Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Accumulation of Parabens, Their Metabolites, and Halogenated Byproducts in Migratory Birds of Prey: A Comparative Study in Texas and North Carolina, USA","authors":"Macarena Rojo,&nbsp;Ashley L. Ball,&nbsp;Mike T. Penrose,&nbsp;Scott M. Weir,&nbsp;Hailey LeBaron,&nbsp;Masanori Terasaki,&nbsp;George P. Cobb,&nbsp;Ramon Lavado","doi":"10.1002/etc.5974","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5974","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parabens are alkyl esters of <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used as preservatives in personal care products such as cosmetics. Recent studies have revealed the presence of parabens in surface and tap water because of their use as disinfection products; however, little is known about their occurrence in biological samples and their bioaccumulation potential, particularly in raptor birds known as sentinels for pollutant detection. We examined the occurrence and tissue distribution of parabens, their metabolites, and halogenated byproducts in the liver, kidney, brain, and muscle of birds of prey from Texas and North Carolina (USA). Methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were detected in more than 50% of all tissues examined, with the kidney exhibiting the highest concentration of MeP (0.65–6.84 ng/g wet wt). Para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a primary metabolite, had the highest detection frequency (&gt;50%) and a high accumulation range in the liver, of 4.64 to 12.55 ng/g. The chlorinated compounds chloromethylparaben and chloroethylparaben were found in over half of the tissues, of which dichloromethylparaben (2.20–3.99 ng/g) and dichloroethylparaben (1.01–5.95 ng/g) in the kidney exhibited the highest concentrations. The dibrominated derivatives dibromideethylparaben (Br2EtP) was detected in more than 50% of samples, particularly in muscle and brain. Concentrations in the range of 0.14 to 17.38 ng/g of Br2EtP were detected in the kidney. Dibromidepropylparaben (Br2PrP) was not frequently detected, but concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 21.70 ng/g in muscle. The accumulations of total amounts (sum) of parent parabens (∑P), metabolites (∑M), and halogenated byproducts (∑H) in different species were not significantly different, but their distribution in tissues differed among the species. Positive correlations were observed among MeP, PrP, BuP, and PHBA in the liver, suggesting similar origins and metabolic pathways. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2365–2376. © 2024 The Author(s). <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 11","pages":"2365-2376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/etc.5974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Model Organisms and Model Uncertainty Impact Our Understanding of the Risk of Sublethal Impacts of Toxicants to Survival and Growth of Ecologically Relevant Species","authors":"Lori N. Ivan,&nbsp;Michael L. Jones,&nbsp;Janice L. Albers,&nbsp;Michael J. Carvan,&nbsp;Natalia Garcia-Reyero,&nbsp;Diane Nacci,&nbsp;Bryan Clark,&nbsp;Rebekah Klingler,&nbsp;Cheryl A. Murphy","doi":"10.1002/etc.5958","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5958","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how sublethal impacts of toxicants affect population-relevant outcomes for organisms is challenging. We tested the hypotheses that the well-known sublethal impacts of methylmercury (MeHg) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB126) would have meaningful impacts on cohort growth and survival in yellow perch (<i>Perca flavescens</i>) and Atlantic killifish (<i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i>) populations, that inclusion of model uncertainty is important for understanding the sublethal impacts of toxicants, and that a model organism (zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i>) is an appropriate substitute for ecologically relevant species (yellow perch, killifish). Our simulations showed that MeHg did not have meaningful impacts on growth or survival in a simulated environment except to increase survival and growth in low mercury exposures in yellow perch and killifish. For PCB126, the high level of exposure resulted in lower survival for killifish only. Uncertainty analyses increased the variability and lowered average survival estimates across all species and toxicants, providing a more conservative estimate of risk. We demonstrate that using a model organism instead of the species of interest does not necessarily give the same results, suggesting that using zebrafish as a surrogate for yellow perch and killifish may not be appropriate for predicting contaminant impacts on larval cohort growth and survival in ecologically relevant species. Our analysis also reinforces the notion that uncertainty analyses are necessary in any modeling assessment of the impacts of toxicants on a population because it provides a more conservative, and arguably realistic, estimate of impact. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2122–2133. © 2024 SETAC</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 10","pages":"2122-2133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake of Typical Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Vegetables: Evidence From Passive Samplers","authors":"Rong Wang,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Ying Dong,&nbsp;Chen-Chou Wu,&nbsp;Juying Li,&nbsp;Lingmin Tian,&nbsp;Lian-Jun Bao,&nbsp;Eddy Y. Zeng","doi":"10.1002/etc.5978","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5978","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying the root uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by plants remains challenging due to the lack of data on the freely available fractions of HOCs in soil porewater. We therefore hypothesized that a passive sampler could act as a useful tool to evaluate the root uptake potential and pathways of HOCs by plants in soil. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) by carrot and lettuce with the codeployment of passive samplers in a contaminated soil system. The results showed that the amounts of PBDEs enriched in carrot and lettuce were positively correlated with those in a passive sampler (<i>r</i>² = 0.46–0.88). No concentration correlation was observed for OPEs between lettuce and passive samplers, due to possible degradation of OPEs in lettuce. The root-to-porewater ratios of PBDEs and OPEs, respectively, were 6.2 to 11 and 0.05 to 0.88 L g⁻¹ for carrot, and 8.8 to 130 and less than reporting limits to 1.2 L g⁻¹ for lettuce. The ratios were negatively correlated with log <i>K</i>_OW values for carrot, but increased with increasing log <i>K</i>_OW values over a range of 1.97 to 6.80, and then decreased with log <i>K</i>_OW values greater than 6.80 for lettuce. This finding indicated that passive transport and partition were the accumulation pathways of PBDEs and OPEs in carrot and lettuce, respectively. Overall, passive samplers performed adequately in assessing the available fractions of persistent HOCs in plants, and can serve as a viable tool for exploring the pathways for plant root uptake of HOCs. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2338–2349. © 2024 SETAC</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 11","pages":"2338-2349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Soil Risk Assessment: A Novel Earthworm Cocoon Test with a Complementary Toxicokinetic–Toxicodynamic Modeling Approach","authors":"Kim Rakel,&nbsp;Vanessa Roeben,&nbsp;Gregor Ernst,&nbsp;Andre Gergs","doi":"10.1002/etc.5976","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5976","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the current European Union pesticide risk assessment for soil organisms, effect endpoints from laboratory studies (Tier 1) and field studies (higher-tier risk assessment) are compared with predicted environmental concentrations in soil, derived from the proposed use pattern. The simple but conservative initial Tier 1 risk assessment considers a range of worst-case assumptions. In contrast, the higher-tier assessment focuses on specific conditions tested in the corresponding field study. Effect modeling, such as toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) modeling, is considered a promising future tool to address uncertainties in soil risk assessment, such as extrapolation to different ecological, pedo-climatical, or agronomical situations, or to serve as an intermediate tier for potential refinement of the risk assessment. For the implementation of TKTD modeling in soil organism risk assessment, data on earthworm growth and reproduction over time are required, which are not provided by the standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 222 laboratory test. The underlying study with carbendazim presents a new earthworm cocoon test design, based on the OECD 222 test, to provide the necessary data as input for TKTD modeling. This proposed test design involves destructive samplings at days 7, 14, 21, and 28, enabling the determination of growth, cocoon number, and the number of juveniles hatched per cocoon in 7-day intervals. The new cocoon test allowed the disentanglement of the toxic effect of carbendazim in earthworms: At the highest concentration prominent effects on growth and reproductive output were observed, and the number of cocoons was significantly reduced compared to control. The results highlighted different physiological modes of action: effect on growth via higher maintenance costs as a primary mode of action as well as a reduced number of cocoons (effect on reproduction) and a lower number of juveniles hatching from each cocoon (hazard during oogenesis) as a secondary mode of action. We provide an example of how this new test's data can be used to feed a dynamic energy budget theory–TKTD model of <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. We also validate it against the original OECD 222 test design, outlining its potential future use in soil risk assessment. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2377–2386. © 2024 The Author(s). <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 11","pages":"2377-2386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/etc.5976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal Effects Induced by a Cyflumetofen Formulation on Honeybee Apis mellifera L. Workers: Assessment of Midgut, Hypopharyngeal Glands, and Fat Body Integrity","authors":"Aline Beatriz Reis,&nbsp;Luis Carlos Martínez,&nbsp;Mateus Soares de Oliveira,&nbsp;Diego dos Santos Souza,&nbsp;Davy Soares Gomes,&nbsp;Laryssa Lemos da Silva,&nbsp;José Eduardo Serrão","doi":"10.1002/etc.5980","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5980","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Worldwide, both cultivated and wild plants are pollinated by the honey bee, <i>Apis mellifera</i>. Bee numbers are declining as a result of a variety of factors, including increased pesticide use. Cyflumetofen controls pest mites in some plantations pollinated by bees, which may be contaminated with residual sublethal concentrations of this pesticide, in nectar and pollen. We evaluated the effects of a sublethal concentration of a cyflumetofen formulation on the midgut, hypopharyngeal gland, and fat body of <i>A. mellifera</i> workers orally exposed for 72 h or 10 days. The midgut epithelium of treated bees presented digestive cells with cytoplasm vacuoles and some cell fragmentation, indicating autophagy and cell death. After being exposed to the cyflumetofen formulation for 72 h, the midgut showed a higher injury rate than the control bees, but after 10 days, the organs had recovered. In the hypopharyngeal gland of treated bees, the end apparatus was filled with secretion, suggesting that the acaricide interferes with the secretory regulation of this gland. Histochemical tests revealed differences in the treated bees in both exposure periods in the midgut and hypopharyngeal glands. The acaricide caused cytotoxic effects on the midgut digestive cells, with apical protrusions, plasma membrane rupture, and several vacuoles in the cytoplasm, features of cell degeneration. In the hypopharyngeal glands of the treated bees, the secretory cells presented small electron-dense and large electron-lucent secretory granules. The fat body cells had no changes in comparison with the control bees. In conclusion, the cyflumetofen formulation at sublethal concentrations causes damage to the midgut and the hypopharyngeal glands of honey bee, which may compromise the functions of these organs and colony fitness. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2455–2465. © 2024 SETAC</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 11","pages":"2455-2465"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information - Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/etc.5668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5668","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 9","pages":"C1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/etc.5668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board and Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/etc.5667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 9","pages":"1929-1932"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/etc.5667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolved Barium Causes Toxicity to Groundwater Cyclopoida","authors":"Merrin S. Adams,&nbsp;Kitty S. McKnight,&nbsp;David M. Spadaro,&nbsp;Monique T. Binet,&nbsp;Grant C. Hose,&nbsp;Stephen Fenton,&nbsp;Stuart L. Simpson","doi":"10.1002/etc.5956","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barium (Ba) dissolution and mobilization in groundwater are predominantly controlled by sulfate because of the low solubility of barium sulfate (BaSO₄) minerals. Naturally present at low concentrations in groundwater, elevated concentrations of Ba can occur as a result of anthropogenic activities, including use of barite in drill operations, and geogenic sources such as leaching from geological formations. No toxicity data exist for Ba with groundwater organisms (stygofauna) to assess the risk of elevated Ba concentrations. The present study measured Ba toxicity to two stygobiont Cyclopoida species: one collected from Wellington and the other from Somersby, New South Wales, Australia. Toxicity was measured as cyclopoid survival over 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in waters of varying sulfate concentration (&lt;1–100 mg SO₄/L). When sulfate was present, dissolved Ba concentrations decreased rapidly in toxicity test solutions forming a BaSO₄ precipitate until dissolved sulfate was depleted. Barium in excess of sulfate remained in the dissolved form. The toxicity of Ba to cyclopoids was clearly attributed to dissolved Ba. Precipitated Ba was not toxic to the Wellington cyclopoid species. Toxicity values for dissolved Ba for the Wellington and Somersby cyclopoid species included a (21-day) no-effect concentration of 3.3 mg/L and an effective concentration to cause 5% mortality of 4.8 mg/L (at 21 days). Elevated dissolved Ba concentrations due to anthropogenic and/or biogeochemical processes may pose a risk to groundwater organisms. Further toxicity testing with other stygobiont species is recommended to increase the data available to derive a guideline value for Ba that can be used in contaminant risk assessments for groundwaters. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2501–2514. © 2024 The Author(s). <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 12","pages":"2501-2514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal Imidacloprid Administration to Honey Bee Workers is More Lethal to the Queen Larvae","authors":"Yun-Ru Chen,&nbsp;David T. W. Tzeng,&nbsp;Shih-Shun Lin,&nbsp;En-Cheng Yang","doi":"10.1002/etc.5965","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides severely impact the performance and survival of honey bees and other pollinators. In the present study, we focused on the gene expression profile of newly emerged <i>Apis mellifera</i> queen bees after sublethal imidacloprid treatment during the larval stage. Royal jelly containing 1 ppb imidacloprid was provided to larvae for 3 consecutive days (2–4 days postemergence). Queen larvae treated with imidacloprid showed lower capping and emergence rates (35.5% and 24.22%, respectively) than did control larvae (61.68% and 52.95%, respectively), indicating a high failure rate of queen rearing associated with imidacloprid exposure during the larval stage. The molecular response to imidacloprid treatment was examined next. By comparing the gene expression profiles of imidacloprid-treated queen larvae and those of control queen larvae using DESeq2, we identified 215 differentially expressed genes, with 105 and 111 up- and downregulated genes, respectively. Gene Ontology results indicated that chitin binding– and calcium ion binding–related genes were upregulated, while phototransduction- and visual perception–related genes were downregulated. The high mortality rate and altered gene expression profiles suggest that treatment with even 1 ppb imidacloprid can severely impact queen bee survival. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2232–2242. © 2024 SETAC</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 10","pages":"2232-2242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Pollution of the English National Parks","authors":"Alistair B. A. Boxall,&nbsp;Rob Collins,&nbsp;John L. Wilkinson,&nbsp;Caroline Swan,&nbsp;Alejandra Bouzas-Monroy,&nbsp;Josh Jones,&nbsp;Emily Winter,&nbsp;Jessie Leach,&nbsp;Ursula Juta,&nbsp;Alex Deacon,&nbsp;Ian Townsend,&nbsp;Peter Kerr,&nbsp;Rachel Paget,&nbsp;Michael Rogers,&nbsp;Dave Greaves,&nbsp;Dan Turner,&nbsp;Caitlin Pearson","doi":"10.1002/etc.5973","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>England's 10 national parks are renowned for their landscapes, wildlife, and recreational value. However, surface waters in the national parks may be vulnerable to pollution from human-use chemicals, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), because of factors like ineffective wastewater treatment, seasonal tourism, a high proportion of elderly residents, and the presence of low-flow water bodies that limit dilution. The present study determined the extent of API contamination in the English national parks by monitoring 54 APIs in 37 rivers across all national parks over two seasons. Results were compared to existing data sets for UK cities and to concentration thresholds for ecological impacts and antimicrobial resistance selection. Results revealed widespread contamination of the national parks, with APIs detected at 52 out of 54 sites and in both seasons. Thirty-one APIs were detected, with metformin, caffeine, and paracetamol showing the highest mean concentrations and cetirizine, metformin, and fexofenadine being the most frequently detected. While total API concentrations were generally lower than seen previously in UK cities, locations in the Peak District and Exmoor had higher concentrations than most city rivers. Fourteen locations had concentrations of either amitriptyline, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, diltiazem, metformin, paracetamol, or propranolol above levels of concern for fish, invertebrates, and algae or for selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, API pollution of the English national parks appears to pose risks to ecological health and potentially human health through recreational water use. Given that these parks are biodiversity hotspots with protected ecosystems, there is an urgent need for improved monitoring and management of pharmaceutical pollution and pollution more generally not only in national parks in England but also in similar environments across the world. <i>Environ Toxicol Chem</i> 2024;43:2422–2435. © 2024 The Author(s). <i>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</i> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":"43 11","pages":"2422-2435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/etc.5973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141975421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}