Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Biological implications for contaminants of emerging concern in the Great Lakes-Upper St Lawrence River drainage: an effect-based ecological hazard assessment in fish.","authors":"Daniel J Gefell, Amber R Bellamy, Richard L Kiesling, Sarah M Elliott, Stephanie L Hummel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf147","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are released widely and continuously into the Great Lakes Basin-Upper St Lawrence River study area, with many detected in surface water at concentrations known to adversely affect fish. We applied a recent ecological hazard assessment methodology to identify the biological significance of a database of 21,441 surface water CEC concentrations compiled from 7,162 surface water samples collected at 1,021 sampling sites in 387 individual waterbodies throughout the Great Lakes Basin. We assessed hazard to fish in 12 effect categories (e.g., mortality, developmental, reproductive) from aqueous exposure to 16 emerging contaminants. Our hazard assessment used pairs of screening values to generate contaminant- and effect-specific ordinal hazard scores. Using this novel methodology, we generated a database of 93,864 hazard scores. We found the highest level of hazard to fish, indicating probable adverse impacts, was broadly distributed and often associated with municipalities. Mortality, reproductive, and developmental effect categories combined accounted for 17.5% of high hazard observations. Low hazard, indicating possible adverse effects, was prevalent for numerous effect categories and occurred throughout the period 1991-2021. For mortality, reproductive, and developmental effect categories, the incidence of elevated hazard (low or high hazard) among assessed water samples was 20.4%, 39.5%, and 20.3%, respectively. On a local scale, effect-based assessment is an efficient and conceptually simple tool for natural resource managers to obtain effect- and site-specific hazard information concerning CEC effects in fish that can be used in project planning and results interpretation for natural resource monitoring, restoration, and protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"3004-3023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity studies on Danio rerio (zebrafish) models using yttrium oxide nanoparticles from Hygrophila auriculata and their potential biological and environmental applications.","authors":"Johann Laji Philip, Shreya Chakraborty, Devi Rajeswari Vijayarangan","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf141","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticles have varied applications across the biomedical field, and their relatively simple synthesis makes them the subject of extensive research. In this study, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles utilizing Hygrophila auriculata leaf extract were synthesized and characterized using different techniques, such as UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and so on. Synthesized Y2O3 nanoparticles were also used for different biological applications, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory assays, where the nanoparticles have shown better efficiency when compared with previously available drugs. This property of the synthesized nanoparticles allows for the use of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract substituting for synthetic drugs. The Yttrium oxide nanoparticles were also used to check photocatalytic activity using a full factorial method to understand the consequences of pH, time, and concentration on dye degradation. Nanotoxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles was also checked on Danio rerio for 14 days, followed by histopathology and hematoxylin and eosin staining and molecular studies done using agarose gel electrophoresis. These nanoparticles showed immensely positive results in all the fields that were tested, which renders them a potential product that can be applied to both biological fields and industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2787-2806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying ototoxicity in zebrafish.","authors":"Eduarda Oliveira Cunha, Dora de Athayde Saul, Murilo Sander de Abreu, Márcia Salgado Machado, Eliane Dallegrave","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ototoxicity is the adverse reaction in the auditory system caused by exposure to xenobiotics. Animal models have been used to improve the understanding of ototoxicity research. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model animal that is being increasingly used in ototoxicity research. Here, we identified and map the evidence on the use of zebrafish as an animal model to study ototoxicity. We conducted an exploratory systematic search in the three databases (Cochrane, LILACS, and PubMed) with a two-step screening process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Outcome measures of included nondrug xenobiotics studies (n = 15) and drugs (n = 118) were grouped into hair cell death rate, exposure time, and developmental stages. Our review indicates zebrafish to be an important model to screen the ototoxicity potential of xenobiotics but also demonstrates that novel studies are necessary to define the most appropriate evaluation outcomes and specific protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2744-2753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chorioallantoic membrane of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) as a nonlethal method for evaluating forever chemical exposure to avian offspring.","authors":"Kenneth N Kikanme, Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong, Rameshkumar Angappan, Nicole M Dennis, Farzana Hossain, Jamie G Suski, Christopher J Salice, Todd A Anderson","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf152","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are accumulative, persistent, and pervasive environmental contaminants known to cause adverse effects in wildlife after prolonged exposure. Oviparous species, particularly during their embryonic development stages, are highly susceptible to PFAS-related toxicity. Chronic exposure to these substances has been linked to bioaccumulation, resulting in arrested embryonic development, weakened immune responses, and reproductive defects in these animals. Traditional approaches, such as tissue chemical residue analysis, provide valuable insights into PFAS exposure but involve invasive methods, making them less viable for continuous monitoring. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of bird embryos has emerged as a promising non-invasive alternative for detecting persistent pollutants. In this regard, CAM samples were collected from hatched northern bobwhite (NOBO) eggs derived from reproductive toxicity experiments where females were exposed to PFAS-contaminated drinking water over varying durations. In one experiment, females were exposed for 60 days to a fire suppression foam containing perfluorobutanoic acid and perfluorohexanoic acid, and the second experiment involved 90-day exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) alone and a mixture of PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed detectable but often unquantifiable levels of PFAS in CAM samples at low exposure concentrations. At higher exposure concentrations (20 ng/mL), yet still environmentally relevant, CAM analysis became more effective in providing an indication of PFAS exposure. These findings emphasize the potential utility of CAMs as a nonlethal method for assessing PFAS exposure in oviparous wildlife from certain scenarios and providing important insights into maternal transfer and transmembrane diffusion of PFAS from maternal tissue to hatchlings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2911-2917"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of selenium in a large oligotrophic river.","authors":"Christopher A Mebane, A Robin Stewart, Erin M Murray, Terry M Short, Veronika A Kocen, Lauren M Zinsser","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf149","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In flowing waters with elevated selenium concentrations, fish are often considered to be at risk from selenium toxicity owing to dietary exposure and accumulation in ovarian tissues and subsequent deformities in developing larvae. We studied selenium throughout components of the aquatic food webs at geomorphically distinct locations along the oligotrophic Kootenai River (Montana and Idaho, USA), a river with moderately elevated dissolved selenium concentrations (∼ 1 µg/L). Components included water, sediment, freshly accrued biofilms, in situ periphyton, sestonic detritus, aquatic invertebrates, and fish, with spring and fall sampling. Selenium concentrations were similar among the sediment, biofilm, periphyton, and detritus samples. Among the aquatic invertebrates, the highest selenium concentrations were observed in Paraleptophlebia sp. mayflies and oligochaetes. No consistent concentration patterns with season or feeding traits were observed. Fish tissue selenium concentrations were highly variable among species and tissue type. Selenium in fish tissues tended to be highest in livers of rainbow trout and mountain whitefish relative to ovarian, muscle, and carcass tissues. With northern pikeminnow, redside shiner, and slimy sculpin, selenium concentrations tended to be highest in ovarian tissues. The trophic transfer factors of selenium from particulates to invertebrates and fish was higher in the lotic sites than in the lentic site. The results question the validity of the lotic/lentic risk paradigm for selenium beyond the small stream versus wetland/pond settings from which the paradigm was developed. Potential alternative monitoring approaches are illustrated using aquatic invertebrates or the food web monitoring results to derive monitoring targets for selenium in water or invertebrate tissue that could avoid the need to kill fish to assess whether fish protection guidelines are met.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2864-2888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining the use of stream biofilms as a pesticide monitoring tool: impact of sample processing and periphytometer replication on detection accuracy.","authors":"Moira M Ijzerman, Gab B Izma, Yaryna Kudla, Jacob Gawronski, Ryan Rosniak, Tyler Black, Nicholas V Letwin, Melanie Raby, Paul K Sibley, Ryan S Prosser","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf170","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate characterization of pesticide exposure is critical for assessing risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, pesticide concentrations in surface waters are highly variable and often missed by traditional grab sampling methods, which typically fail to capture transient peaks and hydrophobic compounds that partition into non-water matrices. Time-integrated monitoring approaches, such as biofilm sampling using periphytometers, offer a promising alternative. Despite this, uncertainties remain about how biofilm processing methods affect pesticide quantification, and whether replicate periphytometers are necessary to improve monitoring accuracy. To address these questions, water and biofilm samples were collected from six stream sites in southern Ontario. Biofilm samples were split and processed using either freeze-drying or centrifugation to evaluate the effect of sample preparation on pesticide detection. All samples were analyzed for approximately 500 pesticides. Freeze-dried biofilm consistently yielded higher pesticide detection frequencies and concentrations compared to centrifuged samples, indicating that freeze-drying is a more effective processing method for capturing pesticide residues in biofilm. These findings highlight the importance of standardizing biofilm processing methods to improve monitoring reliability. To evaluate the need for replication, six periphytometers were deployed in parallel at a single stream site. Biofilm samples from each replicate were analyzed for pesticide presence. Pesticide detection profiles were highly consistent across replicates (p > 0.05) in two separate sampling events, suggesting that a single periphytometer is sufficient to characterize site-level pesticide exposure at our stream site. Together, these results provide guidance for improving pesticide monitoring programs by recommending freeze-drying for biofilm processing and supporting the continued use of single periphytometer deployments, which are more feasible for routine monitoring without compromising data quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2918-2926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper toxicity thresholds for earthworm Dendrobaena veneta: insights from a site with unique monometallic soil contamination.","authors":"Elvira A Dovletyarova, Felipe Tapia-Pizarro, Alexander I Ermakov, Dina V Nesterkova, Evgenii L Vorobeichik, Dmitry G Polyakov, Carolina Yáñez, Alexander Neaman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf155","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ecotoxicological studies predominantly rely on artificially contaminated soils and fieldwork on contaminated soils remains scarce. This study focuses on the Kargaly site in the Orenburg region near the southern Urals, where a rare instance of monometallic soil pollution has occurred with copper (Cu). We established Cu toxicity thresholds for Dendrobaena veneta, a European nightcrawler, using soils collected along a Cu toxicity gradient (total Cu content of 121-10,200 mg kg-1) in a chernozem (Mollisol) agricultural field. Earthworm survival in the reproduction bioassay was an unreliable predictor of Cu toxicity. However, the number of juveniles in the reproduction bioassay and earthworm avoidance behavior were sensitive indicators of Cu toxicity. While total soil Cu strongly predicted earthworm responses, the effect of soluble (0.01 M CaCl2-extractable) Cu on earthworm responses was not statistically significant. Similarly, the Cu content in earthworm tissues was an unreliable predictor of Cu toxicity in D. veneta. The effect concentrations at 25% (EC25) and 50% (EC50) of total soil Cu for earthworms were 177 and 407 mg kg-1, respectively, for the reproduction bioassay, compared with 783 and 1,603 mg kg-1, for earthworm avoidance behavior. This study is among the few that estimate Cu toxicity thresholds for earthworms in real-world contaminated soils rather than artificially spiked ones. This is the first report of the Cu toxicity threshold for the genus Dendrobaena, highlighting the novelty of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2707-2715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in multiple water types from Hanoi, Vietnam: contamination characteristics, influencing factors, and ecological risks.","authors":"Anh Quoc Hoang, Khai Hoang Tran, Yen Hai Thi Vu, Thao Phuong Thi Nguyen, Hieu Duc Nguyen, Hieu The Nguyen, Nam Hoang, Tu Van Vu, Tri Manh Tran","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf142","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies on the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water usually analyzed one specific sample type such as river or lake water. Comprehensive and updated information about the PAH occurrence in various water types is still scarce, especially in emerging and developing countries. In this study, concentrations of 16 priority PAHs were determined in 100 water samples, including canal water (n = 20), lake water (n = 50), river water (n = 15), and tap water (n = 15), collected from Hanoi, Vietnam in 2024. The highest PAH levels (Σ16 PAHs) were detected in canal water (median 246; range 172-329 ng/L), followed by lake water (72.0; 26.1-137 ng/L), river water (32.6; 25.1-59.0 ng/L), and tap water (23.2; 14.1-75.3 ng/L). Low-molecular-weight PAHs (2-3 rings; 84% ± 10% of total 16 PAHs) were more abundant than high-molecular-weight (HMW) compounds (4-6 rings; 16% ± 10%). The most predominant PAHs were naphthalene (56% ± 14%), phenanthrene (17% ± 8%), pyrene (8% ± 7%), and fluoranthene (7% ± 4%). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profiles in the water samples indicate mixed emission sources of petrogenic inputs and combustion processes. Dilute effect during riverine transport and natural attenuation are closely related to physicochemical properties of PAHs, which probably serve as determinants of the differences in PAH levels and profiles between the sample types. Low-molecular-weight PAHs (notably naphthalene) are more affected by dilution and natural attenuation than HMW compounds because of their higher mobility and lower persistency. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in the surface water samples of this study were markedly lower than the maximum environmental concentrations and predicted no-effect concentrations, implying acceptable risk levels for aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2889-2899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinity as a shield: how elevated salinity mitigates zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity in Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos.","authors":"Naweedullah Amin, Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Ahmad Ismail","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf174","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing environmental prevalence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) raises significant concerns about their ecotoxicological effects in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the sublethal toxicity of ZnO NPs (0-100 µg/L) to Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos across two ecologically relevant salinities (5 and 18 ppt) through chronic exposure. Dynamic light scattering revealed rapid NP aggregation (4,636-5,422 nm) with low stability (zeta potential 2.50-3.12 mV). Mortality exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern, with 18 ppt salinity providing significant protection (0.06% vs. 0.24% mortality increase per µg/L at 5 ppt). Cardiac responses showed time-dependent salinity interactions: initial cardiotoxicity at 18 ppt (53%-62% heart rate reduction at 5 days postexposure (dpe) reversed by 11 dpe, whereas 5 ppt exposures showed progressive impairment (32%-48% reduction). Hatching delays were concentration-dependent but diminished at 18 ppt, with 25 µg/L groups showing recovery by Day 20. Developmental abnormalities (pericardial edema, spinal deformities) were less severe at higher salinity. These findings demonstrate that elevated salinity mitigates ZnO NP toxicity. The study provides critical insights for environmental risk assessment of NPs in estuarine ecosystems, highlighting the need to consider salinity gradients in regulatory frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2733-2743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrethroid insecticides implicated in mass mortality of monarch butterflies at an overwintering site in California.","authors":"Staci Cibotti, Michelle L Hladik, Emily May, Emma Pelton, Timothy A Bargar, Natalie Johnston, Aimee Code","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf163","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the 1980s, monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus) populations across North America have declined by 80%-95%. Although several studies have implicated pesticides as a contributing factor to their population declines, our understanding of monarch exposure levels in nature remains limited. In January 2024, a mass mortality event near an overwintering site in Pacific Grove, California, USA, provided an opportunity to analyze dead overwintering monarch butterflies for pesticide residues. Ten recently deceased butterflies were collected and analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 15 pesticides and associated metabolites in the butterflies, including eight insecticides (plus one associated metabolite), two herbicides (plus two associated metabolites), and two fungicides. On average, each monarch butterfly contained seven pesticides, excluding transformation products if the parent compound was also detected. Notably, three pyrethroid insecticides-bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin-were consistently detected at or near each chemical's lethal dose. Bifenthrin and cypermethrin were found in every sample, whereas permethrin was present in all but two samples. The average concentrations of these insecticides were 451.9 ng/g dry weight for bifenthrin, 646.9 ng/g dry weight for cypermethrin, and 337.1 ng/g dry weight for permethrin. These findings demonstrate pesticide contamination in monarch butterflies, including within urban areas, and highlight the risks pesticides, especially insecticides, pose to monarch populations. Additional measures may be required to safeguard this species from pesticide exposure, particularly near aggregation locations, such as overwintering sites in coastal California.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2716-2724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}