biomarkers to consider both historical and contemporary environmental contexts to improve their use as indicators of change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying ototoxicity in zebrafish.","authors":"Eduarda Oliveira Cunha, Dora de Athayde Saul, Murilo Sander de Abreu, Márcia Salgado Machado, Eliane Dallegrave","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ototoxicity is the adverse reaction in the auditory system caused by exposure to xenobiotics. Animal models have been used to improve the understanding of ototoxicity research. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model animal that is being increasingly used in ototoxicity research. Here, we identified and map the evidence on the use of zebrafish as an animal model to study ototoxicity. We conducted an exploratory systematic search in the three databases (Cochrane, LILACS and PubMed) with a two-step screening process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Outcome measures of included non-drug xenobiotics studies (n = 15) and drugs (n = 118) were grouped into: hair cell death rate, exposure time, and developmental stages. Our review evidences zebrafish as an important model to screen the ototoxicity potential of xenobiotics, but also demonstrates novel studies are necessary to define the most appropriate evaluation outcomes and specific protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Computational Identification of Essential Parameters governing Biocide Distribution in Soil.","authors":"Nadine Kiefer, Judith Klein, Felix Beyer, Benita Burghardt, Mirko Rohr, Michael Klein, Michael Burkhardt, Matthias Noll, Stefan Kalkhof","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biocides conventionally contained in building materials can leach out and penetrate the environment. Simulating the concentration and persistence of substances in environmental habitats is an effective approach to risk assessment. While the modeling has been effectively applied for risk assessments of pesticide input into the soil environment, the release of biocides from facades notably differs from those in agricultural use. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of adapted simulation approaches to approval procedures. Herein, a preliminary PELMO-generated simulation was compared against an experimental setup to identify the key parameters and optimization thereof of biocide soil distribution. The 5-day soil column experiment was performed to address the higher application dilutions of biocides. Based on the adapted parameters in the preliminary findings a 90-day experimental study was compared against the corresponding simulation. Experimentally, the presence of hydrophobic and slowly degradable biocides in soil layers up to 25 cm was observed, which was in contrast to maximum of 5 to 7.5 cm of soil layer depth identified via the PELMO simulation. Furthermore, weather events, such as dry periods or heavy rain events, were shown to influence the biocide distribution, which is a parameter excluded from the simulation. The main finding herein was that adjustment of the dispersion length standalone is not sufficient to approximate the biocide application scenario. The adjustment of the adsorption parameter should be adapted in the simulation, accompanied by the water-substance application. Finally, these adaptions should be evaluated against a field study since a laboratory set-up does not represent all aspects of natural weathering events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological implications for contaminants of emerging concern in the Great Lakes-Upper St lawrence River Drainage: An effect-based ecological hazard assessment in fish.","authors":"Daniel J Gefell, Amber R Bellamy, Richard L Kiesling, Sarah M Elliott, Stephanie L Hummel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are released widely and continuously into the Great Lakes Basin/Upper St Lawrence River study area, with many detected in surface water at concentrations known to adversely affect fish. We applied a recent ecological hazard assessment methodology to identify the biological significance of a database of 21,441 surface water CEC concentrations compiled from a total of 7,162 surface water samples collected at 1,021 sampling sites in 387 individual waterbodies throughout the Great Lakes Basin. We assessed hazard to fish in 12 effect categories (e.g., mortality, developmental, reproductive) from aqueous exposure to 16 emerging contaminants. Our hazard assessment used pairs of screening values to generate contaminant- and effect-specific ordinal hazard scores. Using this novel methodology, we generated a database of 93,864 hazard scores. We found the highest level of hazard to fish, indicating probable adverse impacts, was broadly distributed and often associated with municipalities. Mortality, reproductive and developmental effect categories combined accounted for 17.5% of high hazard observations. Low hazard, indicating possible adverse effects, was prevalent for numerous effect categories and occurred throughout the period 1991-2021. For mortality, reproductive, and developmental effect categories, the incidence of elevated hazard (low or high hazard) among assessed water samples was 20.4, 39.5, and 20.3%, respectively. On a local scale, effect-based assessment is an efficient and conceptually simple tool for natural resource managers to obtain effect- and site-specific hazard information concerning CEC effects in fish that can be used in project planning and results interpretation for natural resource monitoring, restoration, and protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity of Three CO2/Butadiene-Derived Monomers.","authors":"Yuxuan Niu, Jialin Xu, Bo-Lin Lin","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a raw material for synthesizing CO2-based polymers presents a promising large-scale strategy for its consumption and transformation. The recent successful syntheses of degradable and monomer-recyclable polyesters from CO2 and butadiene-derived monomers represent a series of significant advancements. These monomers include 1,2-ethylidene-6-vinyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (δ-L), 3,6-diethyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (HL) and 3-ethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro2H-pyran-2-one (δLH2).These developments are promising in meeting the urgent needs to achieve a circular economy in the current plastic industry. Herein, we reported the first study on the cytotoxicity of δ-L, HL and δLH2. The effective concentration causing 50% inhibition of cell viability (EC50) after 72 hours was determined to be < 0.25 mM for δ-L, 2.01 mM for HL, and 1.98 mM for δLH2. Mechanistic studies showed that the surprisingly high cytotoxicity of δ-L cannot be rationalized solely by the reactivity of its conjugated olefin as a Michael acceptor towards thiols. Based on these findings, δLH2 and HL are considered relatively suitable for potential large-scale applications, whereas δ-L requires additional protective measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Technical Understanding of the Double-seeded Gill Cell Culture System for Drug Uptake Studies in Fish.","authors":"A Takesono, M Trznadel, F Molinari, C Matthee, A Lange, S F Owen, C R Tyler","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is required for new drug approvals in Europe and the United States, driving the demand for reliable bioassays to model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) uptake in fish. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) primary gill cell culture system, developed on double-seeded inserts (DSIs), mimic key properties of intact gill tissue, that includes high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and shows promise for assessing API uptake in freshwater fish. While previous studies have demonstrated its potential, broader application has been limited by variability in achieving high TEER values and tolerance to apical water exposure, both critical for replicating functional gill epithelium. In this study, we reassessed the DSI methodology in detail and explored key factors influencing assay success. These included the donor fish's body size/developmental stage, potential seasonal influences, and conditions of cell washing and insert-membrane pre-coating. In most DSI cultures, we observed a sharp TEER decline-near-baseline within 24 hours-after apical freshwater application. This prompted us to implement a practical adjustment using serum-free L-15 medium for apical exposure, which effectively maintain TEER and enabled reproducible API transfer data across different classes and doses of APIs. Expanding on previous findings, this work provides critical insights into the technical variables affecting DSI culture success and offers practical refinement to enhance its reproducibility, supporting standardisation and future application in regulatory ERA frameworks. Nonetheless, further optimisation of the DSI system, particularly to improve apical freshwater tolerance, is needed. A valuable next step may be to investigate the composition of isolated gill cell populations and gain a deeper understanding in their roles in the reconstitution of a functional gill epithelium in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper Toxicity Thresholds for Earthworm Dendrobaena veneta: Insights from a Site with Unique Monometallic Soil Contamination.","authors":"Elvira A Dovletyarova, Felipe Tapia-Pizarro, Alexander I Ermakov, Dina V Nesterkova, Evgenii L Vorobeichik, Dmitry G Polyakov, Carolina Yáñez, Alexander Neaman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ecotoxicological studies predominantly rely on artificially contaminated soils and fieldwork on contaminated soils remains scarce. This study focuses on the Kargaly site in the Orenburg region near the southern Urals, where a rare instance of monometallic soil pollution has occurred with copper (Cu). We established Cu toxicity thresholds for Dendrobaena veneta, a European nightcrawler, using soils collected along a Cu toxicity gradient (total Cu content of 121-10,200 mg kg-1) in a chernozem (Mollisol) agricultural field. Earthworm survival in the reproduction bioassay was an unreliable predictor of Cu toxicity. However, the number of juveniles in the reproduction bioassay and earthworm avoidance behavior were sensitive indicators of Cu toxicity. While total soil Cu strongly predicted earthworm responses, the effect of soluble (0.01 M CaCl2-extractable) Cu on earthworm responses was not statistically significant. Similarly, the Cu content in earthworm tissues was an unreliable predictor of Cu toxicity in D. veneta. The effective concentrations at 25% (EC25) and 50% (EC50) of total soil Cu for earthworms were 177 and 407 mg kg-1, respectively, for the reproduction bioassay, compared with 783 and 1603 mg kg-1, for earthworm avoidance behavior. This study is among the few that estimate Cu toxicity thresholds for earthworms in real-world contaminated soils rather than artificially spiked ones. This is the first report of the Cu toxicity threshold for the genus Dendrobaena, highlighting the novelty of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibration of a laboratory-based chronic toxicity model to nickel effects on stream invertebrates in the field.","authors":"Adrian M H de Bruyn, Jordana L Van Geest, Jennifer C Arens, Jennifer S Ings, Nick A Manklow, Kevin V Brix, Mariah C Arnold","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Predicting effects of metals on stream invertebrate communities can be hindered by spatial and temporal variation in toxicity modifying factors, a paucity of laboratory toxicity data for stream taxa (mainly insects), and variation in benthic invertebrate community structure related to habitat and factors other than the stressor of interest. We addressed these challenges by combining laboratory-based chronic toxicity data with field-based biological monitoring data to build a lab-to-field stressor-response relationship. A laboratory-based toxicity model for Ceriodaphnia dubia was used to translate field nickel (Ni) concentrations into predicted toxicity, and a quantile regression model of field data from a mine-affected watershed was then used to describe the limiting effect of Ni toxicity on the benthic invertebrate community. Many taxa showed no evidence of Ni effects up to the highest studied exposure (30 µg/L dissolved Ni, or 92% effect to C. dubia reproduction). The most sensitive metric was percent Ephemeroptera, reflecting declines in abundance of some sensitive mayflies (e.g., Baetis, Epeorus) and concurrent increases in abundance of some tolerant non-mayfly taxa (e.g., Rheocricotopus, Eukiefferiella) across the gradient of Ni toxicity in the field. The field EC10 for percent Ephemeroptera occurred at a 22% effect of Ni to C. dubia reproduction. This finding supports previous estimates of 20% as a critical effect size in laboratory test organisms that could be predictive of discernible effects on sensitive invertebrates in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chorioallantoic Membrane of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) as a Non-Lethal Method for Evaluating Forever Chemical Exposure to Avian Offspring.","authors":"Kenneth N Kikanme, Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong, Rameshkumar Angappan, Nicole M Dennis, Farzana Hossain, Jamie G Suski, Christopher J Salice, Todd A Anderson","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are accumulative, persistent and pervasive environmental contaminants known to cause adverse effects in wildlife after prolonged exposure. Oviparous species, particularly during their embryonic development stages, are highly susceptible to PFAS-related toxicity. Chronic exposure to these substances has been linked to bioaccumulation, resulting in arrested embryonic development, weakened immune responses, and reproductive defects in these animals. Traditional approaches, such as tissue chemical residue analysis, provide valuable insights into PFAS exposure but involve invasive methods, making them less viable for continuous monitoring. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of bird embryos has emerged as a promising, non-invasive alternative for detecting persistent pollutants. In this regard, CAM samples were collected from hatched Northern Bobwhite (NOBO) eggs derived from reproductive toxicity experiments where females were exposed to PFAS-contaminated drinking water over varying durations. In one experiment, females were exposed for 60 days to a fire suppression foam containing perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), while the second experiment involved 90-day exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) alone and a mixture of PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed detectable but often unquantifiable levels of PFAS in CAM samples at low exposure concentrations. At higher exposure concentrations (20 ng/mL), yet still environmentally relevant, CAM analysis became more effective in providing an indication of PFAS exposure. These findings emphasize the potential utility of CAMs as a non-lethal method for assessing PFAS exposure in oviparous wildlife from certain scenarios and providing important insights into maternal transfer and transmembrane diffusion of PFAS from maternal tissue to hatchlings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}