{"title":"Internet of Satellites (IoS) for Intelligent Satellite Cluster: Applications, Methods, and Challenges","authors":"Guangteng Fan, Peng Wu, Mengqi Yang, Jian Wang, Dechao Ran, Jincheng Dai, Yimeng Zhang, Lu Cao, Wenjun Xu, Ping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.024","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing is accelerating the development of intelligent and autonomous satellite systems. However, limitations in onboard sensing, computing, storage, and energy resources continue to constrain the intelligent functionalities of individual satellites. Currently, most studies focus on either satellite intelligence or satellite networking, while systematic studies on their integration remain scarce. To address this gap, this paper introduces the concept of an intelligent satellite cluster system, which leverages satellite networks to enable collaborative intelligence among satellites, thereby enhancing the overall system intelligence. After summarizing the typical use cases of the intelligent satellite cluster system, we analyze the corresponding demands on network capabilities. Based on these demands, we propose the concept of the Internet of satellites (IoS) tailored to support the intelligent satellite cluster system. Specifically, we design both the logical and physical architectures of IoS and elaborate on its key enabling technologies. Finally, we present the research progress and outcomes achieved by our team on these core technologies, and discuss the challenges that remain. This paper aims to build consensus around intelligent and connected satellite technologies, promote innovation and standardization, and enhance the intelligent service capabilities of future large-scale satellite systems.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.025
Xinran Fang, Wei Feng, Yunfei Chen, Ning Ge, Shi Jin, Shiwen Mao
{"title":"6G Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks for Unmanned Operations: Closed-Loop Model and Task-Oriented Approach","authors":"Xinran Fang, Wei Feng, Yunfei Chen, Ning Ge, Shi Jin, Shiwen Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.025","url":null,"abstract":"In the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) era, supporting field robots for unmanned operations has emerged as an important application direction. To provide connectivity in remote areas, the space–air–ground integrated network (SAGIN) will play a crucial role in extending coverage. Through SAGIN connections, the sensors, edge platforms, and actuators form sensing–communication–computing–control (SC<strong><sup>3</sup></strong>) loops that can automatically execute complex tasks without human intervention. Similar to the reflex arc, the SC<strong><sup>3</sup></strong> loop is an integrated structure that cannot be deconstructed. This necessitates a systematic approach that takes the SC<sup>3</sup> loop rather than the communication link as the basic unit of SAGINs. Given the resource limitations in remote areas, we propose a radio-map-based task-oriented framework that uses environmental and task-related information to enable task-matched service provision. We detail how the network collects and uses this information and present task-oriented scheduling schemes. In the case study, we use a control task as an example and validate the superiority of the task-oriented closed-loop optimization scheme over traditional communication schemes. Finally, we discuss open challenges and possible solutions for developing nerve system-like SAGINs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicinal Herb Breeding","authors":"Biyu Hou, Caiyan Liang, Xiao Sheng, YongGuo Liu, JianDong Ren, Qiang Ma, Tengjiao Wang, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.021","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds serve as a crucial foundation for natural pharmaceutical development. Contemporary breeding methodologies can boost both the quality and yield of these medicinally valuable compounds, thereby advancing the development of the pharmaceutical sector. However, conventional breeding encounters substantial challenges when addressing the intricate genetic architectures and polygenic regulatory networks characteristic of medicinal species. These traditional modalities are especially ineffective in optimizing multiple pharmacologically relevant traits while maintaining robust environmental adaptability across diverse cultivation conditions concurrently. Advanced computational tools are emerging for biological research with parallel development of artificial intelligence (AI), which have also been explored for their applications in medicinal plant breeding. In the current comprehensive review, we carried out a systematic examination of the state-of-the-art AI applications across different aspects of the breeding pipeline, encompassing multi-omics data integration, synthetic biology, precision gene editing, trait optimization, and intelligent monitoring systems. Meanwhile, this review elucidated current obstacles of data integration, model generalization, and environmental adaptation when applying AI in medicinal plants, and proposed a concept of constructing a genotype–environment–management (G×E×M) interactive intelligent breeding platform. The integration of AI with biotechnology emphasizes data-driven precision, computational analysis, and potential for trait customization, contributing to shaping new approaches in medicinal plant breeding gradually. Collectively, these developments may facilitate profound improvements in breeding efficiency, compound yield, and environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.023
Shuxuan Zhao, Guanqin Zhang, Sichao Liu, Jie Zhang, H.M.N. Dilum Bandara, Ray Y. Zhong, Lihui Wang
{"title":"Interpretable Verification Mechanism for Trustworthy Industrial Large Model in Intelligent Manufacturing","authors":"Shuxuan Zhao, Guanqin Zhang, Sichao Liu, Jie Zhang, H.M.N. Dilum Bandara, Ray Y. Zhong, Lihui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.023","url":null,"abstract":"The hallucination and black-box nature of Large Models limit their industrial applications. To address these challenges, a verification mechanism built on confidence intervals of Transformer-based output layers is proposed for trustworthy Industrial Large Models (ILMs). Adopting a Vision Transformer (ViT), customized verification operations are incorporated to monitor the forward propagation process, and samples with probability distributions outside confidence intervals exit the network early and are handed over to technicians. Thus, the ViT is more interpretable because only samples within confidence intervals can propagate forward and be output from the ViT. Subsequently, an over-approximation approach is employed to obtain confidence intervals by linearizing the decision boundary of the ViT. The conservative decision boundary serves as the lower bound of confidence intervals, which can provide provable robustness for confidence intervals because the minimum probability of the ground truth is always higher than that of other samples. Finally, a certified training strategy is employed to enhance the robustness of the ViT. Data disturbances with Gaussian noise are generated using a randomized smoothing strategy to augment the data distribution. A smoothed loss function is used to strengthen the robustness of the ViT against data disturbances, thereby enabling greater confidence intervals. The proposed verification mechanism was validated on two public defect datasets. It achieved 99.98% precision for normal samples and approximately 95% precision for defective samples on a fabric defect dataset. It also achieved 99.21% precision and 99.15% F1 score on a wafer defect dataset. Comparative experiments with other Transformer-based models also demonstrated the generalization ability of the proposed verification mechanism.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.022
Huajun Li, Xinmeng Zeng, Torgeir Moan, Kun Xu
{"title":"Technological Development and Challenges in Emerging Ocean Industries and Infrastructures","authors":"Huajun Li, Xinmeng Zeng, Torgeir Moan, Kun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.022","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean, a vital realm for human existence, encompasses distinct spatial zones, such as the free surface, airspace above the sea, and seabed. It also holds an immense wealth of resources, including oil and gas, renewable energy, minerals, and marine biodiversity, forming a crucial component of global life-support systems and representing a valuable asset for human survival and development [<span><span>1</span></span>]. Moreover, as shown in <span><span>Fig. 1</span></span> [<span><span>2</span></span>], the ocean sectors offer a critical avenue for contributing to many of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for global development [<span><span>3</span></span>].<figure><span><img alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"cn0005\" height=\"157\" src=\"https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2095809925004904-gr1.jpg\"/><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (144KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span><span><span><p><span>Fig. 1</span>. Ocean sectors and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [<span><span>2</span></span>].</p></span></span></figure>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multidimensional evaluation of solar energy on urban buildings for driving the energy transition: Insight from Hong Kong, China","authors":"Pingan Ni, Jiaqing Yan, Hongli Sun, Hanjie Zheng, Junkang Song, Fuming Lei, Yingjun Yue, Duo Zhang, Xue Zhang, Jingpeng Fu, Yihuan Wang, Jianjun Qin, Guojin Qin, Zengfeng Yan, Bao-Jie He, Borong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.040","url":null,"abstract":"In the global transition to low-carbon energy, the multidimensional evaluation of solar energy utilization on building surfaces is crucial for sustainable urban development. Existing studies lack an understanding of the complex interactions between multiple periods, spatial orientations, radiation types, and dynamic thresholds, which hinders a revelation of the spatial–temporal variability of solar energy utilization. This study presents a novel urban-scale multidimensional utilization indicators prediction model with a multi-source heterogeneous data fusion method, employed in Hong Kong, China, with a coefficient of determination (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>) of 0.948 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.228. Results demonstrate that the total solar energy (TSE) reserves of urban building surfaces reach 170 TW·h, with over 60% deemed usable. The mean shading ratio (MSR) is 39.97%, with the roof being the lowest at 10.76%, the south facade at approximately 40%, and the other facades at around 50%. Multiple coupled regional, seasonal, and orientation variability in the mean ratio of energy (MRE) over threshold is captured by combining a reasonable baseline utilization threshold (BUT) and a dynamic threshold field (DTF). Model interpretability and parameter sensitivity analyses reveal key variables that influence MRE across various orientations. The practical utilization potential analysis further uncovered spatial and temporal heterogeneity, offering new insights into optimizing installation deployment.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.039
Tao Liu, Yueyuan Xu, Ziwei Yan, Lin Ma, Hongda Sheng, Mingyu Ding, Jiabao Wang, Qingdi Fang, Qianru Zhao, Yu Tang, Tianyuan Zhang, Lu Chen, Rui Shao, Bin Qu, Jing Qian, Yi Wang, Junhua Zhang, Xiaohuan Guo, Yu Wang, Han Zhang
{"title":"Xuanfei Baidu Formula Ameliorates Influenza A Virus-induced Lung Inflammation by Repressing the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages","authors":"Tao Liu, Yueyuan Xu, Ziwei Yan, Lin Ma, Hongda Sheng, Mingyu Ding, Jiabao Wang, Qingdi Fang, Qianru Zhao, Yu Tang, Tianyuan Zhang, Lu Chen, Rui Shao, Bin Qu, Jing Qian, Yi Wang, Junhua Zhang, Xiaohuan Guo, Yu Wang, Han Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.039","url":null,"abstract":"The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellular protein complex containing a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeats, and a pyrin domain. It is a key regulator of inflammation in viral pneumonia (VP). Small-molecule inhibitors targeting various NLRP3 binding sites are advancing into early clinical trials, but their therapeutic utility is incompletely established. Xuanfei Baidu Formula (XF), clinically used for VP treatment, attenuates NLRP3 activation by hampering caspase-11 to impede polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury inmice. Herein, we demonstrate that XF attenuated influenza A virus (IAV)-induced lung inflammation as well as lung injury in immunocompetent (but not in macrophage-depleted) mice. RNA-sequencing of sorted lung macrophages from IAV-infected mice revealed that XF inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammation and interleukin (IL)-1β production. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance of XF enabled us to develop XF-Comb1, a fixed-ratio combination of five bioactive compounds that recapitulated the bioactivity of XF in suppressing NLRP3 activation in macrophages <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Interestingly, XF-Comb1 inhibited assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome through multi-site interactions with functional residues of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and caspase-1. Taken together, this work advances the development of NLRP3 inhibitors by translating a complex herbal formula into defined bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.038
Yuxuan Zhu, Shiyi Wang, Wenqing Zhong, Nianchen Shen, Yunqi Li, Siqi Wang, Zhiheng Li, Cathy Wu, Zhengbing He, Li Li
{"title":"A Survey on Large Language Model-Powered Autonomous Driving","authors":"Yuxuan Zhu, Shiyi Wang, Wenqing Zhong, Nianchen Shen, Yunqi Li, Siqi Wang, Zhiheng Li, Cathy Wu, Zhengbing He, Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.038","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in autonomous driving (AD), advancing its development toward greater intelligence and efficiency. In response to persistent challenges in current AD algorithms, many researchers believe that large language models (LLMs), with their powerful reasoning capabilities and extensive knowledge, may offer promising solutions, enabling AD systems to achieve deeper understanding and more informed decision-making. Both industry and academia have actively explored the application of LLMs in AD tasks, showing early signs of progress in addressing issues such as the long-tail problem. To examine whether and how LLMs can enhance AD, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of their potential applications, including their optimization strategies in both modular and end-to-end approaches, with a particular focus on how LLMs can address existing problems and challenges in current solutions. Furthermore, we explore an important question: Can LLM-based artificial general intelligence (AGI) serve as a key for achieving high-level AD? We also analyze the potential limitations and challenges LLMs may face in advancing AD technology and extend the discussion to societal considerations, including critical safety and security concerns. This survey aims to provide a foundational reference for cross-disciplinary researchers and help guide future research directions.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"749 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144840284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EngineeringPub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.036
Jizhen Liu, Zhongming Du, Qinghua Wang, Kaijun Jiang, Dan Gao
{"title":"Critical Review of Intelligent Coal-Fired Power Technologies and Applications","authors":"Jizhen Liu, Zhongming Du, Qinghua Wang, Kaijun Jiang, Dan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.036","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid expansion of renewable energy systems, particularly wind and solar energy, coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are expected to serve as flexible and dispatchable backup resources. This evolving role imposes new demands on their operational adaptability, efficiency, and intelligence. In this context, the intelligent transformation of CFPPs has become a key enabler for achieving both flexible operations and long-term sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in intelligent coal-fired power technologies, focusing on three critical pillars: intelligent perception, intelligent control, and intelligent operation. Key enabling technologies, such as ubiquitous sensing systems, advanced control algorithms, and automated operation platforms, are examined in detail. Additionally, two representative engineering cases are introduced to demonstrate practical applications and benefits: the intelligent control of coal-fired units coupled with novel energy-storage systems and the implementation of unmanned operation in smart power plants. These projects highlight the transformative potential of intelligent technologies in enhancing the flexibility, efficiency, and autonomy of coal-fired power units. Finally, future perspectives on intelligent technologies are presented. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the pathway toward clean, flexible, and intelligent coal-based power generation in an evolving energy landscape.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144824843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}