Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Toxic effects of eight azole fungicides on the growth, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative stress of Raphidocelis subcapitata.","authors":"Yongxiang Huang, Dijie Guo, Litang Qin, Lingyun Mo, Yuqing Zhao","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the 96 hr toxicity and physiological effects of eight azole fungicides on Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata). The findings revealed significant differences in toxicity levels among these fungicides, with the hierarchy of toxicity as follows: difenoconazole ≈ tetraconazole ≈ fuberidazole > metconazole > terrazole ≈ triflumizole > flutriafol > hymexazol. Increased concentrations of azole fungicides corresponded with decreased cellular activity and inhibited algal growth, highlighting the concentration-dependent nature of toxicity. The toxicological mechanisms involved include reduced levels of chlorophyll (Chla, Chlb) and carotenoids, disrupting the photosynthetic process. Additionally, exposure to these fungicides resulted in decreased total protein levels, increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Consequently, there was a significant rise in apoptosis rates among algal cells. These findings provide important insights for assessing the ecological impact of azole fungicides on aquatic ecosystems and aquatic life.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1259-1271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of pretreatment and analytical methods for environmental endocrine disruptors: phthalates.","authors":"Ding Ding, Yu Wang, Jiaxin He, Jiajia Gao, Zhizhen Xu, Yan Dou, Ling Guo, Xiaohui Ji, Mushui Shu, Tao Yue","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phthalates, known as phthalate esters (PAEs), are among the most ubiquitous pervasive environmental endocrine disruptors, extensively utilized globally in various facets of modern life due to their irreplaceable role as plasticizers. The exponential production and utilization of plastic goods have substantially escalated plastic waste accumulation. Consequently, PAEs have infiltrated the environment, contaminating food and drinking water reservoirs, posing notable threats to human health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research advancements in PAE detection and identifies key focal points from 2000 to 2022, utilizing the Web of Science Core Collection. Sample pretreatment and analytical methodologies for PAEs are examined based on bibliometric analysis findings. Pretreatment methods mainly include dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase microextraction. Laboratory analytical methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and immunoassay have been described. Additionally, a discussion on the advantages and challenges of rapid on-site detection methods compared with traditional approaches is presented in alignment with the evolving demands of PAEs detection. Based on the current research progress, future studies can focus on the demand of rapid detection of PAEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1165-1186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143058420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive assessment of membrane bioreactor contaminant removal efficacy through analytical chemistry, fish exposures, and microbiome characterization.","authors":"Charles H Christen, Sarah M Elliott, Richard L Kiesling, Alissa VanDenBoom, Satomi Kohno, Carrie E Givens, Heiko L Schoenfuss","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treated municipal wastewater effluent is an important pathway for Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CEC) to enter aquatic ecosystems. As the aging wastewater infrastructure in many industrialized countries requires upgrades or replacement, assessing new treatment technologies in the context of CEC effects may provide additional support for science-based resource management. Here, we used three lines of evidence, analytical chemistry, fish exposure experiments, and fish and water microbiome analysis, to assess the effectiveness of membrane bioreactor treatment (MBR) to replace traditional activated sludge treatment. To do this, we sampled a municipal wastewater treatment plant with a split wastewater stream, a portion of which was treated with an MBR and another via an oxidation ditch (OXI). The OXI and MBR treatments substantially reduced most measured CECs compared to the primary effluent (PRI). Only pesticides and some pharmaceuticals were recalcitrant to both secondary treatment methods. While ammonia toxicity of PRI prevented its inclusion in fish exposure experiments, exposure of fish with waters from the OXI or MBR treated wastewater produced only subtle biological differences with no adverse apical outcomes. These findings were consistent with low chemically derived exposure: activity ratios for OXI and MBR. Microbiome analysis of fish and wastewater highlighted the significant reduction of microbial abundance and diversity in the MBR treatment compared to all other treatments. The comparable removal efficacy of CECs in MBR makes it an attractive alternative to traditional OXI, especially when MBR may eliminate the need for tertiary treatment for wastewater disinfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1272-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribenuron-methyl inhibited greenhouse gas emission and impacted the related functional pathways.","authors":"Zhifan Zhang, Yang Meng, Shuailong Kong, Pengqiang Du","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf058","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the combined effects of tribenuron-methyl and urea on soil bacterial communities, greenhouse gases emissions, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycle-related functions. High-throughput sequencing revealed significant impacts on bacterial diversity and composition, with responses varying across different concentrations, sampling times, and the presence of urea. Tribenuron-methyl inhibited bacterial diversity at early sampling times but increased diversity after 60 days in the highest treatment. The impact on bacterial phyla varied across treatments, with notable fluctuations in Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Verrucomicrobiota abundance. Tribenuron-methyl also caused distinct shifts in bacterial community structure, with pronounced effects in the presence of urea. Tribenuron-methyl significantly suppressed CO2 release but had no significant effect on N2O emissions. Urea addition enhanced N2O release without altering the impact of tribenuron-methyl. Functional pathway analysis indicated that tribenuron-methyl inhibited C cycle-related enzymes, particularly without urea addition, while its effect on N cycle-related enzymes was minimal. These findings highlight the dynamic interactions between herbicides, nitrogen fertilizers, and soil microbial processes, offering insights into their ecological impacts and implications for agricultural management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1357-1368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish early-life stage toxicity and environmental relevance: what does high-dose toxicity testing tell us?","authors":"James P Meador, Beate I Escher","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The early-life stage (ELS) toxicity syndrome for fish is well described and has been reported in hundreds of toxicity studies. It is generally characterized by a reduced heart rate, yolk sac and pericardial edemas, and various morphological abnormalities, the most common being spinal curvature. For many of those studies, it appears that the ELS toxicity syndrome is the result of nonspecific (baseline) toxicity that occurs at aqueous and whole-body concentrations that are just below lethal concentrations. Baseline toxicity is essentially a nonspecific response that results from chemicals accumulating in and disturbing the function of biological membranes that leads to lethality and sublethal effects at relatively high doses. The commonality of this acute ELS toxicity syndrome among highly diverse organic and inorganic chemicals is remarkable. It is important to identify baseline toxicity because it is considered minimal toxicity that acts in all tissues and cells, and it has the potential to impair all cellular functions. This means if an effect is observed around baseline-toxic concentrations, it is likely that other cellular functions are also affected (i.e., the effect is not specific). The fish ELS toxicity syndrome can also be the result of specific effects involving receptor interactions; therefore, we emphasize the importance of distinguishing between specific and nonspecific toxicity responses to provide the most relevant data for environmental risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1222-1227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of flufenacet on zebrafish at various developmental stages.","authors":"Xin Ji, Ping Zhang, Zhiqiang Lu, Jian Zhao, Minghua Wang, Haiyan Shi","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flufenacet is an aryloxy acetamide herbicide. The potential risks of flufenacet to the aquatic ecosystem remain unclear. In this study, the acute toxicity and developmental toxic effects of flufenacet on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assessed at three different life stages: embryo, larvae, and adult. Larvae at 3 days post-hatch and adult zebrafish exhibited higher sensitivity to the flufenacet compared to embryos. The 96-hour lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values ranked as embryos (9.79 ± 1.22 mg/L) > adults (4.36 ± 0.56 mg/L) and larvae (3.89 ± 0.98 mg/L), highlighting larvae as the most sensitive life stage. Flufenacet exhibited moderate acute toxicity to adult zebrafish. Flufenacet exposure induced various developmental abnormalities in zebrafish, including increased mortality, delayed hatching, reduced voluntary movement, inhibited hatching rate, shortened body length, bent spine, and edema in the pericardial and yolk sac regions. Additionally, the expression levels of ache, mbp, gap43, and syn2a were dose-dependently down-regulated following exposure to various concentrations of flufenacet, indicating neurotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos. Specifically, the expression of gata4 and nkx2.5 was significantly down-regulated only in the 5 mg/L of flufenacet treatment group, while tbx5 and myh6 expression showed a dose-dependent significant down-regulation. myl7 expression was significantly up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that flufenacet may induce zebrafish cardiac dysplasia through modulation of cardiac-related genes (nkx2.5, tbx5, gata4, myl7, and myh6). Expression of HPT-axis-related genes (crh, tshβ, tra, trb, and dio2) was significantly down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner, indicating potential endocrine disruption of the thyroid gland in zebrafish embryos. These results contribute additional evidence regarding the aquatic toxicity of flufenacet, which is crucial for environmental risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glitter ingestion by bromeliad-dwelling macroinvertebrates: implications for freshwater microplastic contamination.","authors":"Alana Carmo de Oliveira, Luana Oliveira Drummond, Sophia De Grande, Felipe Micali Nuvoloni","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants due to their extensive dispersion across terrestrial, marine, freshwater environments, and even the atmosphere. Beyond the common sources of MPs from the degradation of larger plastic items, an often-overlooked primary source is glitter. Widely incorporated into everyday products, glitter not only poses a significant environmental risk due to its ease of dispersion but also holds cultural importance in regions like Brazil, where it is extensively used in festivities. Understanding glitter as a type of microplastic can offer valuable insights into the effects of MPs on aquatic ecosystems, particularly concerning freshwater macroinvertebrates. Given the ecological significance of this issue, our study investigated the ingestion and potential bioaccumulation of MPs by macroinvertebrates in the phytotelmata of Aechmea blanchetiana bromeliads. Organisms were exposed to a microplastic treatment (0.1 g/L glitter) for seven days, followed by taxonomic identification and analysis of MP distribution across body segments. Statistical tests assessed variations in MP distribution among taxa and body regions. Results revealed significant MP ingestion, with the highest concentrations in Culicidae and Chironomidae, suggesting that their generalist feeding behaviors facilitate MP intake. Observations also pointed to preferential accumulation of MPs in certain body parts, indicating potential bioaccumulation. Additionally, the presence of fragmenting MP particles within these taxa highlights their potential role in enhancing MP bioavailability in aquatic environments. Chironomidae and Culicidae, through ingestion and fragmentation, may increase MP dispersal across trophic levels, which could exacerbate bioaccumulation risks within the food web. This evidence supports the use of Chironomidae and Culicidae as effective biomonitors for MPs and calls attention to the ecological implications of glitter pollution in tropical freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited effects of fluorine-free foam alternatives on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larval development in laboratory and mesocosm studies.","authors":"Jason T Hoverman, Devin K Jones, Melissa E Lech, Grace A Bianchi, David L Haskins, Elizabeth G Hoffman, Alyssa E Johnson, Jack D Morehouse, Sarah J Pfisterer, Katie A Quinlin, Abigail C Valachovic, Maggie A Wigren, Youn J Choi, Maria S Sepúlveda, Linda S Lee","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively for decades to rapidly extinguish hydrocarbon fires. Given PFAS persistence, propensity to bioaccumulate, and potential wildlife and human health risks, focus has shifted to developing fluorine-free foam (F3) alternatives. However, the toxicity of these alternatives to wildlife is largely unknown. We assessed the toxicity of F3 alternatives to gray treefrogs using both laboratory and outdoor mesocosm studies. Overall, gray treefrogs were relatively tolerant of chronic F3 alternative exposure. Across both experimental venues, there was limited evidence that metamorphic endpoints (e.g., time to metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, survival to metamorphosis) were negatively affected by F3 alternatives compared to the control treatments. In contrast, the PFAS-containing AFFF Buckeye reduced survival and delayed metamorphosis at the highest concentration tested in the laboratory experiment. Despite minimal effects of the formulations on growth and development, behavioral observations of the outdoor mesocosm experiment found that tadpoles were using refuges more often (ie 19-30% fewer tadpoles seen) with several of the F3 alternatives and the AFFF. While this behavioral effect did not alter the growth or development of the gray treefrogs, there is the potential for such behavioral shifts to influence the outcome of ecological interactions (e.g., predation, parasitism, competition). It will be important to continue building on this work while also examining the fate and transport of these alternatives in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to inform ecological risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Eco-friendly\" road de-icers may not be so friendly: Assessing the toxicity of beet-juice brine and potassium chloride to Daphnia pulicaria.","authors":"Abigail Fee, Troy Martin, Lisa Cicchetti, Pedro S Manoel, Shelley E Arnott","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is increasing concern over rising salinity in freshwater ecosystems, which is often associated with de-icing salt usage in temperate regions that experience cold winters. Negative impacts of de-icing salts on the environment include changes to aquatic community composition and loss of biodiversity. Consequently, many municipalities are increasing their usage of alternative de-icers that are reported to be 'eco-friendly' and require lower application rates. One example of an organic alternative is a beet-juice and salt brine mixture which contains degraded beet sugar and chloride salts. There is limited research on the effects of these products on aquatic organisms, including zooplankton, which are critical components of freshwater food webs. To address this knowledge gap, we compared the acute toxicities of a beet-brine product (Fusion 2330™) with potassium chloride (KCl, >99% pure) and sodium chloride (NaCl, >99% pure), which are components of beet juice brine, to a single iso-female line of Daphnia pulicaria using 48-hour LC50 toxicity tests. We found that Daphnia pulicaria was more tolerant to NaCl and KCl than beet-juice brine with 48-hour LC50 values of 1,812 mg Cl-/L, 254 mg Cl-/L, and 82 mg Cl-/L, respectively. Considering toxicity related to K+, we determined 48-hour LC50 values of 276.7 mg K+/L and 10.3 mg K+/L for KCl and beet-juice brine, respectively. We also found that dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with increasing concentration of the beet-juice brine product, which may contribute to the negative impact of beet-juice brine application. These results suggest that caution should be taken when using organic de-icers, as beet-juice brine is more toxic to D. pulicaria than the commonly used rock salt (NaCl).</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No one acts alone-unravelling the compositional influences of organic compounds in offshore produced water on zebrafish embryotoxicity.","authors":"Lisbet Sørensen, Paul McCormack, Paul Sutton, Julia Farkas, Sonnich Meier, Steven J Rowland, Trond Nordtug, Bjørn Henrik Hansen","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Offshore produced water (PW) is one of the largest and most chemically complex effluents of waste directly and intentionally discharged into the marine environment. While it is well known that PW can be severely toxic to marine organisms, the mechanisms of toxicity remain poorly understood, contributed by the lack of comprehensive chemical characterization of the PW. In the current study, we applied elements of effects-directed analysis with the aim to identify organic chemical drivers of toxicity in PW towards fish early life stages (ELS). A solvent extract of a PW was fractioned based on compound functionality, and chemically characterized by a concert of techniques including high-resolution gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The effect of PW and fractions on survival, development and cardiotoxic in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos was tested. It is evident that embryotoxicity of PW organics cannot be attributed to one compound class. In this study, the fractions primarily containing production chemicals were of low toxicity, while both fractions containing petroleum hydrocarbons and fractions containing oxidation products of these contributed to toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143963091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}